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3 Materials
3.1 Concrete
3.1.1 Strength and other properties
BS EN 1992-1-1
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3.1.2(1)
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+)/&*<hg\k^m^3Li^\b_b\Zmbhg%i^k_hkfZg\^%ikh]n\mbhgZg]\hg_hkfbmr T*-V'
BS EN 1992-1-1
Bgma^ND%;L1.)) T1V\hfie^f^gml;L>G+)/&*Zg]ma^`nb]Zg\^`bo^gbgma^_hkf^klahne] 4.4.1.2(5) & NA
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BS EN 1992-1-1
\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma\eZll%Â<Ãk^_^klmhghkfZep^b`am\hg\k^m^%ma^_bklmgnf[^kk^_^klmh table 3.1
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BS EN 1992-2
Ma^lmk^g`ma\eZll^l!<"bg;L>G*22+&+Zk^]^ghm^][rma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\\rebg]^klmk^g`ma_\d 3.1.2 (102) & NA
]^m^kfbg^] Zm +1 ]Zrl pbma Z fbgbfnf oZen^ h_<+.(,) Zg] Z fZqbfnf oZen^ h_<0)(1.'
BS EN 1992-1-1
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3.1.2 (2) & NA
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 BS EN 1992-1-1
Table 3.1 table 3.1
Concrete strength classes and properties

Property Strength class (MPa)

C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 C55/67 C60/75 C70/85 C28/35a C32/40a
f\d +. ,) ,. -) -. .) .. /) 0) +1 ,+
f\d%\n[^ ,) ,0 -. .) .. /) /0 0. 1. ,. -)
f\f ,, ,1 -, -1 ., .1 /, /1 01 ,/ -)
f\mf +'/ +'2 ,'+ ,'. ,'1 -'* -'+ -'- -'/  +'1  ,')
f\md%)'). *'1 +') +'+ +'. +'0 +'2 ,') ,'* ,'+  *'2  +'*
f\md%)'2. ,', ,'1 -'+ -'/ -'2 .', .'. .'0 /')  ,'/  ,'2
E\f%!@IZ" ,* ,, ,- ,. ,/ ,0 ,1 ,2 -* ,+ ,,
Key
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BS EN 1992-1-1
Ma^oZen^h_ma^]^lb`g\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^%_\]%bl]^_bg^]Zl3 3.1.6(1) & NA
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a\\ 6Z\h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ehg`m^kf^__^\mlhgma^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZg]h_
ng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\mlk^lnembg`_khfma^pZrma^ehZ]blZiieb^]' Bgma^NDa\\bl^bma^k
*')hk)'1.]^i^g]bg`hgma^lbmnZmbhg'Ma^\hkk^\moZen^lZk^nl^]bgma^ZiikhikbZm^
\eZnl^l[^ehp'@^g^kZeerbmbl*')_hkla^ZkZg])'1.bghma^k\bk\nflmZg\^l
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BS EN 1992-1-1
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Nge^llfhk^Z\\nkZm^bg_hkfZmbhgblZoZbeZ[e^%ma^ebg^Zk\h^__b\b^gmh_ma^kfZe^qiZglbhgfZr BS EN 1992-1-1
[^mZd^g^jnZemh*)q*)¾/D¾*' 3.1.3(5)
11
 3.1.2 Creep
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BS EN 1992-1-1
B.1(2)
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12
 FZm^kbZel

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\hgm^gm^q\^^]l,.hkma^_erZla\hgm^gm^q\^^]l+)h_ma^\^f^gm\hf[bgZmbhg%<eZllG
fZr[^Zllnf^]'Pa^k^``[l^q\^^]l/.hki_Z^q\^^]l,.%<eZllLfZr[^Zllnf^]'

Ma^^__^\mh_^e^oZm^]hkk^]n\^]m^fi^kZmnk^lpbmabgma^kZg`^)¾1)™<hgma^fZmnkbmrh_ BS EN 1992-1-1
\hg\k^m^fZr[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm[rZ]cnlmbg`ma^\hg\k^m^Z`^Z\\hk]bg`mhma^_heehpbg` B.1(3)
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\hfinm^kbl^]]ZmZ[Zgdh_eZ[hkZmhkrm^lmk^lneml%blh_ma^hk]^kh_+)'

Ma^\k^^i]^_hkfZmbhgh_\hg\k^m^e\\!∞%m)"Zmmbf^m6∞_hkZ\hglmZgm\hfik^llbo^lmk^lls\ BS EN 1992-1-1
Ziieb^]Zmma^\hg\k^m^Z`^m)%bl`bo^g[r3 3.1.4(3)

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BS EN 1992-1-1
ghg&ebg^Zkbmrlahne][^\hglb]^k^]'Ln\aZab`almk^ll\Zgh\\nkZlZk^lnemh_ik^m^glbhgbg`%^'`' 3.1.4(4)
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 s\ 6\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll BS EN 1992-1-1
 _\d!m)" 6\aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZmma^mbf^h_ehZ]bg` 3.1.4(6)

