Information and Communication Technologies
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Information and Communication Technology (ICT) deals
with the use of different communication technologies
such as mobile phones, telephone, Internet, etc. to locate,
save, send and edit information.
Web 1.0
 When the World Wide Web was invented, most
web pages were static.
 Static (also known as flat page or stationary page)
in the sense that the page is “as is” and cannot be
manipulated by the user.
 The content is also the same for all users.
WEB 2.0
 Web 2.0 is the evolution of Web 1.0
 Dynamic web pages (the user is able to see a
website differently than others) were added.
 Social networking sites, blogs, wikis, video sharing
sites, hosted services, and web applications.
 Web 2.0 allows users to interact with the page:
instead of just reading a page, the user may be
able to comment or create a user account. Web
2.0 also allows users to use web browsers instead
of just using their operating system. Browsers can
now be used for their user interface, application
software (or web applications), and even for file
storage.
Features of Web 2.0
1. Folksonomy. It allows users to categorize and classify /
arrange information using freely chosen keywords (e.g.,
tagging). Popular social networking sites such as
Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, etc. use tags that start
with the pound sign (#). This is also referred to as
hashtag.
2. Rich User Experience. Content is dynamic and is
responsive to user’s input. An example would be a
website that shows local content. In the case of social
networking sites, when logged on, your account is used
to modify what you see in their website.
3. Long Tail. Services are offered on demand rather than
on a one-time purchase. In certain cases, time-based
pricing is better than file-size-based pricing or vice
versa. This is synonymous to subscribing to a data plan
that charges you for the amount of time you spent in
the Internet, or a data plan that charges you for the
amount of bandwidth you used.
4. User Participation. The owner of the website is not the
only one who is able to put content. Others are able to
place a content of their own by means of comment,
reviews, and evaluation. Some websites allow readers
to comment on an article, participate in a poll, or
review a specific product (e.g., Amazon.com, online
stores).
5. Software as a Service. (SaaS) Users will subscribe to a
software only when needed rather than purchasing
them. This is a cheaper option if you do not always
need to use a software.
6. Mass Participation. It is a diverse information sharing
through universal web access. Since most users can use
the Internet, Web 2.0’s content is based on people
from various cultures.
Web 3.
 According to the W3C, “The Semantic Web
provides a common framework that allows data to
be shared and reused across application,
enterprise, and community boundaries.”
 The aim of Web 3.0 is to have machines (or
servers) understand the user’s preferences to be
able to deliver web content specifically targeting
the user.
Several problems of Web 3.0
1. Compatibility. HTML files and current web browsers
could not support Web 3.0.
2. Security. The user’s security is also in question since the
machine is saving his or her preferences.
3. Vastness. The World Wide Web already contains billions
of web pages.
4. Vagueness. Certain words are imprecise. The words
“old” and “small” would depend on the user.
5. Logic. Since machines use logic, there are certain
limitations for a computer to be able to predict what the
user is referring to at a given time.
ICT IN THE PHILIPPINES
 "ICT Hub of Asia"
 growth of ICT-related jobs especially in BPO
(Business Process Outsourcing)
 106.8 cellphones per 100 Filipinos (2012 data)
 ICT shares 19.3% of employment population (2010
data)
 Makati City (#1) and Cebu City (#9) - Selfiest Cities
around the World (Time Magazine)
Trends in ICT
1. Convergence. Technological convergence is the synergy
of technological advancements to work on a similar
goal or task.
2. Social Media. Social media is a website, application, or
online channels that enable web users to create, co-
create, discuss, modify, and exchange user-generated
content.
Six Types of Social Media:
a. Social Networks. These are sites that allow you to
connect with other people with the same interests or
background. Facebook, Google+
b. Bookmarking Sites. These are sites that allow you to
store and manage links to various websites and
resources. StumbleUpon, Pinterest
c. Social News. These are sites that allow users to post
their own news items or links to other news sources.
