Unit 1

A very modern world

Worksheet 1.1
Language focus: Verbs followed by -ing and/or infinitive
1 Underline the correct form of the verbs in italics to complete the text.

Urbanization
Throughout history, people have chosen 1 to give/giving up their lives in rural
communities or small villages in order to move to urban centres. This trend of
urbanization does not appear 2 to show/showing any sign of slowing down, with more
than 50 per cent of the global population now living in towns or cities.
It is widely accepted that people will go on 3 to move/moving from agriculturally based
lifestyles to urban centres as they seek higher standards of living and more employment
opportunities. Many do so of their own choice, and once settled in their new urban
environment, they never regret 4 making/to make the decision to move. For others,
however, the transition to city life seems to 5 take/taking longer – it is likely that the
decision to migrate to a city may have been made out of necessity rather than ambition,
and some fail 6 to adapt/adapting to a fast-paced way of life at all.
As the number of people migrating to cities keeps 7 growing/to grow, it is essential that
modern cities manage 8 to cater/catering for their growing populations by investing in
infrastructure and the development of facilities. Governments and city authorities
must consider 9 to increase/increasing the quantity of available housing in order to avoid a
situation in which newcomers cannot afford 10 to pay/paying for basic accommodation.

1
Unit 1  A very modern world

Worksheet 1.2
Language focus: Connecting words
(reason, result and exemplification)
1 Complete the sentences using a word or phrase from the box.
because   consequence of this   as a result of   for example   for instance
a good example of this   take for example   as a result   then   this is because

1 Social media, for example Twitter or Facebook, have become much more than a way
to connect with friends.
2 is the way that TV producers now worry about whether their
programmes are collecting ‘likes’ on Facebook.
3 the reality TV programme, The X Factor, which has a quarter of a
million Facebook fans.
4 this popularity, The X Factor recently decided to launch live singing
auditions on Facebook itself.
5 Entrants can upload a video of themselves singing, the best performers
will be invited to audition for The X Factor judges.
6 Producers also watch Twitter carefully. a strong positive or negative
response can affect whether they will be asked to make another series of their programme.
7 One is that the new job of social media editor has been created.
8 These people are responsible for dealing with the comments on Twitter,
reposting tweets, or responding to individuals.
9 , people feel more personally involved with these programmes than
ever before.
10 social media is now so popular, not having a Facebook account is now
seen as something unusual and even suspicious!

2
Unit 1  A very modern world

Worksheet 1.3
Vocabulary: Collocations with nouns
1 Which of the following collocations is NOT possible?
1 People’s eating habits have undergone substantial/enormous/large change over the last 50 years.

People’s eating habits have undergone substantial change over the

last 50 years.   ✓
People’s eating habits have undergone enormous change over the
last 50 years.   ✓
People’s eating habits have undergone large change over the last 50 years   ✗
2 Economic growth/achievement/development has led to cheaper food.
3 Globalization means that there has been a rapid/huge/fast growth in the import and export
of food.
4 Large/considerable/huge advances in food technology mean that different kinds of food have
been invented.
5 Unfortunately very limited/slow/gradual progress has been made in terms of eating
more healthily.

2 Rewrite the following collocations, changing the adjective into an adverb.

1 Slow progress is being made.
Progress is being made slowly .
2 There has been a gradual evolution in attitudes towards healthy food.
Attitudes .
3 A substantial reduction in the amount of sugar in breakfast cereals has already been
carried out.
The amount .
4 Nonetheless, figures show that there is likely to be an enormous increase in obesity in the
future.
Nonetheless, figures show that obesity .

3
Unit 1  A very modern world

Worksheet 1.4
Vocabulary: Describing a neighbourhood
1 Look at the following answer to a Speaking Part 2 question. Complete the text with
vocabulary from the box.

Describe a neighbourhood in your home town that you like.

You should say:

•• where the neighbourhood is

when you first visited the neighbourhood

• what the neighbourhood is like

and explain why you like the neighbourhood.

outstanding natural beauty   progress   neighbourhood   breathtaking   cityscape

buildings   worth visiting   regret   denser   reminds   magical

I live in Lisbon, which is a 1 magical city. It’s built on seven hills, and the view is
2
from any one of them. Perhaps my favourite 3 ,
however, is Mouraria, or the old Moorish district. It certainly isn’t one of the more famous
places in the city, but definitely 4 .
Mouraria is opposite the more famous Alfama, just up the hill from the Martim Moniz
shopping centre. My first flat in Lisbon was here, and I loved it straightaway. It’s a very multi-
cultural area.
Many of the 5 are in need of renovation, but it 6 me of
Lisbon’s great history. The area dates right back to the Middle Ages and it is the birthplace of
fado, the Portuguese songs of 7 and longing.
Just above Mouraria is the Castle of St George. From here you have a spectacular view over the
whole 8 . Lisbon is a very green city and has 9 as well as
beautiful architecture.
The population of Lisbon is becoming 10 these days, and new construction
work is taking place all the time. I guess you can’t stop 11 , but I like
Mouraria precisely because it hasn’t been developed that much (yet).

4
Unit 1  A very modern world

Worksheet 1.5
Writing: Organizing a Task 2 answer
1 Complete the essay using the sentences A–G below. There are more sentences than
you need.
A Furthermore, as people from different cultures learn more about each other, their
cultures are perhaps being lost, as everyone starts to want to wear the same clothes, eat
the same food and so on.
B Through Twitter and Facebook, for example, it is now possible to become friends with
people we would never have met otherwise.
C Something that might only have been known about by a few people can now be quickly
spread around the world, and this can help to protect people.
D However, I think that the benefits of increased communication far outweigh these
disadvantages.
E The difference between a real friend and an acquaintance is becoming blurred.
F There is no doubt that the world has changed enormously as a result of the invention of
the internet.
G The internet can be used to go shopping, book airline tickets or carry out research.

The internet is making it easier than ever before to communicate with people
across the world. Some people think this is a positive development, meaning that
we can gain a greater understanding of different cultures. Others think that it is a
dangerous development, and is destroying the individual culture of countries.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

1
Rather than an expensive phone-call or a letter that might take
a long time to arrive, we can now communicate with someone on the other side of the
world in an instant, using email, instant messaging or Skype™.
Social networking has also been revolutionized. 2 This greater
communication means that people around the world are more and more aware of what is
happening in other countries.
A positive aspect of this is that it is harder for governments to cover up human rights
abuses. 3 People are starting to feel more connected to those in
different countries, and understanding more about each other.
On the other hand, it could also be argued that people are learning about negative things
too. Fraud and other crime is widespread on the internet. 4 .
Undoubtedly these are real problems. 5 Ultimately, the better
we can all communicate and understand each other, the better the future should be for
the world.

5
Unit 1  Answer key
Worksheet 1.1
Language focus: Verbs followed by -ing and/or infinitive
1 to give 2 to show 3 moving 4 making
5 to take 6 to adapt 7 growing 8 to cater
9 increasing 10 to pay

Worksheet 1.2
Language focus: Connecting words (reason, result and exemplification)
1 for example 2 A good example of this 3 Take for example
4 As a result of 5 then 6 This is because
7 consequence of this 8 for instance 9 As a result
10 Because

Worksheet 1.3
Vocabulary: Collocations with nouns
1
1 People’s eating habits have undergone large change over the last 50 years. ✗
2 achievement ✗
3 fast ✗
4 Large ✗
5 gradual ✗
2
1 Progress is being made slowly.
2 Attitudes towards healthy food have gradually evolved.
3 The amount of sugar in breakfast cereals has already been substantially reduced.
4 Nonetheless, figures show that obesity is likely to increase enormously in the future.

Worksheet 1.4
Vocabulary: Describing a neighbourhood
1 magical 2 breathtaking 3 neighbourhood
4 worth visiting 5 buildings 6 reminds
7 regret 8 cityscape 9 outstanding natural beauty
10 denser 11 progress

6
Unit 1  Answer key
Worksheet 1.5
Writing: Organizing a Task 2 answer
1 F There is no doubt that the world has changed enormously as a result of the invention
of the internet.
2 B Through Twitter and Facebook, for example, it is now possible to become friends with
people we would never have met otherwise.
3 C Something that might only have been known about by a few people can now be
quickly spread around the world, and this can help to protect people.
4 A Furthermore, as people from different cultures learn more about each other, their
cultures are perhaps being lost, as everyone starts to want to wear the same clothes,
eat the same food and so on.
5 D However, I think that the benefits of increased communication far outweigh these
disadvantages.