3.1.3 Shrinkage
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Znmh`^ghnllakbgdZ`^lmkZbg'Ma^]krbg`lakbgdZ`^lmkZbg]^o^ehillehper%lbg\^bmblZ_ng\mbhgh_
ma^ fb`kZmbhg h_ ma^ pZm^k makhn`a ma^ aZk]^g^] \hg\k^m^'Ma^ Znmh`^ghnl lakbgdZ`^ lmkZbg
]^o^ehil]nkbg`aZk]^gbg`h_ma^\hg\k^m^3ma^fZchkiZkmma^k^_hk^]^o^ehilbgma^^Zker]Zrl
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3.2 Steel reinforcement

Ma^ikhi^kmb^lh_lm^^ek^bg_hk\^f^gmmh;L---23+)).T*/VZk^lahpgbgMZ[e^,','Mabl;kbmbla BS EN 1992-1-1
LmZg]Zk]\hfie^f^gml;L>G*))1)T*0VZg]:gg^q<h_;L>G*22+&*&*' 3.2

:gg^q<Zeehpl_hkZlmk^g`makZg`^[^mp^^g-))Zg]/))FIZ';L---23+)).Z]himl.))FIZ'
13
 Table 3.2
Long-term (70-year) shrinkage strains
Concrete strength at Strain due to drying Strain due to autogenous Total shrinkage
28 days ( fck ) shrinkage (x 103) shrinkage (x 103) strains (x 103)
20 )'.*0 )')+. )'.-+
25 )'-12 )'),1 )'.+0
30 )'-/, )').) )'.*,
35 )'-,1 )')/, )'.)*
40 )'-*. )')0. )'-2)
45 )',2, )')11 )'-1*
50 )',0+ )'*)) )'-0+
60 )',,, )'*+. )'-.1
70 )'+21 )'*.) )'--1
Notes
1Ma^oZen^llahpgZllnf^<eZllK\^f^gm!<eZllGZg]<eZllLpbeeaZo^ehp^koZen^l"'
2Ma^]krbg`lakbgdZ`^oZen^lZllnf^ZghmbhgZef^f[^klbs^%a)%h_*.)ff'?hka)h_,))ff
fnembieroZen^l[r)'1*Zg]_hka)h_.))ffhk`k^Zm^k%fnembieroZen^l[r)'0.'

Table 3.3
Properties of reinforcement

Property Class
A B C
BS EN 1992-1-1
<aZkZ\m^kblmb\rb^e]lmk^g`mafrdhkf)'+d!FIZ" .)) .)) .))
table C1
FbgbfnfoZen^h_k6!fm (fr"d ª*'). ª*')1 ª*'*.5*',.

<aZkZ\m^kblmb\lmkZbgZmfZqbfnf_hk\^end!" ª+'. ª.') ª0'.

Note
MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf;L>G*22+&*&*:gg^q<%;L---23+)).Zg];L>G*))1)'Ma^ghf^g\eZmnk^nl^]
bg;L---23+)).]b__^kl_khfmaZmnl^]bg:gg^q<Zg]nl^]a^k^'

BS EN 1992-2 <eZll;hk<eZll<k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^nl^]'?hklm^^e_Z[kb\k^bg_hk\^f^gm%<eZll:fZrZelh
3.2.4 & NA [^nl^]ikhob]^]bmblghmmZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmbgma^^oZenZmbhgh_ma^nembfZm^k^lblmZg\^'

3.3 Prestressing steel

Mrib\Ze ik^lmk^llbg` lmkZg] ikhi^kmb^l Zk^ lahpg bgMZ[e^ ,'-'Ma^ fZgn_Z\mnk^kÃl m^\agb\Ze
]ZmZla^^mllahne][^k^_^kk^]_hk]^mZbe^]bg_hkfZmbhg'

BS EN 1992-1-1 Ikhi^kmb^lh_ik^lmk^llbg`lm^^ellahne][^bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma>G*)*,1'Ahp^o^k%ngmbemabl
3.3.2(1) lmZg]Zk]blin[ebla^];L.12/T*1VfZr[^nl^]'
BS EN 1992-1-1
3.3.3(1) Ma^)'*ikhh_lmk^ll!_i)'*d"Zg]ma^li^\b_b^]oZen^h_m^glbe^lmk^g`ma!_id"Zk^nl^]mh]^_bg^
ma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^lh_ma^ik^lmk^llbg`lm^^el'

Ma^]^lb`goZen^l_hkma^ik^lmk^llbg`lm^^eZk^]^kbo^][r]bob]bg`ma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l
[r ma^ iZkmbZe lZ_^mr _Z\mhk _hk ik^lmk^llbg` lm^^e gL' ?hk nembfZm^ ebfbm lmZm^ o^kb_b\Zmbhg%
gL6*'*._hki^klblm^gmZg]mkZglb^gm]^lb`glbmnZmbhglZg]*')_hkZ\\b]^gmZe]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl'

BS EN 1992-1-1
Ma^fh]nenlh_^eZlmb\bmr>i\Zg[^Zllnf^]^jnZemh+).@IZ_hkpbk^lZg][ZklZg]*2.@IZ
3.3.6(2) & (3)
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14