Reddit, Digg
d. Media Sharing. These are sites that allow you to upload
and share media content like images, music, and video.
Flickr, Youtube, Instagram
e. Microblogging. These are sites that focus on short
updates from the user. Twitter, Plurk
f. Blogs and Forums. These websites allow users to post
their content. Blogger, Wordpress, Tumblr
3. Mobile Technologies. The popularity of smartphones
and tablets has taken a major rise over the years. This is
largely because of the devices’ capability to do tasks that
were originally found in personal computers.
Kinds of MOBILE operating systems:
 iOS – use in apple devices such as iPhone and
iPad.
 Android – an open source OS developed by
Google. Being open source means mobile phone
companies use this OS for free.
 Blackberry OS – use in Blackberry devices.
 Windows Phone OS – a closed source and
proprietary operating system developed by
Microsoft.
 Symbian – the original smartphone OS; used by
Nokia devices.
 WebOS – originally used in smartphones; now
used in smartTVs.
 Windows Mobile – developed by Microsoft for
smartphones and pocket PCs.
4. Assistive Media. Assistive media is a nonprofit service
designed to help people who have visual and reading
impairments. A database of audio recordings is used to
read to the user.
TIPS FOR ONLINE SAFETY
1. Be mindful of what you share online and what site
you share it to.
2. Do not just accept terms and conditions. Read it.
3. Check out the privacy policy page of a website to
learn how the website handles the information
you share.
4. Know the security features of the social
networking site you use. By keeping your profile
private, search engines will not be able to scan
your profile.
5. Do not share your password with anyone.
6. Avoid logging in to public networks/Wi-Fi.
Browsing in “incognito (or private) mode,” a
feature of the browser, will not protect you from
hackers.
7. Do not talk to strangers whether online or face-to-
face.
8. Never post anything about a future vacation. It is
similar to posting, “Rob my house at this date.”
9. Add friends you know in real life.
10. Avoid visiting untrusted websites.
11. Install and update an antivirus software on your
computer. Use only one anti-virus software to
avoid conflicts.
12. If you have a Wi-Fi at home, make it a private
network by adding a password.
13. Avoid downloading anything from untrusted
websites. You are most vulnerable in peer-to-peer
downloads (torrents) as the download is most
likely not monitored by the site owner.
14. Buy software; do not use pirated ones.
15. Do not reply or click links from suspicious emails.
INTERNET THREATS
1. Malware – stands for malicious software.
EXAMPLES OF MALWARE
a. Virus – a malicious program designed to replicate
itself and transfer from one computer to another
(internet, local networks, FDs, CDs, etc.)
b. Worm – a malicious program that transfers from
one computer to another by any types of means.
Ex. ILOVEYOU Worm
c. Trojan – a malicious program that disguises as a
useful program but once downloaded or installed,
leaves your PC unprotected and allows hackers to
get your information.
Rogue Security Software tricks the user into
posing that it is a security software. It then asks
the user to pay to improve his/her security but in
reality, they are not protected at all
d. Spyware – a program that runs in the background
without you knowing it (thus called “spy”). It has
the ability to monitor what you are currently
doing and typing through keylogging.
Keyloggers are used to record keystrokes done by
users.
e. Adware – a program designed to send you
advertisements, mostly as pop-ups.
2. Spam – an unwanted email mostly from bots or
advertisers. It can be used to send malware.
3. Phishing – an unwanted acquisition of sensitive
personal information like passwords and credit
card details.
Pharming a more complicated way of phishing where
it exploits the DNS (Domain Name Service) system.
4. Botnet – group of compromised computers
connected to a network ("zombie")
5. Denial of Service Attack - disrupts computer
access to internet services online.
THINK BEFORE YOU CLICK
1. Before posting ask these questions. Would you
want your parents to see it? Would you want your
future boss to see it?
2. Your friends depend on you to protect their
reputation online.
3. Set your post to “Private”.
4. Avoid using names.
5. If you feel that a post can affect you or others
reputation, ask the one who posted it to pull it
down or report it as inappropriate.
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
If you create something an idea, an invention a form of
literacy work, or a research, you have the right as to how