7
Unit 2 The past – public and private
Worksheet 2.1
Language focus: Using nouns to build ideas
1 Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first, changing the
word in bold into a noun. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
1 Prices rose as the economic situation worsened.
As the economic situation worsened there was also a rise in prices.
2 The town first developed on the south side of the riverbank.
Early of the town was on the south side of the riverbank.
3 The Brazilian economy is in a different situation to the economy in most European
countries.
There is a big the Brazilian economy and the economy in most European
countries.
4 The number of certain endangered animals is declining rapidly.
There is a the number of certain endangered animals.
5 The weather has affected the crops this year.
The weather has on the crops this year.
6 The visitor was interested in the production process.
The visitor showed the production process.
7 I have analysed the figures and the situation looks worrying.
According , the situation looks worrying.
8 The government decided to postpone their plan to increase taxes.
The government decided to postpone their planned .

8
Unit 2  The past – public and private

Worksheet 2.2
Vocabulary: Collocations – multiple combinations
1 For each sentence cross out the word (A, B or C) which does NOT collocate.
1 You will need to present close evidence of your claims.
A factual B close C concrete

2 Most of our knowledge relies on records kept over the last few years.
A documentary B detailed C concrete

3 The accountant made a analysis of the company’s finances.

A factual B detailed C thorough

4 In order to find out more, we need to a study of patient outcomes.

A conduct B carry out C proceed

5 University research is usually by the Government.

A funded B helped C supported

6 Before starting the project, we conducted a survey of public opinion.

A long B brief C detailed

7 We must an investigation into these allegations.

A conduct B perform C pursue

8 He went to Cambridge University to study history.

A early B world C late

9
Unit 2  The past – public and private

Worksheet 2.3
Vocabulary: Adjectives of evaluation
(synonyms and antonyms)
1 Complete the rewritten sentences, using a synonym (S) and an antonym (A) of the word in
bold. Choose from the words in the box.

impractical   sensible   irrelevant   immaterial   difficult   foolish   crucial

ineffective   practical   successful   straightforward   significant   minor   relevant

1 The research methodology was highly effective.

S: The research methodology was highly successful .
A: Unfortunately, the research methodology was completely ineffective .

2 The results of the test are unimportant as I have already decided what to do.
S: The results of the test are as I have already decided what to do.
A: The results of the test will be quite in deciding what to do.

3 It would be reasonable to keep a hard copy of the research.

S: It would be to keep a hard copy of the research.
A: It would be not to keep a hard copy of the research.

4 We found a very simple solution to the problem.

S: We found a very solution to the problem.
A: It was to find a solution to the problem.

5 A bicycle may be more convenient than a car in heavy traffic.

S: A bicycle may be more than a car in heavy traffic.
A: A car may be more than a bicycle in heavy traffic.

6 Don’t worry about the trivial details, it’s the bigger picture that’s important.
S: Don’t worry about the details, it’s the bigger picture that’s important.
A: As well as the bigger picture, it’s to think about the details.

7 Can you make sure that the questions you ask are appropriate please? Stick to the point!
S: Can you make sure that the questions you ask are please? Stick to
the point!
A: That question is completely . Stick to the point!

10
Unit 2  The past – public and private

Worksheet 2.4
Vocabulary: Describing data

1 Look at the pie charts and complete the description using the words and phrases in
the box.

Camtown Museum Income 1992 Camtown Museum Income 2012

■ Government funding ■ Government funding

■ Individual Gifts ■ Individual Gifts
■ Corporate sponsorship ■ Corporate sponsorship
■ Admission ■ Admission
■ Museum shop sales ■ Museum shop sales
■ School visits ■ School visits
■ Fundraising events ■ Fundraising events

the largest proportion   changed dramatically   respectively   came from  

shift from finally   provides information about   overall   6%   doubling
much smaller proportion   by contrast   contributed   18%

The pie chart 1 provides information about the different sources of income for the
Camtown Museum in 1992 and 2012.
2
, it is clear that the pattern of funding has 3
over the period, with a 4
government funding and individual gifts to
other funding sources.

Although 5 of the total in both charts 6

government funding, in the second chart this represents a 7 , at 33%
rather than 50%. The amount of individual gifts also fell from 32% to 8 .
9
, corporate sponsorship and museum shop sales both increased,
from 6% to 12%, and 2% to 11% 10 .

There was a 11 in the proportion of income 12

by admissions, but this was still a small part of the whole at 2% in 1992 and 4% in 2012.
13
, income from school visits comprised 14
of the total in both years.

11
Unit 2  The past – public and private

Worksheet 2.5
Writing: Organizing a Task 2 answer (2)
1 Read the essay and cross out five extra sentences which do not fit.

We have a duty to preserve old buildings for future generations. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?

Many cities have a mixture of old and new buildings. People often feel strongly about the older
buildings, believing that it is important to keep this piece of history for our children, and their
children. Tall buildings have the advantage of taking up much less space.
Undoubtedly new buildings have their advantages. They can be purpose-built, whereas older
building are often not very suitable for today’s needs. Older buildings can be very beautiful,
provided they are not allowed to get too run-down. They can also be designed so that they
are far more environmentally friendly than older buildings, requiring less lighting or heating.
Finally, designing and building new buildings can help the economy, providing work and
economic stimulus. Skyscrapers can be built quite quickly and easily, using prefabricated
materials.
However, although I understand all of these points, I tend to agree that it is our duty to
preserve at least some of the more impressive older buildings. Very often it is these buildings
which give a town or city its character. City centres need plenty of shopping malls, cinemas,
restaurants and so on. If we replace these buildings, before long everywhere in the world will
look the same.
And, although building can help the economy, tourism very often depends on protecting our
past, as this is what tourists want to come and see, not shiny new tower blocks. Tourism can
bring in a good deal of money, which can be used to pay for the preservation of old buildings,
as well as new building projects.
On balance, therefore, I would agree that old buildings should be preserved, so long as they are
of architectural interest or add something positive to a city. Although it is a shame that modern
cities look similar, it is probably at least partly unavoidable.

12
Unit 2  Answer key
Worksheet 2.1
Language focus: Using nouns to build ideas
1 a rise in 2 development 3 difference between
4 rapid decline in 5 had an effect 6 an interest in
7 to my analysis 8 tax increase

Worksheet 2.2
Vocabulary: Collocations – multiple combinations
1 close ✗ 2 concrete ✗ 3 factual ✗
4 proceed ✗ 5 helped ✗ 6 long ✗
7 perform ✗ 8 late ✗

Worksheet 2.3
Vocabulary: Adjectives of evaluation (synonyms and antonyms)
1 S: successful A: ineffective
2 S: immaterial A: significant
3 S: sensible A: foolish
4 S: straightforward A: difficult
5 S: practical A: impractical
6 S: minor A: crucial
7 S: relevant A: irrelevant

Worksheet 2.4
Vocabulary: Describing data
1 provides information about
2 overall
3 changed dramatically
4 shift from
5 the largest proportion
6 came from
7 much smaller proportion
8 18%
9 By contrast
10 respectively
11 doubling
12 contributed
13 finally
14 6%

13
Unit 2  Answer key
Worksheet 2.5
Writing: Organizing a Task 2 answer (2)
Tall buildings have the advantage of taking up much less space.
Older buildings can be very beautiful, provided they are not allowed to get too run-down.
Skyscrapers can be built quite quickly and easily, using prefabricated materials.
City centres need plenty of shopping malls, cinemas, restaurants and so on.
Although it is a shame that modern cities look similar, it is probably at least partly
unavoidable.

