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CHAPTER 1
INTODUCTION
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is the virus that can lead
other viruses, the human body can’t get rid of HIV completely, even with
treatment Nearly half of the new HIV infections are occurring in young people.
affecting the young adults in the age group of 15-24 years who are in their most
This study aims to give information for the youth in South Cotabato
especially in the City of Koronadal that causes ignorance about sex and the risks
diseases.
of HIV. The researchers are encouraging to conduct the study on HIV awareness
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
Foundation Inc.,
1.1. Gender
1.2. Age
terms of:
Students – The results will provide the students with some knowledge on
what are the cause and effects of HIV and for them to be aware about it.
Teachers - The given data would guide the teachers on what to do with the
students to give the students more information for them to be aware and
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
Parents - Like the teachers, the parents too will guide their children to avoid
knowledgeable about HIV and to get data on how the respondents are
The scope of this study is within the vicinity of Marbel School of Science
and Technology Inc. Senior High School Department. The respondents of this
study are Grade 11 and 12 with the of Humanity and Social Sciences.
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
CHAPTER II
This chapter review of related topic and the conceptual framework on the
Conceptual Framework
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is the virus that can lead
other viruses, the human body can’t get rid of HIV completely, even with
treatment. So once you get HIV, you have it for life. HIV attacks the body’s
immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune
system fight off infections. Untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells (T
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
cells) in the body, making the person more likely to get other infections or
infection-related cancers. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that
the body can’t fight off infections and disease. These opportunistic infections or
cancers take advantage of a very weak immune system and signal that the
release a locally affordable version of the world’s leading AIDS medical textbook.
Designed specifically for regions that today are hardest hit by the disease,
this new text is the latest weapon in a growing arsenal aimed at curbing the
Elsevier Health, will be presented this week at the 19th annual International
“Of the 33.3 million people living with HIV around the world, more than
of the oldest and most prestigious physician organizations. “If we want to stem
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
the tide of new infections around the world, we must focus our efforts on
clinical information on HIV/AIDS, such as the best treatment options for patients
"With the majority of new HIV infections occurring in the developing world,
we have to arm physicians in these regions with all the tools they need to combat
the virus," said Joel Gallant, MD, MPH, associate director of the Johns Hopkins
Service at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and co-editor of the
text. "The offering by Elsevier Health of this text at a deep discount underscores
worldwide." Other co-editors of the text include Paul Volberding, MD, professor of
medicine at UCSF and director of UCSF’s Center for Research, Joep Lange, MD,
underlie HIV infection. It recently provided new insight into how the virus kills
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
disease progression. His lab and its collaborators have also identified human
amyloid fibrils in semen that enhance the ability of HIV to infect new cells — a
discovery that one day could help reduce new instances of infection.
Robert Grant, MD, MPH — culminated in Food & Drug Administration approval
and students.
their early twenties (WHO 1993, WHO 1995). The provision of STI services to
these age groups should therefore be high on the agenda of STI programme
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
attempts to promote the sexual health of young people have so far tended to
those who have already faced the consequences of unprotected sexual activity,
including pregnancy and STI, or sexual violence, has lagged behind. In 1999-
of STI care, types and evidence of success of different STI service delivery
models for adolescents and the advantages and disadvantages of each of these
published jointly by GTZ and WHO with the title Sexually Transmitted Infections
damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight the
contact with infected blood or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
breast-feeding. Without medication, it may take years before HIV weakens your
can get HIV from contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids. Most
people get the virus by having unprotected sex with someone who has HIV.
Another common way of getting it is by sharing drug needles with someone who
is infected with HIV. The virus can also be passed from a mother to her baby
HIV doesn't survive well outside the body. So it can't be spread by casual
Your immune system prevents your body from acquiring the diseases and
infections that come your way. White blood cells defend you against viruses,
Early on, symptoms may be mild enough to be dismissed, but after a few
months, you may experience a flu-like sickness that lasts a few weeks. This is
often associated with the first stage of HIV, which is called the acute infection
stage. You may not have many serious symptoms, but there are usually large
quantities of virus in your blood as the virus reproduces rapidly. There are acute
symptoms can include fever, chills, night sweats, diarrhea, headache, muscle
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
aches, joint pain, sore throat, rash, swollen lymph glands, and mouth or genital
ulcers
The next stage is called the clinical latent infection state. On average, it
lasts 8 to 10 years. In some cases, it lasts much longer than that. You may or
including a herpes virus called cytomegalovirus. It can cause problems with your
vessel walls. It’s rare among the general population, but common in people who
are HIV-positive. Symptoms include red or dark purple lesions on the mouth and
skin. It can also cause problems in the lungs, digestive tract, and other internal
organs.
HIV also puts you at higher risk of developing lymphomas. An early sign of
preventive treatment for HIV, advanced treatment puts you at an even greater
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
launches a direct attack on your immune system. How quickly the virus
progresses will vary by your age, overall health, and how quickly you’re
HIV targets the type of cells that would normally fight off an invader like
HIV. As the virus replicates, it damages or destroys the infected CD4+ cell and
produces more virus to infect more CD4+ cells. Without treatment, this cycle can
continue until your immune system is badly compromised, leaving you at risk for
this stage, the immune system is severely weakened, and the risk of contracting
opportunistic infections is much greater. However, not everyone with HIV will go
on to develop AIDS. The earlier you receive treatment, the better your outcome
will be.
