BMM2543 FLUIDS MECHANICS 2

PROJECT REPORT

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A MINIATURE HOUSE

PIPING SYSTEM USING CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

SECTION: 02

DR. MUHAMAD ZUHAIRI BIN SULAIMAN

NO. NAME MATRIX NUMBER

MUHAMMAD FARIS RUZUAN BIN MOHAMED MA15101

1
ZUBIR
NUR AMIRAH BINTI KAMARULZAMAN MA16081
2

WEE KEE JIN MA16193

3

NAWWARAH BINTI ABDUL AZIS MH16010

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 IMRAN BIN SHAMSUL RAHMAN MH16045
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 TABLE OF CONTENT

No Content Page

1 Abstract i

2 Introduction 1

3 Literature Review 2-5

4 Methodology 6-9

5 Result and Discussion 10-13

6 Conclusion 14

7 References 15

8 Appendices 16-17
 ABSTRACT

To start this report we would like to explain on the ideas of what we had go through
during the whole process of writing this report. The reason for us to do this report is to
show the applications or the practical function of the type of pump we had choose. As
there are many types of pumps available, the centrifugal pump is the main choice for
this project. Other than that, we would also want to explain our understanding of what
the centrifugal pump is and to describe the characteristics and also the components
inside the pump. Next thing is to describe the flow of constructing the pump from
sketches, to choosing materials and the fabricating process. Throughout the whole
process of fabricating the pump, we found that there are many problems occurred and
we had to solve the problems by redesign the pump and also change the material used
to get it functional in the right way that we wanted. From there we can compare the
materials and know the factors that lead to the problems that we had during the
process of fabricating the pump.

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i
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE

1.1.1 To design a scaled-down house piping system using centrifugal pump.

1.1.2 To perform design calculations for the pump system.
1.1.3 To fabricate a fully functional pump system in small scale size.
1.1.4 To pump water from the suction tank with single piping system.

1.2 INTRODUCTION

Centrifugal pump is known as a device that converted mechanical energy to

hydraulic energy and it is called as pumps. The hydraulic energy that pumps produced
is in the form of pressure energy. The hydraulic machine will called as a centrifugal
pump when the mechanical energy was converted into pressure energy by the process
of centrifugal force acting on the floor.

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 The centrifugal pump consists of 6 main parts which is impeller, pump, seal ring,
pump shaft, bearing and stuffing box. Nowadays, we can see that the centrifugal
pump was commonly used in sewage, hydrocarbons, petrochemical, petroleum and of
course the water pumping applications. This type of pumps also actively used in
mining factories for several applications such as moving the slurries and solids. Thus,
this clearly shows that the centrifugal pump are generally used for pumping low
viscosity liquid fuels, liquids and water from a place which is at lower head to a place
whose head is higher.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 PUMP THEORY

The use of pump can be described as a device that can moves fluid such as air,
liquids or gases with the help of mechanical action. The way a pump works is by
absorbing the energy supplied to the pump and the energy are mostly transfer to the
fluids that are flowing in the pump by the rotating shaft. The invention of pumps are
used in many engineering fields due to the source of energy that can operate the pump.
Example of the sources of energy are wind power, electricity, engines, etc.

Pumps can be classifieds into two categories and they are positive displacement and
dynamic pumps. Firstly, positive displacement pump creates a trap to the fluid when

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entering the suction of the pump and release the trap fluid to the discharge side. The
amount of the fluid trap is fixed and the fluid is force to be release with the amount of
the fluid trap in the pump. The volume of the fluid inside the pump is constant in each
cycle of the operation. Secondly, dynamic pump has one main type that are normally
use nowadays which is the centrifugal pump. A centrifugal pump has a design that are
same as other pump but the impeller creates a centrifugal force and this type of pump
can be driven by electric motor or engine. The application of centrifugal pump can
only be apply when the fluids such as liquid are in low viscosity and low in solid
concentration.

2.2 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

In this project we will be focusing on centrifugal pump. A centrifugal pump is a

machine which gives velocity to a fluid and then converts it into flow. Centrifugal
pump is the most commonly used industry, agriculture and municipal. Main
components of centrifugal pump are the impeller and the housing(volute). Other
components include shaft, suction pipe and discharge pipe. Power source would be
connected with a motor which will rotate a shaft. The shaft is connected to the center
impeller causing it to rotate. The impeller has vanes that are arranged around the shaft.
As the impeller rotates the fluid accelerates tangentially and radially outward until the
fluid could leave through the discharge pipe. When the fluid in the impeller moves out,
it creates a vacuum. The vacuum caused more fluid to be sucked into the impeller
through the suction pipe.

Figure 2.1 show the movement of fluid within the pump.

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2.3 IMPELLER DESIGN

The types of impeller using in this project is backward types impeller. Most of the
centrifugal pump is using backward curved vane. A backward curved impeller has a
blade angle β2 smaller than 90°.

Figure 2.2 show the backward curved impeller.

Figure 2.3 show the velocity diagram for backward curved.

The reason of using backward curved vane is because of the ideal-head

characteristics. So to obtain the ideal-head by using the Euler equation which is

H i  v 2u2gv 1u1

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Assuming that there is shock free entry and Vθ1=0, therefore

Hi  v 2u 2
g

Figure 2.4 show ideal head-discharge graph.

Next, the power required, Pinput for the pump is determine by:

Pimput  gH i Q

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 Figure 2.5 show Power required-Discharge graph.