14
Unit 3 The age of information
Worksheet 3.1
Language focus: Prepositions
1 Complete the text using the prepositions A–D from the box.
A in   B from   C on   D with

A new website was recently launched that will allow people who think they may be suffering
1
B a particular disease to diagnose their own conditions.
Like Wikipedia, the site will depend 2 contributions from volunteers, but it will
differ 3
Wikipedia in that the creators will insist 4 every contributor being
medically qualified.
The founder said that the idea stemmed 5 a desire to give people access to more
information as people often struggle 6
finding a source which is both reliable and written
in plain English. The site will also be supported by videos and diagrams.
The website has been set up in association 7 one of the biggest teaching hospitals in the
UK and users will benefit 8
first hand information from doctors who specialize 9
different areas of medicine. Many doctors are very enthusiastic about the new development,
believing that it is good for patients to understand and be able to manage their own conditions.
They will, of course, be encouraged to seek professional help as well.
Some doctors, however, are concerned that the website could result 10 people
self-diagnosing wrongly. ‘Surgeries will struggle 11
large numbers of people who have
convinced themselves they are seriously ill,’ said Dr James Mason, a London GP. ‘They won’t
be able to distinguish serious symptoms 12 unimportant ones. And some patients will
argue 13 the doctor, or refuse to comply 14 his or her suggestions. I think it’s a
terrible idea!’

15
Unit 3  The age of information

Worksheet 3.2
Vocabulary: Verbs related to connections
2 Underline the correct word in italics in the following sentences.
1 Job stress has been linked/involved to greater risk of heart disease.
2 Awareness of the health benefits of green tea is beginning to combine/translate into a range of
new products using the active ingredients.
3 The government argues that employment law corresponds to/interferes with how small
businesses hire and fire staff.
4 An unnamed person, thought to be matched/associated with organized crime, has been arrested
and charged.
5 The results of the survey did not associate/correlate strongly with age or gender.
6 Although we talk about koala bears, they actually match/belong to the marsupial family.
7 The internet has created/transformed the way people communicate.
8 Your explanation conflicts/liaises with what your colleagues have told me.
9 The results very much corresponded/developed with what we had expected.
10 The plan is to affect/combine the best ideas from both teams so that we get the best
possible result.
11 The job will involve/correlate working long hours.
12 Her exam results were badly affected/transformed by the stress she was under.
13 Fire-fighters interfered/liaised with the police and ambulance services to deal with the
disaster as effectively as possible.
14 There is no scientific evidence to connect/translate the drug with any increased risk of
heart attack.
15 We are working to develop/connect greater public awareness of the issue.
16 The results are finally beginning to match/belong the high expectations we had.
17 There were leaves on the railway track, developing/creating delays.
18 Legally, you are bound/belong to inform the police if you suspect a crime is going to be
committed.

16
Unit 3  The age of information

Worksheet 3.3
Vocabulary: Verbs related to connections (2)
Choose the correct preposition (A, B, C or D) to complete each sentence.
1 The country’s financial future is closely linked B what happens in Greece.
A by B with C on D in
2 A small increase in local taxation will translate a big effect on the community.
A into B with C at D in
3 The change in government had a huge effect the lowest paid.
A at B in C on D with
4 Crime is closely associated poverty.
A on B with C by D at
5 The Y axis on the graph corresponds the percentage of people who took part.
A in B to C on D into
6 There is no evidence to connect him the burglary.
A with B at C in D by
7 The new buildings have transformed the school a completely different place.
A by B in C with D into
8 Local government officers are liaising closely schools in this matter.
A to B in C with D by
9 The machinery in the factory was very old fashioned; it belonged a different era.
A with B at C into D to
10 Many women try to combine part time work raising a family.
A with B to C in D into
11 Will your role as school governor conflict your teaching job?
A by B with C on D at
12 My company has been badly affected the current economic climate.
A to B with C by D in

17
Unit 3  The age of information

Worksheet 3.4
Vocabulary: Process verbs and nouns
1 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using no more than
ONE word.
1 The participants were selected at random.
The participant selection was carried out at random.
2 Not everyone welcomed his being included in the team.
His in the team was not welcomed by everyone.
3 I decided to apply for the job.
I decided to put in an for the job.
4 We will help speed things along by adding several new team members.
The of several new team members will help speed things along.
5 I have worked for this magazine since it was created.
I have worked for this magazine since its .

6 Plans for the new building are now being prepared.

Plans for the new building are now in .

7 The hotel has been completely renovated.

There has been a complete of the hotel.
8 The cost of transporting the goods was very high.
The cost was very high.

18
Unit 3  The age of information

Worksheet 3.5
Writing: Sequencing a Task 2 answer
Look at the diagram and put the phrases or sentences A–L in the correct order.

The diagram below shows the process of making a contactless payment.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

no swiping tiny computer

card never leaves

owner’s hand

1 Hold card within 5 cm of 2 Encrypted card number 3 Amount below £20,

contactless payment reader. transferred to reader. no signature required.

magnetic strip

12s
27s

contactless chip and pin

payment card payment

4 No need to worry–reliable 5 speed and efficiency 6 Traditional magnetic

payment technology from strip just in case.
Visa and Mastercard etc.

A …. the card can still be used with the more traditional magnetic strip on the back.

B A contactless payment card can be used without a signature for any amount
less than £20.

C However, it uses reliable payment technology, from companies such as Visa and
Mastercard.

D If the retailer does not have the necessary technology, …

E It is also significantly faster than traditional chip and pin technology, …

F It is not necessary to swipe the card, and it need never leave your hand.

G Some people worry about whether it is secure.

H The credit card contains a very small computer chip.

I The diagram illustrates how a contactless payment works, and some of

the advantages. 1
J This enables the card number, which is encrypted, to be read by the reader.

K ….taking about 12 seconds rather than 27 seconds to make a payment.

L To make a contactless payment, you need to hold the card no more than 5 cm
away from the reader.
19
Unit 3  Answer key
Worksheet 3.1
Language focus: Prepositions
1 B 2 C 3 B 4 C 5 B
6 D 7 D 8 B 9 A 10 A
11 D 12 B 13 D 14 D

Worksheet 3.2
Vocabulary: Verbs related to connections
1 linked 2 translate 3 interferes
4 associated 5 correlate 6 belong
7 transformed 8 conflicts 9 corresponded
10 combine 11 involve 12 affected
13 liaised 14 connect 15 develop
16 match 17 creating 18 bound

Worksheet 3.3
Vocabulary: Verbs related to connections (2)
1 B 2 A 3 C 4 B 5 B
6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 A
11 B 12 C

Worksheet 3.4
Vocabulary: Process verbs and nouns
1 selection 2 inclusion 3 application 4 addition
5 creation 6 preparation 7 renovation 8 transportation

Worksheet 3.5
Writing: Sequencing a Task 2 answer
1 I 2 L 3 F 4 H 5 J
6 B 7 G 8 C 9 E 10 K
11 D 12 A

20
Unit 4 Leisure and the environment
Worksheet 4.1
Language focus: Comparative and superlative adjectives
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective in brackets.
1 People who have more money aren’t always (happy) happier than those with less.
2 Lazy people will always try to do (less) amount of work possible.
3 Some countries are considerably (big) than others.
4 Be careful, that suitcase is easily (heavy) one of all!
5 In my opinion, blond hair isn’t (attractive) as brunette.
6 His result was (good) in his class.
7 Give the keys to Jim, he’s (trustworthy) boy in the class.
8 It was (lovely) sight I’d ever seen.
9 I just can’t go any (far) than this, I’m exhausted.
10 I think girls look (pretty) without make-up.
11 Climbing Everest is (dangerous) than climbing Kilimanjaro.
12 It is (brave) to stand up for yourself than to keep quiet.
13 She was (clever) child in her class.
14 Jack is much (greedy) than Jill.
15 Bananas are much (nutritious) than grapes.
16 I feel far (bad) than I did yesterday.
17 When I come back, I expect this room to be a lot (tidy) than it is now!
18 It’s much (wet) this summer than last summer.
19 Jane was always (busy) person in the office.
20 An ant is much (tiny) than a bee.

21
Unit 4  Leisure and the environment

Worksheet 4.2
Language focus: Modifying comparative and
superlative adjectives
Look at the charts and complete the description using the words from the box.