School children of today are exposed to the risk of being victims of Human
decades ago. The epidemic of HIV now progressing at a rapid pace among
young people. Studies have reported that young people form a significant
segment of those attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics and those
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
recommended that schools can act at the center point for disseminating
India, there is a wide gap between the inputs in the HIV curriculum for schools
In the present study, majority of the students (74.9%) belonged to the age
group of 15-17 years. The mean age was 15.8 ± 0.8 years. Most of them (60%)
were females. All the students had heard of HIV/AIDS although only 51.4% were
able to write the full form of AIDS and only 19.9% were able to write the full form
carried out amongst the secondary school students in Haryana and Jamnagar.
Adolescents and young adults of 15 to 24 years old are the hardest hit by
the world. In 2013 almost 60% of all new HIV infection among young people
aged 15 to 24 occurred among adolescent girls and young women. The young
adolescents come in the high risk group because of their propensity to indulge
themselves in risky sexual activity and drug abuse. A survey of 1000 adolescents
by Diclementc Zorn & Temoshok (1986) found a good deal of confusion about
who gets , how it spreads and how to avoid its infection, even those who know
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
how to protect themselves may not do so, for several reasons. New studies
reveal extremely high level of infections among young girls, which are higher
than those for boys. This is mainly because of the face that at young age boys
has sex with girls of similar age while girls have relationship with older men who
are more likely to be infected (Gregson et. al. 2002). Gupta (2002) asserts that
out of every 23 infected people 13 infected are women and this gender gap is
especially pronounced among those who are under than 25 years. Fanthum &
Chala (1996) found low levels of HIV awareness among college students in
the impact of HIV on young people. The awareness day is also an occasion to
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) youth
13 to 24 years old accounted for 21% of all new HIV diagnoses in the United
States in 2016. CDC reports that at the end of 2015, an estimated 60,300 youth
were living with HIV in the United States. Of these, 51%, or 31,000, were living
with undiagnosed HIV—the highest rate of undiagnosed HIV in any age group.
Youth with HIV also have the lowest rate of viral suppression for any age group.
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
Definition of Terms:
Gladstone – a suitcase with flexible sides on a rigid frame that opens flat into
Herpes – any of a group of viral diseases caused by herpes viruses, affecting the
Swollen lymph glands – are sign that your body is fighting off an infection or an
illness.
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents research design of the study as well as the type of
method used in the research, the respondents, the locale of the study and
sampling method, and the research instrument that have been used. It will also
present the data gathering procedure and how the data were analyzed and
interpreted.
Research Design
survey questionnaire. The researchers analyses the data with the help of
statistics and hopes the numbers will yield an unbiased result that can be
This study is intended to find out the awareness of senior high school
acquiring the data through the survey questionnaire to the awareness of senior
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
Instruments
Identify whether the male or Questionnaire
female are aware on Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Data Gathering
Data Analysis
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
Respondents
The respondents of the study are the senior high school students of Marbel
School of Science and Technology Inc. where the students will be the one to
𝑵
𝒏=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
Research Instrument
(HIV) the researcher used checklist for collecting data. Through checklist, the
Technology Inc. to allow them to gather information from Senior High School
Data Analysis
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
systemically searching and arranging the interview transcripts and the materials
pattern. The prime statistical method that were employed to draw conclusions of
the data collected are inferential and descriptive statistics by Terre Blanche and
The methods employed to analyse the data included both descriptive and
inferential statistics. Tables and maps were also used to organized and
were also used in this study; Chi-square tests were used to assess the
differences. The data were coded prior to selecting the descriptive analysis.
representing number of campaigns attended, which was the main factor under
multivariate models.
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
CHAPTER IV
this study. The various results were presented in the succeeding tables with
DATA ANALYSIS
TOTAL: 40=90%
Table 4.1 shows the number of respondents Male and Female who answered the
Students.
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
Female
NO MAYBE YES
3 2= 5% 9=22.5% 12=30% 26
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
NO MAYBE YES
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
NO MAYBE YES
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
Table 4.3 shows the results on level of awareness of the senior high school
students about human immunodeficiency virus. Based on the table 4.3 on the
number of indicator was “ Maybe” which the highest percent mean 350 which
16 11= 27%
17 14= 35%
18 12= 30%
19 3= 7.5%
20+ 2= 5%
Table 4.4 shows the Age of respondents of senior high school students at
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
Appendix A
Dear Students,
Students at Marbel School of Science and Technology Inc,” in line with this,
we choose you as our respondents because we believe that you could provide
you will be used exclusively for my study and it will be held confidentially.
Respectfully Yours,
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
APPENDIX B
Date: ___________
Sub: Permission for conducting survey among the SHS students in your school.
Madam;
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
conducting Survey for the data collection among the SHS students of your school
Marbel School of Science and Technology. The main objective of this study is to
gather information to determine your student’s awareness about HIV
Thus, may I ask for a permission to conduct a survey among your SHS students
of your school to collect the necessary data in pre-designed questionnaires?
Information provided by your SHS students will be kept confidential and be used
for academic purposes only.
Thanking you and with warm regards.
Sincerely yours,
GRADE 12 RESEACHERS STUDENT (MSST)
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
APPENDIX D
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Sex Female
Nationality Filipino
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
ACHIEVEMENTS:
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
APPENDIX D
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Sex Female
Nationality Filipino
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
ACHIEVEMENTS:
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Sex Female
Nationality Filipino
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MARBEL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Purok Upper Valley, Brgy. Sto. Nino, City of Koronadal
ACHIEVEMENTS:
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