it should be used by others. This is called “Intellectual
Property”
HOW TO AVOID COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
 Understand
 Be Responsible
 Be creative
 Know the law
Fair use - may be used in commentaries, criticisms, search
engines, parodies, news reports, research, library
archiving, teaching and education.
In the Philippines, copyright lasts with the author’s
lifetime plus 50 years.
ONLINE RESEARCH
It is the process of interactively searching for and
retrieving requested information via a computer from
databases that are online.
TIPS FOR AN EFFECTIVE ONLINE RESEARCH
1. Have a question in mind.
2. Narrow it down.
3. Advanced search.
 + - allows you to include terms that are usually
ignored
 “ ” - finds the exact words in a phrase
 ( ) - finds or excludes web pages that contain a
group of words
 AND or & - finds web pages that contains all the
terms or phrases
 NOT or – - excludes web pages that contain a term
or phrase
 OR or | - finds web pages that contain either or
the term or phrases
4. Look for credible sources.
5. Give credit.
Author. “Article Title.” Page Title. Url. Date last viewed.
WHAT IS Mail Merge?
Mail Merge is a MS Word feature that allows you to create
documents and combine them with another document or
data file.
Two Components of Mail Merge
1. FORM DOCUMENT
Form Document is the document that contains the main
body of the message you want to convey or send.
2. DATA FILE
Data File includes the individual information or data or the
recipients' information.
A Merge Field marks the position on your form document
where individual data or information will be inserted. It
serves like a variable name in algebra.
Integrating Images and External Materials
1. PICTURES
Generally, these are electronic or digital pictures or
photographs you have saved in any local storage device.
Pictures
 .JPG / .JPEG
o This is pronounced as “jay-peg“ and is the
short form of .jpeg or Joint Photographic
Experts Group.
o This type of image file can support 16.7
million colors that is why it is suitable for
use when working with full color
photographic images.
o It does not support transparency.
 .GIF
o This stands for Graphics Interchange
Format.
o This type of image file is capable of
displaying transparencies.
o It is also capable of displaying simple
animation.
o The downside is that it can only support
up to 256 colors so it is good mostly on
logos and art decors with very limited, and
generally solid colors.
 .PNG
o It stands for Portable Network Graphics.
o Its development was basically for the
purpose of transporting images on the
Internet at faster rates.
o It is also good with transparencies but
unlike .GIFs, it does not support animation
but it can display up to 16 million colors.
2. CLIPART
This is generally a .GIF type; line art drawings or images
used as generic representation for ideas and objects that
you might want to integrate in your document.
3. SHAPES
These are printable objects or materials that you can
integrate in your document to enhance its appearance or
allow you to have some tools to use for composing and
representing ideas or messages.
4. SMART ART
Generally, these are predefined sets of different shapes
grouped together to form ideas that are organizational or
structural in nature.
5. CHART
This allows you to represent data characteristics and
trends. This is quite useful when you are preparing reports
that correlate and present data in a graphical manner.
6. SCREENSHOT
Microsoft Word provides a snipping tool for your screen
shots so you can select and display only the part that you
exactly like to capture on your screen.
TEXT-WRAPPING STYLES
1. IN LINE WITH TEXT
It treats your image like a text font with the bottom side
totally aligned with the text line.
2. SQUARE
This setting allows the image you inserted to be placed
anywhere with the paragraph with the text going around
the image in a square pattern like frame.
3. TIGHT
This is almost the same as the Square setting, but here
the text “hugs” or conforms to the general shape of the
image.
4. THROUGH
This setting allows the text on your document to flow
even tighter taking the contours and shape of the image.
5. TOP AND BOTTOM
This setting pushes the texts away vertically to the top
and/or the bottom of the image so that the image
occupies a whole text line on its own.
6. BEHIND TEXT
This allows your image to be dragged and placed
anywhere on your document but with all the texts floating
in front of it.
7. IN FRONT OF TEXT
This setting allows your image to be placed right on top of
the text as if your image was dropped right on it.
 AVERAGEIF
Finds average for the cells specified by a given condition
or criteria