Land area in kms Population (millions)

700,000 160

600,000 140
120
500,000
100
400,000
80
300,000
60
200,000
40
100,000 20
0 0
tan esh wana ba or n esh wana a do
r
nis ad Cu ad ista lad Cu
b a
h a n g l
Bo
ts Ecu ha
n
n g Bo
ts Ecu
Afg Ba Afg Ba

similar   much   far   largest   relatively   nearly

the   even   second   one   than   half

The charts show the land area and the population for five different countries. In the first chart
we can see that 1 the largest countries are Afghanistan, with about 650,000 km and
Botswana, with 600,000 km. Ecuador is about 2 the size of these, with nearly
300,000 km. Bangladesh and Cuba are 3 smaller, with 140,000 and 110,000 km
respectively.
It is noticeable that the populations shown in the second chart do not correlate with the size of
the countries. By 4 the largest population is in Bangladesh, which is 5
of the smallest countries. In contrast, one of the 6 countries, Afghanistan has a
7
small population, of about 30,000,000. Botswana’s population is 8
smaller, with around 1,600,000 people, despite being the 9 biggest country shown.
Ecuador also has a fairly small population for its size, with about 13,000,000 people. This
population is 10 to Cuba’s, but, as we have seen, Ecuador is 11 three
times bigger 12 Cuba.

22
Unit 4  Leisure and the environment

Worksheet 4.3
Language focus: Future forms
Complete the essay with the correct future forms and expressions from the box.

predicted   it is probable   will change   will have increased   will not be travelling
may   projected to   expect people to travel   may have reached   will become

Some people think that we are likely to travel abroad less often in the future, as fuel becomes
more expensive, others think that more and more people will want to go abroad.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Over the last few decades more and more people have been taking the opportunity to travel
abroad. Air travel has become cheaper, despite the rising costs of fuel, and a trend has
developed of people using low cost airlines to travel abroad for a short break.
It seems likely however, that air travel 1 will become more expensive as fuel costs rise.
Equally, people are becoming more aware of the environmental impact of travelling by plane.
For these reasons, 2 that the number of journeys made by individuals
3
decrease. On the other hand, the number of people wanting to travel
abroad is indeed 4
increase as, in some countries, such as China, India and
Brazil, the number of people with disposable income is growing. In Brazil, for example, the
proportion of people considering themselves middle class 5 two thirds of
the population by 2030.
Perhaps what 6 is how people travel, and where they go. Rather than taking
short breaks by air, people may start to travel more often by boat or train. High-speed trains
are being developed and it is 7 that they will soon overtake air as the most
popular form of travel for shorter distances. 90% of journeys between London and Paris are
already made by rail, and it is thought that by 2020 this percentage 8
further. Travel agents also 9 more locally, enjoying what their own area or
country has to offer.
So, although more people may want to travel, I think it is likely that overall we
10
as far or as often.

23
Unit 4  Leisure and the environment

Worksheet 4.4
Vocabulary: Leisure and entertainment
1 Complete the crossword with words that collocate with either leisure or entertainment.

2
l i g h t
3

4 5

Across
2 Not too serious or heavy. ( entertainment)
4 Things you buy to help you enjoy your free time. (leisure )

6 A place where people watch something and enjoy themselves. (entertainment )

7 Activities that people do in their spare time. (leisure )
8 Enjoyed by lots of people. ( entertainment)

Down
1 Takes place outside. ( entertainment)
3 The part of the economy devoted to people’s entertainment. (entertainment )
5 A place where you can do sport. (leisure )

24
Unit 4  Leisure and the environment

Worksheet 4.5
Writing: Useful language for describing data in Task 1 Writing
Complete the description of the data with suitable phrases from the box.

The chart below shows the average time per day (in minutes) spent using communication
devices in 2005 and 2012.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Time spent using different communication devices

250

200 ■ TV
■ Radio
150 ■ Internet
■ Landline
■ Mobile phone
100

50

0
2005 2012

from   while   contrast   similar   however   illustrates

overall   different   by far   both   doubled   significantly

The chart 1 illustrates how much time was spent on average using different communication
devices, in two 2 years (2005 and 2012).
3
the most popular device in both years was television, and the amount of time
spent watching TV increased between 2005 and 2012 by about 30 minutes. Radio was also
popular in 4 years, but this decreased 5 just over 150 minutes to around
120 minutes.
In 2005, the internet and landlines were used for a 6 amount of time, around
15 minutes. 7
, in 2012, the amount of internet use had more than 8 ,
to nearly 50 minutes, 9 landline use had reduced to less than ten minutes.
By 10 , mobile phones were used 11 more in 2012, rising from around
seven or eight minutes to approximately 20 minutes a day.
12
, the changes in the use of communication devices reflect changes in technology,
with both the internet and mobile phones becoming more popular.

25
Unit 4  Answer key
Worksheet 4.1
Language focus: Comparative and superlative adjectives
1 happier 2 the least 3 bigger
4 the heaviest 5 as attractive 6 the best
7 the most trustworthy/the trustworthiest
8 the most lovely/the loveliest
9 further 10 prettier 11 more dangerous
12 braver 13 the cleverest 14 greedier
15 more nutritious 16 worse 17 tidier
18 wetter 19 the busiest 20 tinier

Worksheet 4.2
Language focus: Modifying comparative and superlative adjectives
1 the 2 half 3 much 4 far
5 one 6 largest 7 relatively 8 even
9 second 10 similar 11 nearly 12 than

Worksheet 4.3
Language focus: Future forms
1 will become 2 it is probable 3 may
4 projected to 5 may have reached 6 will change
7 predicted 8 will have increased 9 expect people to travel
10 will not be travelling

Worksheet 4.4
Vocabulary: Leisure and entertainment
Across
2 light 4 goods 6 venue
7 pursuits 8 popular

Down
1 street 3 industry 5 centre

Worksheet 4.5
Writing: Useful language for describing data in Task 1 Writing
1 illustrates 2 different 3 by far
4 both 5 from 6 similar
7 However 8 doubled 9 while
10 contrast 11 significantly 12 overall

26
Unit 5 A healthy world
Worksheet 5.1
Vocabulary: Collocations related to health
1 Complete the expressions relating to health. The first letter of each word is given.
When choosing your answers, pay particular attention to the use of articles.
1 The economic health of many countries has suffered recently with high unemployment
and a decline in exports.
2 Health e has increased slightly in the last decade with the government investing
more in new hospitals and training of health p such as doctors and nurses.
3 More money should be invested in p health campaigns in order to raise people’s
awareness of how to maintain a healthy l and prevent disease.
4 Providing proper health e in schools would put less financial pressure on the
national health s .
5 The advertising of fatty foods does little to promote healthy e amongst
young people.
6 Developments in health c over the last few decades have led to vast
improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of many common diseases.

2 Underline the correct word in italics in the following sentences.

1 Reducing/declining stress in the workplace is vital if we are to improve people’s overall
well-being.
2 When fighting disease, it is more important to focus on preventative ways/measures than
spending vast amounts on finding cures.
3 Tackling disease can be very difficult if the country is suffering from food
shortages/reductions.
4 The cost/price of healthcare provision and medicine should be the responsibility of the
government.

27
Unit 5  A healthy world

Worksheet 5.2
Language focus: Degrees of certainty
1 Match each of the statements 1–8 to a description of its use (a–f).
1 Governments need to invest more money in medical research. d
2 It won’t ever be possible to eliminate all diseases.
3 Many countries will definitely continue to have food shortages in the next
few years.
4 Healthy eating and taking regular exercise can prevent disease.
5 Future generations won’t need to worry as much about their health as current ones.
6 With improvements in healthcare, it’s likely that people will spend less time in
hospital in the future.
7 People might not suffer as much from preventable diseases.
a probability
b certainty
c possibility (x2)
d necessity
e lack of necessity
f impossibility

2 Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.

1 They probably won’t find a cure in the next ten years. (unlikely)

It is unlikely that they will find a cure in the next ten years.
2 It will be necessary for future generations to work until they are older. (need)

3 In the future, it is likely that many childhood diseases will be a thing of the past. (should)

4 It’s possible that cities will become more overcrowded in the next decade. (may)

5 Food aid is unlikely to provide a long-term solution to world hunger. (probably)

6 By the end of this century, most people should live to a far greater age. (likely)

7 It won’t be possible for people to live beyond 130 years. (impossible)

8 Governments don’t need to spend so much money on medical research. (unnecessary)

28
Unit 5  A healthy world

Worksheet 5.3
Vocabulary: Adjectives of evaluation
1 Match each adjective (1–8) to an appropriate synonym (a–h).
Adjective Synonym
1 prohibitive a harmful
2 economical b valuable
3 essential c sensible
4 damaging d too expensive
5 achievable e wasteful
6 extravagant f efficient
7 invaluable g crucial
8 worthwhile h possible

2 Complete the sentences with an adjective 1–8 from exercise 1.

1 The cost of providing adequate free healthcare for the whole population can be prohibitive .

2 Having access to healthcare is a/an human right.

3 The country’s health service is a/an resource, which should be protected for
future generations.

4 Reducing government spending on healthcare could have a/an impact on

many sectors of society.

5 A healthy society is only through investment in public health education.

6 Spending money on costly medicines and equipment is when many people

suffer from poverty and hunger.

7 Providing food aid is only if more long-term measures of alleviating hunger are
also taken.

8 Action should be taken to find a more alternative to the current system, which
is wasting money.

29
Unit 5  A healthy world

Worksheet 5.4
Language focus: Linking devices
1 Some people think that the main influence over young people’s diet is advertising rather
than family and friends. To what extent do you agree?

take   because   as a result   however   yet   since   to

the reason for this is   so that   therefore

There is no doubt that advertising can significantly affect the eating habits of young people,
1
yet it is the influence of family and friends which I believe exerts the strongest power.
Many adverts for fast food and other unhealthy food like sweets, chocolate and crisps are
specifically aimed at young people. 2 that it is these people who are most easily
persuaded by advertising and who are an easy target for the advertisers. Adverts can be found
on TV programmes, in magazines and on the internet 3 these are all popular with
young people. Advertisers use celebrities, music and fashion 4
attract a young
audience and make their products seem desirable. 5
adverts to promote fizzy
drinks for example; these show attractive young people and use the latest music, making them
particularly appealing to older teenagers.
Family and friends, 6 , can influence a young person’s diet, either positively or
negatively from an even earlier age 7 young children are likely to follow the eating
habits of those closest to them. 8
, if their family tends to eat healthily with plenty
of fresh fruit and vegetables, the young person will probably do the same. The child of a family
with a diet of junk food will never experience healthy food and 9 , is much more
likely to have equally unhealthy eating habits. As a child grows up and goes to school, friends
start to exert more of an influence and older children and teenagers are likely to copy friends at
school 10 they can fit in and be popular.
In conclusion, eating habits, which start at a young age, are difficult to change later in life. It is
therefore the people around them that have the greatest influence on young people’s diet.

30
Unit 5  A healthy world

Worksheet 5.5
Writing: Organizing a Task 2 answer
1 Read the Writing Task 2 question and add ideas a–j to the correct places (1–10) in the
essay plan.

Some people think that our genetic history has more influence over our health than the
lifestyle we lead. Which do you consider to be the major influence?

Organization Idea
Topic/introduction 1 We now have a better knowledge/understanding
of genetic science and what constitutes a healthy
lifestyle
2

Focus on genetic history 3

Example 4

Result 5

Focus on lifestyle 6

Example 7

Reservation 9

Conclusion 10

a Those at high risk of developing cancer can take measures to protect themselves
b Poor diet, lack of exercise and stress can contribute to ill health
c No one major influence – combination of both
d Research shows link between family history and some diseases
e We now have a better knowledge/understanding of genetic science and what constitutes a
healthy lifestyle
f Lifestyle choices can have an impact, either positive or negative, on health
g People can live to old age with unhealthy lifestyle and vice versa
h Taking more exercise and eating a healthy diet can protect against disease
i Debate continues about which has greater influence
j The likelihood of developing certain cancers can be detected through tests

31
Unit 5  Answer key
Worksheet 5.1
Vocabulary: Collocations related to health
1
1 economic
2 expenditure; professionals
3 public; lifestyle
4 education; service
5 eating
6 care

2
1 reducing 2 measures 3 shortages 4 cost

Worksheet 5.2
Language focus: Degrees of certainty
1
1 d 2 f 3 b 4 c 5 e 6 a 7 c

2
1 It is unlikely that they will find a cure in the next ten years.
2 Future generations will need to work until they are older.
3 In the future, many childhood diseases should be a thing of the past.
4 Cities may become more overcrowded in the next decade.
5 Food aid will probably not provide a long-term solution to world hunger.
6 By the end of this century, it is likely that most people will live to a far greater age.
7 It will be impossible for people to live beyond 130 years.
8 It is unnecessary for governments to spend so much money on medical research.

Worksheet 5.3
Vocabulary: Adjectives of evaluation
1
1 d 2 f 3 g 4 a 5 h 6 e 7 b 8 c

2
1 prohibitive
2 essential
3 invaluable
4 damaging
5 achievable
6 extravagant
7 worthwhile
8 economical

32
Unit 5  Answer key
Worksheet 5.4
Language focus: Linking devices
1
1 yet
2 the reason for this is
3 because / since
4 to
5 take
6 however
7 because / since
8 as a result / therefore
9 as a result / therefore
10 so that

Worksheet 5.5
Writing: Organizing a Task 2 answer
1 e 2 c 3 d 4 j 5 a 6 f 7 b/h 8 b/h 9 g 10 i

33
Unit 6 Shaping the world and beyond
Worksheet 6.1
Vocabulary: Words related to space and place
1 Underline the correct word in italics in the following sentences.
1 The city has attracted many tourists in recent years but does not have the
infrastructure/organization to cope with the numbers.
2 The hotel was in a beautiful lakeside setting/place, with snow-capped mountains in the
background.
3 The city is already so crowded there is no longer any space/place for more buildings.
4 When looking for accommodation it is important to consider the distance/gap between the
house and public transport.
5 The recent storms have brought absolute disorganization/chaos to the region with many
people made homeless by flooding.
6 There is a wide gap/distance between his practical and theoretical knowledge.
7 Overcrowded and polluted cities are clearly not the best spaces/locations for bringing up
children.
8 After the break-in the house was in total disorder/disorganization, with every room turned
upside down.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets.
1 The car was quite roomy and seated five people comfortably. (room)
2 When planning a new project, it’s a good idea to take a approach. (system)
3 It is widely agreed that rapid industrialization of the modern world created an
disaster for many countries. (environment)
4 Unfortunately, many of the young people at the party conducted themselves in a
manner. (disorder)
5 It is unlikely that they will be able to come to a peaceful solution, even in the
future. (distance)
6 Although the house was it was a long way from any amenities.
(space; location)
7 It’s difficult to work in such surroundings. (chaos)

34
Unit 6  Shaping the world and beyond

Worksheet 6.2
Language focus: Hypothesizing
1 Underline the correct words in italics in the following sentences.
1 It is unlikely that space tourism will ever become popular unless we found/find a way to
reduce the cost.
2 Even if space travel becomes/became available to the masses, it would never replace
conventional tourism.
3 If government funding were cut, it will be/would be difficult to maintain current levels of
space exploration.
4 If we ever manage to colonize other planets, it won’t be/wouldn’t be in my lifetime.
5 Early space exploration wouldn’t have been/hadn’t been possible without heavy investment
from governments.
6 It is foolish to spend large amounts of money on space exploration if/unless there are
significant benefits for humankind.
7 Long-term colonization of space would not/will not be possible unless some of the
physiological issues can be resolved.
8 Without space exploration we would not make/would not have made many important
scientific discoveries.

2 Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of the verb in the box.
not make   be colonized   intensify   not survive   tackle   continue

1 If space travel continues at the present rate, the problem of space debris will intensify .
2 We will be able to invest in future space exploration, provided we first some
of the problems facing the earth today.
3 The human race in the future unless it starts colonizing other planets.
4 Human progress and development the same advances if there hadn’t been so
much investment into space travel in the latter half of the twentieth century.
5 Potentially significant discoveries that can help life on earth will only be possible if space
research .
6 If other planets , some of the world’s current problems with overcrowding
might be alleviated.