=AVERAGEIF(range, criteria,average range)

Range - the cells where you want to look for the criteria
Criteria - the label or value that determines a cell is part of
the range to be averaged
Average Range - the actual range of cells that will be
FUNCTIONS AND FORMULAE averaged

SUM
Adds all the numbers in a range of cells. =AVERAGEIF(D16:D19,15,G16:G19)will produce 4.5.

=SUM(range) COUNT
Range - the cells to be added Counts the number of cells in a range that contain
numbers.
=SUM(F5:H6) will produce 21.
=COUNT(range)
SUMIF Range - the cells where the counting will take place
Adds the cells specified by a given condition or criteria.
=COUNT(A12:P12) will produce 6.
=SUMIF(range, criteria,sum range)
Range - the cells where you want to look for the criteria COUNTIF
Criteria - the label or value that determines a cell is part of Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the
the range to be added given condition.
Sum Range - the actual range of cells that will be added
=COUNTIF(range, criteria)
=SUMIF(E15:E19,”Teacher”,I15:I19) will produce 10. Range - the cells where the counting will take place
Criteria - the label or value that determines if it is to be
AVERAGE counted
Returns the average of its arguments.
=COUNTIF(J5:J19,”YES”) will produce 14.
=AVERAGE(range)
Range - the cells to be included in the computation of TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE PRESENTATIONS
average  Minimize (Compactness)
 Clarity
=AVERAGE(D5:D7) will produce 15.3333.  Simplicity (Complication-less)
 Visuals (Charts & Visuals)
 Consistency
  Contrast allows you to publish, edit and manipulate, organize and
USING HYPERLINKS delete web content. CMS is used in blogs, news websites,
1. Select an object or highlight a text. and shopping.
2. Insert > Hyperlinks
 Link to Options:
a. Existing File or Web Page
b. Place in This Document
c. Create a New Document
d. E-mail Address
3. Click OK to apply your hyperlink.

Basic Principles of Graphics and Layout

1. Balance. The visual weight of objects, texture,
colors, and space is evenly distributed on the
screen.
2. Emphasis. An area in the design that may appear
different in size, texture, shape or color to attract
the viewer’s attention.
3. Movement. Visual elements guide the viewer’s
eyes around the screen.
4. Pattern, Repetition, and Rhythm. These are the
repeating visual element on an image or layout to
create unity in the layout or image. Rhythm is
achieved when visual elements create a sense of
organized movement.
5. Proportion. Visual elements create a sense of
unity where they relate well with one another.
6. Variety. This uses several design elements to draw
a viewer’s attention.

Information graphics or infographics are used to represent

information, statistical data, or knowledge in a graphical
manner usually done in a creative way to attract the
viewer’s attention.

Principles and Basic Techniques of Image Manipulation

1. Choose the right file format. Try to make a real-life
photograph into GIF to see the difference
between PNG, GIF, and JPEG. Knowing the
purpose is the key to finding out the best file
format.
2. Choose the right image size. A camera with 12
megapixels constitutes to a bigger image size.
Monitors have a resolution limit, so even if you
have a million megapixels, it will not display
everything.
3. Caption it. Remember to put a caption on images
whenever possible. If it is not related to the web
page, then remove it.

Online Platforms for ICT Content Development

1. Social Media Platforms. Websites like Facebook
allow you to create not only personal accounts but
also pages and groups where you can share
content.
2. Blogging Platforms. It typically looks like a
newsletter where you are given options to change
the design to your liking. Though you can
manipulate the design, social media platform’s
popularity is still unrivaled.

A Content Management System (CMS) is a computer

application (sometimes online or browser-based) that