35
Unit 6  Shaping the world and beyond

Worksheet 6.3
Language focus: Transitive and intransitive verbs and
the passive
1 Some of the verb forms in the following text are incorrect. Find the incorrect forms
in each sentence (1–10) and change them.
1
The developments that have been occurred in the town since the late 1980s have been
significant. 2An area of forest to the north of the river has been replaced by an industrial
estate. 3The farmland to the east of the city has been disappeared and a small housing
estate has taken its place. 4On the south side of the river the town was increased in size
with the construction of a housing estate. 5On the northern edge of the town several
new shops built next to the old hospital. 6A new addition to the town in 2005 was the
construction of a cinema complex and shopping centre, for which the disused factory
and warehouse been demolished. 7The farmland to the north of the river was remained
the same but in 1995 the farmhouse was expanded considerably. 8The old theatre on the
south side of the river turned into a cinema. 9The orchard next to the river on the east of
the town made way for a children’s playground. 10As a result of these changes, the area is
seemed far more developed and less green.

36
Unit 6  Shaping the world and beyond

Worksheet 6.4
Vocabulary: Cause and effect verbs and nouns
1 Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of the words and phrases in brackets.
1 Current government policy has been shaped by recent research. (have considerable
influence over)
Recent research has had considerable influence over current government policy.
2 The introduction of new technology in the workplace resulted in increased productivity.
(result from)

3 Some industries have been seriously affected by the recent economic crisis. (have a huge
impact on)

4 The increase in student plagiarism has been largely brought about by widespread use of the
internet. (lead to)

5 The internet and the mobile phone have created a whole new language of abbreviations and
slang. (be produced by)

6 A decrease in the number of science graduates has led to a shortage of suitably qualified
science teachers. (be caused by)

7 The way we think about life on earth was radically changed by the work of the naturalist
Charles Darwin. (totally transform)

8 The internet has influenced every aspect of modern lives. (be shaped by)

9 The withdrawal of funding will have a huge impact on future projects. (be seriously
affected by)

10 The introduction of hand-held tablets for each student has had a positive impact on their
work and behaviour. (improve)

37
Unit 6  Shaping the world and beyond

Worksheet 6.5
Writing: Using complex sentences to develop ideas in a
Task 2 answer
1 Read the Writing Task 2 question and complete the model answer with words from
the box. There are two words or phrases which you do not need.

Some people think that the primary role of space exploration is to give us a better
understanding of our world and practical knowledge to improve life on earth.
Others think that its true function is to discover the universe and look for other
forms of life. What, in your opinion, should be the function of space exploration?

although   unless   because   if   so that   however

provided   for example   in order to   resulting in

Over the centuries the human race has had a fascination with discovering new worlds or
life beyond our own planet, 1 resulting in many missions into space over the last
50 years. However, this is not the only purpose of space exploration and for many people
recent space missions have proved that space exploration can provide us with practical
knowledge which can enhance our lives on earth.
The belief that space exploration is solely to seek out new worlds and life forms is, in
my view, quite limited, 2 this has been a motivating factor for many space
missions. Our desire to look beyond our own planet and explore our solar system and
universe is part of natural human curiosity. People have always wondered whether life
on other planets exists and some people feel that 3 we start colonizing other
planets, problems of overpopulation on earth are likely to worsen in the future.
4
, space exploration is about much more than satisfying our curiosity and
desire to populate other planets. It has provided us with scientific knowledge about our
own planet and universe, which has practical applications in real life. 5 ,
astronauts in space stations have conducted research 6 we can have a better
understanding of climate change on earth. They have also carried out experiments on
different materials 7 make aircraft safer, and on new medical technologies.
It would be very difficult to imagine modern life 8 we did not have
communications satellites, yet these would not exist without space technology.
In conclusion, space exploration, in my view, has a dual role, both as a means to discover
more about life in the universe and as a way of providing us with the scientific knowledge
to make our world a better place.

38
Unit 6  Answer key
Worksheet 6.1
Vocabulary: Words related to space and place
1
1 infrastructure 2 setting 3 space 4 distance
5 chaos 6 gap 7 locations 8 disorder

2
1 roomy 2 systematic 3 environmental 4 disorderly
5 distant 6 spacious; located 7 chaotic

Worksheet 6.2
Language focus: Hypothesizing
1
1 find 2 became 3 would be 4 won’t be
5 wouldn’t have been 6 unless 7 will not
8 would not have made

2
1 will intensify 2 tackle 3 will not survive
4 would not have made 5 continues 6 are colonized

Worksheet 6.3
Language focus: Transitive and intransitive verbs and the passive
1
1 The developments that have been occurred in the town since the late 1980s have
been significant.
2 Correct.
3 The farmland to the east of the city has been disappeared and a small housing
estate has taken its place.
4 On the south side of the river the town was has increased in size with the
construction of a housing estate.
5 On the northern edge of the town several new shops have been built next to the old
hospital.
6 A new addition to the town in 2005 was the construction of a cinema complex
and shopping centre, for which the disused factory and warehouse been were
demolished.
7 The farmland to the north of the river was has remained the same but in 1995 the
farmhouse was expanded considerably.
8 The old theatre on the south side of the river has been turned into a cinema.
9 The orchard next to the river on the east of the town has made way for a children’s
playground.
10 As a result of these changes, the area is seemed seems far more developed and less
green.

39
Unit 6  Answer key
Worksheet 6.4
Vocabulary: Cause and effect verbs and nouns
1
1 Recent research has had considerable influence over current government policy.
2 Increased productivity resulted from the introduction of new technology in the
workplace.
3 The recent economic crisis has had a huge impact on some industries.
4 Widespread use of the internet has led to an increase in student plagiarism.
5 A whole new language of abbreviations and slang has been produced by the internet and
the mobile phone.
6 The shortage of suitably qualified science teachers has been caused by a decrease in the
number of science graduates.
7 The work of the naturalist Charles Darwin totally transformed the way we think about life
on earth.
8 Every aspect of modern lives has been shaped by the internet.
9 Future projects will be seriously affected by the withdrawal of funding.
10 The introduction of hand-held tablets for each student has improved their work and
behaviour.

Worksheet 6.5
Writing: Using complex sentences to develop ideas in a Task 2 answer
1 resulting in 2 although 3 unless 4 However
5 For example 6 so that 7 in order to 8 if

40
Unit 7 A consumer society
Worksheet 7.1
Vocabulary: Words related to consumers
1 Complete the sentences using a word from box A and a word from box B in each gap.
Box A

consumer   government   basic   impulse   spending

window   consumer   household   consumer

Box B

boycott   expenditure   preferences   confidence   habits

necessities   buyers   shopping   expenditure

1 Consumer confidence can often be negatively affected by factors such as increased

unemployment or inflation, and this can lead to an overall decrease in expenditure.
2 Nowadays consumers are more likely to browse the internet before making a purchase than
go .
3 Supermarket retailers try to influence by displaying products
prominently next to the check out.
4 A recent survey has found that average has decreased recently as many
people cut back on food, clothing and other .
5 The popularity of technology like mobile phones, laptops and MP3 players has had a huge
impact on the of young people in the 21st century.
6 A on all the company’s products was called for after revelations about the
unethical practices in their factories.
7 Recent cuts in on the arts have caused widespread criticism.
8 To remain competitive, it is essential that marketing departments keep apace of rapidly
changing by carrying out research into the shopping habits of customers.

41
Unit 7  A consumer society

Worksheet 7.2
Language focus: Countable and uncountable nouns
1 Match a phrase from column A with a noun (1–8) from column B and an example (i-viii)
from column C.
1 a type of medicine: penicillin
A B C
1 medicine i classical
2 news ii playing tennis
a piece of 3 music iii You should see a doctor
4 footwear iv a spreadsheet program
a type of 5 computer software v penicillin
6 entertainment vi boots
7 advice vii Jill’s had her baby
8 recreation viii the theatre

2 Some of the following sentences are incorrect. Find the incorrect sentences and change
them.
1 It’s a very good website but it doesn’t sell the kind of music I’m looking for. Correct
2 I always use a price comparison website when looking for holiday accommodations.
3 Specialist shops selling the types of music I like can only survive if they offer online sales too.
4 When new electronic equipment appears on the market I prefer to wait a few months until
the price comes down.
5 I never buy item of clothing online as I prefer to see and try things on before I buy.
6 There are many websites nowadays where you can buy and sell second-hand furnitures.
7 Nowadays most people look for a work by using job websites rather than looking in a
newspaper.
8 There are various websites offering travel informations about different tourist destinations.

42
Unit 7  A consumer society

Worksheet 7.3
Vocabulary: Describing a website
Look at the following answer to a Speaking Part 2 question and complete the gaps with
vocabulary from the box.

Describe a website (for shopping, information or entertainment) that you like using.
You should say:
• what the website is
• what the website provides
• how often you visit it
and explain why you like visiting the website.

wide range of goods   afford   download   once a week   browse   online

now and again   shopping mall   careful   electronic equipment

I love shopping 1 online , and one website I like using is Buymenow, which sells
2
and other entertainment goods. I only discovered it last year – a friend
told me about it and now I use it at least 3 , but I don’t buy things every
time I visit it. It’s very easy to use and you can 4
the products you’re
interested in and read reviews and so on. I much prefer shopping this way to going to a
5
with crowds of people – it’s much better doing it from the comfort of
your own home.
A few months ago the website started to provide a service where you can 6
films and music – I’ve only used it 7 but it’s very good value compared to
similar sites.
The main reason I like this website is because it’s cheap and sells a really 8
– you can always find what you’re looking for at a price you can 9 They
do free delivery too. Recently I bought some computer software and it was half the price it
is in some high street stores. I have to be quite 10 not to spend too much
though as it’s easy to keep on adding more things to your basket.
There are lots of shopping websites I like but this is definitely my favourite and I would
recommend it.

43
Unit 7  A consumer society

Worksheet 7.4
Writing: Avoiding repetition in Writing Task 2
1 Read the Writing Task 2 question and the first part of the essay. Underline the parts of the
text that the words in bold refer to.

Using celebrities to advertise consumer goods that are attractive

to teenagers should be banned.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

There is no doubt that the use of famous people like actors and singers to promote products
is an effective way of advertising, particularly when trying to appeal to young people. However,
some people think that this type of advertising is wrong and should be banned.
Teenagers are an important part of the market as they or their parents have a lot of spending
power. Therefore advertisers want to appeal to them and use celebrities to make products
appear more attractive and fashionable. A young person is far more likely to buy a product if
his or her favourite pop star, actor or sports hero appears to endorse it and these celebrities
are paid huge amounts of money to appear in a TV advert.

2 Complete the rest of the essay using the words in the box.
them   this   those   this type   it   this
they   these items   they   them   them

Some people, however, feel that teenagers are a vulnerable age group, who are easily
manipulated and should not be targeted by advertisers in 1 this way.
2
argue that at 3 age, young people are easily influenced,
so if their hero or idol appears on screen persuading 4 to buy the latest
electronic gadget or sports trainers, it is very difficult for 5
to resist. It is
usually the parents who are then put under pressure as their children try to persuade
6
to buy 7 , which are usually very expensive.
Yet occasionally celebrities are used to promote products which may have a more positive
effect on young people. 8 who advertise healthy food products or sports
equipment, for example, may have such a strong influence on teenagers that
9
will be encouraged to copy their role model’s lifestyle.
So whilst it is acknowledged that using celebrities is a very effective means of advertising and
occasionally of some benefit, I believe that 10 can be harmful when targeting
young people. Therefore, whilst a total ban may not be desirable, there should be some
limitation on the amount of 11 of advertising to the teenage market.

44
Unit 7  A consumer society

Worksheet 7.5
Writing: Avoiding repetition in Writing Task 1
1 Read the exam question and the sample answer. The answer contains too much repetition
and the introduction does not paraphrase the question. Use the words in the box to
replace the underlined words or phrases. There may be more than one possible answer.

The table shows the percentage of pupils in a school owning different consumer goods in
different years.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where necessary.
Write at least 150 words.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Mobile telephone 3 11 26 49 61 90 96
Laptop computer 0 2 9 19 27 32 41
Portable music player 49 53 52 55 54 60 62
Games console 52 58 56 68 72 71 73
Smartphone 0 0 0 0 4 24 56
Camera 52 55 54 51 43 37 32

notable   the latter   these figures have   possession   have

both of these have   students   young people   electronic items
children   considerable   the two former items

students
The table shows the percentage of 1pupils in a school who owned six different 2consumer goods
between the years 2000 and 2012. The figures show significant changes during this period.
One of the most 3significant features is the enormous increase in ownership of many of the
consumer goods, particularly laptop computers, smart phones and mobile telephones. In
the year 2000, none of the 4pupils owned 5laptop computers or smart phones and only 35%
owned 6a mobile telephone. Twelve years later 7ownership of laptop computers, smart phones
and mobile telephones has risen dramatically to 96% ownership for mobile phones, which far
exceeds 8ownership of other consumer goods. This compares to an increase to 41% and 56% for
laptop computers and smart phones respectively.
Not all the figures have risen and the popularity of owning a camera has decreased over the
period from 52% in 2000 to only 32%, twelve years later. The number of 9pupils who 10own
games consoles and portable music players has fluctuated over the period, but 11the number of
pupils who own games consoles and portable music players has increased overall, from 52% to
73% for games consoles, and from 49% to 62% for portable music players.
Overall, ownership of all six of the different consumer goods items has shown 12significant but
different degrees of change in the twelve-year period.

45
Unit 7  Answer key
Worksheet 7.1
Vocabulary: Words related to consumers
1
1 consumer confidence
2 window shopping
3 impulse buyers
4 household expenditure; basic necessities
5 spending habits
6 consumer boycott
7 government expenditure
8 consumer preferences

Worksheet 7.2
Language focus: Countable and uncountable nouns
1
1 a type of medicine: v (penicillin)
2 a piece of news: vii (Jill’s had her baby)
3 a type of music: i (classical)
4 a type of footwear: vi (boots)
5 a piece of computer software: iv (a spreadsheet program)
6 a type of entertainment: viii (the theatre)
7 a piece of advice: iii (You should see a doctor)
8 a type of recreation: ii (playing tennis)

2
1 Correct
2 I always use a price comparison website when looking for holiday accommodation.
3 Specialist shops selling the type of music I like, can only survive if they offer online
sales too.
4 Correct
5 I never buy items of clothing online as I prefer to see and try things on before I buy.
6 There are many websites nowadays where you can buy and sell second-hand furniture.
7 Nowadays most people look for work/a job by using job websites rather than looking in a
newspaper.
8 There are various websites offering travel information about different tourist
destinations.

46
Unit 7  Answer key
Worksheet 7.3
Vocabulary: Describing a website
1
1 online
2 electronic equipment
3 once a week
4 browse
5 shopping mall
6 download
7 now and again
8 wide range of goods
9 afford
10 careful

Worksheet 7.4
Writing: Avoiding repetition in Writing Task 2
1
this type of advertising – advertising that uses famous people to promote products
they – teenagers
them – teenagers
it – a product
these celebrities – young people’s favourite pop stars, actors and sports heroes
2
1 this 2 They 3 this 4 them
5 them 6 them 7 these items 8 Those
9 They 10 It 11 This type

Worksheet 7.5
Writing: Avoiding repetition in Writing Task 1
1 students/children/young people
2 electronic items
3 notable
4 students/children/young people
5 the two former items
6 the latter
7 these figures have/both of these have
8 possession
9 students/children/young people
10 have
11 these figures have/both of these have
12 considerable

47
Unit 8 Culture on the move
Worksheet 8.1
Vocabulary: Collocations with culture
1 Match each of the different types of culture (1–8) with two example activities (a–p).
Type of culture Example of activity

a going to an away match

1 Mainstream culture
2 Business culture
3 Celebrity culture
4 Football culture
5 Consumer culture
6 Traditional culture
7 Workplace culture
8 Contemporary culture
b meeting overseas clients
c watching TV
d wearing national costume
e listening to hip-hop music
f chatting to colleagues
g using a credit card
h being photographed in the street
i going to the cinema
j supporting a particular team
k going to a conference
l going to an exhibition of modern art
m following the life of a famous actor
n celebrating harvest festival
o working in teams
p shopping online

2 Underline the correct word in italics in the following sentences.

1 Local/mass culture is gradually being lost due to the influence of globalization.
2 Youth/young culture is a major influence on the world of advertising.
3 The government aims to build a/an workplace/enterprise culture where entrepreneurial
activity flourishes.
4 Popular/traditional culture changes over time as it is affected by current trends and fashions.
5 Many people associate street/mass culture with crime, but it has a significant influence on
performance art and music.
6 When a country has a healthy economy, the business/consumer culture prospers as people’s
spending power increases.

48
Unit 8  Culture on the move

Worksheet 8.2
Language focus: Defining and non-defining relative clauses
1 Complete the sentences 1–8 with the phrases a–h. Add any necessary punctuation.
1 The arts festival f has had to be cancelled due to poor ticket sales.
2 Traditional culture is slowly being eroded in many countries.
3 The new arts centre contains two theatres, a cinema and an art gallery.
4 The modern art exhibition is well worth visiting if you have the time.
5 The music festival has sold out, so I won’t be going this year.
6 The film is doing surprisingly well at the box office.
7 Reading groups have grown in popularity recently.
8 Any activity has to be worthwhile.
a which includes long-established customs and art forms
b I usually go to
c where people share thoughts about a book
d which broadens a child’s cultural experience
e which has recently been opened
f which is usually held every September
g which has had very poor reviews
h we went to last week

49
Unit 8  Culture on the move

Worksheet 8.3
Language focus: Defining and non-defining relative clauses
Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence, using a defining or non-defining relative
clause. Remember to add any necessary punctuation.
1 The Victoria Theatre has sadly closed its doors for the last time. The theatre first opened
in 1898.
The Victoria Theatre, which first opened in 1898, has sadly closed its doors
for the last time.
2 Foreign language films are growing in popularity. The films are shown with subtitles.

3 The new musical is sold out for the next six months. We saw it last week.

4 Not many children have been to a classical music concert. This is a shame.

5 The jazz concert was very well attended. The concert was held in Memorial Park.

6 The writer gave a talk at the book festival. The writer wrote the best-selling book of last year.

7 The exhibition is being held at the natural history museum. The museum recently reopened
after a fire.

8 The last film in the series has not been as popular as the previous ones. The film is being
shown in 3-D.

9 Children generally get better marks at school. The children’s parents take an interest in their
education.

10 The field has flooded due to heavy rain. They were planning to hold the festival in the field.

50
Unit 8  Culture on the move

Worksheet 8.4
Writing Task 2: Describing causes and measures
1 Read the Writing Task 2 question, then match the phrases a–g to their function in the
essay (1–7).

Interest in traditional skills and crafts among young people worldwide is declining. What do
you think are the causes of this development and what measures could be taken to solve it?

Function Phrase

a whereas in the past younger generations were taught

traditional skills either at school or at home,
b greater emphasis should be placed on these in the
1 a solution classroom, instead of concentrating only on modern
technology.
2 a relative clause
c where visitors are keen to watch skilled craftsman and buy
3 a cause
their products.
4 an evaluation of the
d which were traditionally made by hand using skills passed
situation
down through generations,
5 a contrast
e this is potentially very damaging to their survival in the
6 a result future.
7 a relative clause f young people are more interested in acquiring these and
have lost the need or desire to gain more traditional skills.
g the huge developments in technology which have taken
place across the globe.

2 Complete the model answer with the phrases a–g from exercise 1.
During the last fifty years there has been a general move away from more traditional skills
and crafts, particularly amongst the younger generation, and 1 . There are a number of
reasons which have led to this situation and some possible measures which could be taken to
resolve it.
The main reason for the decline in traditional skills is 2 . Access to modern technology
and equipment means knowledge about new ways of doing things has spread quickly and
3
nowadays the focus is much more on technical knowledge and expertise. Household
items, 4
are now mass-produced in factories, where it is more useful to have technological
skills and knowledge. Hence, 5 .
To encourage an interest in traditional crafts and skills, 6 . If children are taught some
of these ancient crafts they will take more interest in them and might even consider following
a career using traditional skills. Similarly, products made using traditional skills should be
promoted more at specialist shops and at tourist attractions, 7 .
To conclude, provided some of these measures are taken, the younger generation’s lack of
interest in traditional skills and crafts will surely be revived.

51
Unit 8  Culture on the move

Worksheet 8.5
Writing: Grammatical accuracy in Writing Task 2
1 Read the Writing Task 2 question and model answer, and find and correct eight mistakes
relating to the following areas:
1 a relative clause
2 a collocation
3 a preposition
4 a comparative/superlative form
5 a noun
6 a verb form
7 a verb form
8 a verb form

What factors contribute to a country’s culture? How realistic is it to expect traditional

cultures to survive in the globalized world of today?

from
Culture is one of the major factors which distinguish one country to another, and cultures have
grown and flourished for thousands of years. However, it seems that globalization poses a real
threat to the survival of individual cultures in many countries.
The factors contributing to a country’s culture are numerous. One of the most important,
in my opinion, is the language, as this influences so many other aspects of culture, including
music and literature. Traditional customs and lifestyles, that have been passed down from
generation to generation, also play an important role in a country’s cultural identity. These
might include special festivals to celebrate religious or other important occasions, where
traditional costumes are worn, special food is eaten and rituals is observed.
Unfortunately, some of these cultural features are in danger of dying out due to the global
influence of western culture. Indeed, many least common languages have failed surviving in
recent years, and traditional lifestyles are also struggling to survive in the modern age. Modern
technology and the rise in global travel and communication mean that more people than
ever before have access to informations about cultures that were unavailable to them in the
past. Whilst this can have a damaging effect on some aspects of culture, it can also enrich and
revitalize other areas, as renewed interest is taken in traditions and people work hard to keep
them alive.
To conclude, it is inevitable that as the world undergoes large changes, traditional cultures
will change too, and it is unrealistic to expect them to remain the same over time. However, it
seems unlikely that individual cultures will be lost completely, and provided there was enough
interest, there is every chance they will survive for generations to come.

52
Unit 8  Answer key
Worksheet 8.1
Vocabulary: Collocations with culture
1
1 c, i 2 b, k 3 h, m 4 a, j
5 g, p 6 d, n 7 f, o 8 e, l

2
1 Local
2 Youth
3 an enterprise
4 Popular
5 street
6 consumer

Worksheet 8.2
Language focus: Defining and non-defining relative clauses
1
1  f The arts festival, which is usually held every September, has had to be cancelled due to
poor ticket sales.
2  a Traditional culture, which includes long-established customs and art forms, is slowly
being eroded in many countries.
3  e The new arts centre, which has recently been opened, contains two theatres, a cinema
and an art gallery.
4  h The modern art exhibition we went to last week is well worth visiting if you have
the time.
5  b The music festival I usually go to has sold out, so I won’t be going this year.
6  g The film, which has had very poor reviews, is doing surprisingly well at the box office.
7  c Reading groups, where people share thoughts about a book, have grown in popularity
recently.
8  d Any activity which broadens a child’s cultural experience has to be worthwhile.

Worksheet 8.3
Language focus: Defining and non-defining relative clauses
1 The Victoria Theatre, which first opened in 1898, has sadly closed its doors for the
last time.
2 Foreign language films, which are shown with subtitles, are growing in popularity.
3 The new musical we saw last week is sold out for the next six months.
4 Not many children have been to a classical music concert, which is a shame.
5 The jazz concert which was held in Memorial Park was very well attended.
6 The writer who wrote the best-selling book of the year gave a talk at the book festival.
7 The exhibition is being held at the natural history museum, which recently reopened after
a fire.
8 The last film in the series, which is being shown in 3-D, has not been as popular as the
previous ones.
9 Children whose parents take an interest in their education generally get better marks at
school.
10 The field where they were planning to hold the festival has flooded due to heavy rain.

53
Unit 8  Answer key
Worksheet 8.4
Writing Task 2: describing causes and measures
1
1 b 2 c/d 3 g 4 e 5 a 6 f 7 c/d
2
1 e 2 g 3 a 4 d 5 f 6 b 7 c

Worksheet 8.5
Writing: Grammatical accuracy in Writing Task 2
1 a relative clause: Traditional customs and lifestyle, which have been passed down from
generation to generation,
2 a collocation: as the world undergoes huge/significant changes
3 a preposition: Culture is one of the major factors which distinguish one country from
another
4 a comparative/superlative form: Indeed, many less common languages
5 a noun: have access to information
6, 7, 8 a verb form: rituals are observed; have failed to survive; provided there is enough interest

54