Based on the power required vs discharge graph, among the three different types of
impeller, the backward curved can operate with a smaller power input under a similar
condition with the others.

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In this project, the design of the pump is based on a few reference demonstrate
videos. Through the research that had conducted, the most suitable system design was
chosen and fabricated. The fabrication of the pump system took a few trial and error.

After design the pump system, a theoretical calculation was conducted in order to
determine the theoretical impeller flow rate. Then, the pump system was start to
fabricate by using the materials had prepared. Few test was carry out after the
prototype has been done. Some improvement has been done after the testing of the
prototype which consist of defect.

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 Start

Assigned the title

of project

Brainstorming

Design the pump system

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 Theoretical calculation

Preparation of material

Fabrication of pump

Testing of prototype

Observation Improvisation

Presentation of pump

Report preparation

End

Figure 3.1: Flowchart of project

3.2 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

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Pump housing

For the housing material, PVC pipe were used. An end cap and reducing socket was
connected with a pipe as the housing. The connection was tight therefore it can
prevent the leakage of water from housing.

Figure 3.2: End cap and reducing socket.

Impeller

The impeller blade was designed by using aluminium tin. This material has been
chosen because of its tough characteristic and can be shape easily so that can design
for the blade curve. The blades were soldered to its base.

Figure 3.3: Impeller blade.

Power source

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A DC motor is used to generate electricity power when it rotates since it is attached to
the pump. When the water hits the blade, the motor rotation causes the pressure in the
pump casing to increase thus allowing high forced water to be pumped out.

Figure 3.4: 12V DC motor and Power supply.

Pipe

A PVC pipe was use as the suction pipe (inlet). The pipe was connected to the
reservoir. The delivery pipe (outlet) was a transparent PVC pipe with a length of
50cm.

Figure 3.5: PVC pipe and transparent PVC pipe.

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 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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 Figure 4.1 show the schematic diagram of the design of pump system.

4.2 THEORETICAL CALCULATION

Density of water, ρwater = 1000 kg/m3

Gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2

Actual head, ha = hE - hpump loss

Assume that is no pump loss, therefore ha = 0.5 m

ɷ = 23000 rpm

Blade diameter, Dblade = 0.035 m

Blade high, bblade = 0.03 m

Assuming the blade angle, β2 = 35°

U 2   60
D

  (0.03)(230
60
00)

 36.12 m/s

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V 2  hUE 2g
 0.536(9.81)
.12

 0.136 m/s

tan  2  U 2 f2V
V
2

Vf 2  tan  2 (U 2  V 2 )
 tan 35 (36.12 - 0.136)
 25.17 m/s

Impeller flow rate, Qimp = Vf2 Π D2 b2:

Therefore,

Qimp  25.17 (0.035)(0. 03)

 0.083 m3 /s

4.3 RESULT AND CALCULATION

After the test for the system, the flow rate, Q is approximately equal to 0.000155 m3/s.

Qimp,a = Vf2 Π D2 b2

Qimp,a
Vf 2 
D2b2

0.000155

 0.030.035

 0.047m/s

U2 = 36.13 m/s

Vθ2= 0.136m/s

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 8Q 2
h p  Hs  ( K L  f DL )
g 2 D 4

  0.6  80.000155 

2
 0.5  0.5  0.005  

2
 
 0.01  9.81  0.03
4
 


 0.502m

tan  2  U 2 f2V
V
2

Vf 2
  tan -1
(U 2  V 2 )
0.047
 tan -1
36.13 - 0.136
 87.79

4.4 DISCUSSION

In this project, there is few designs has been made and prototype. The first design for
pump casing is using a 50mm x 25mm PVC reducer socket. Since the casing is big, it
needs a powerful force to suck the water. Unfortunately, water barely to fill the pump
thoroughly. Therefore an improvement was done which is tried to reduce the size of
pump, however it still failed at the end. The cause of the failure is that the blade
height is shorter than the inner pump which the blade barely to fit the pump. The
blade angle also not fulfil the requirement for calculation which has an angle of
approximately 90°. The assembling of the blade materials are using hot glue gun and
three seconds glue which can not seal the blades properly and tight, therefore when
the testing was carry out, it was detached from the shaft. Since the pump size is big, a
higher powered motor and power source 23V DC motor and 12V motorcycle battery
was required to operate the pump which high in cost instead of our low-cost 12V DC
motor and adapter.

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To overcome the first problem, a new idea of the design by using 40mm x 15mm
PVC reducer socket as the pump casing which is smaller than the first one. This is
because the water can be filled thoroughly in the pump. In order to doing that, the
fabrication of the blades was well fitted into the pump with four similar size and 35
degrees for each of the blade angle. A backward type impeller was then has been done.
The pump able to suck the water smoothly from the reservoir and discharge it to 0.5m
height. To seal the entire pump, the use of epoxy which is more robust than previous
assembling material and wire soldering has been done for the assembling of the
blades. The power and the motor were still remain using the 12V DC motor and the
adapter as the reason of low-cost purpose. However, by doing this, the objectives of
this project has been achieved.

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 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

From this project, it can conclude that there are several part of the pump such as
impeller and pump housing were playing an important role in order to achieve the
objective of the project. The impeller need to be perfectly aligned and fit the
maximum range so that it can work when the power supply was on. For the casing, it

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should be sealed properly so it can create a vacuum condition that allow the direct
flow of the water in and out of the centrifugal pump.

A low budget items and materials such as biscuit aluminium tin to abstract the
aluminium material to fabricate the impeller blade and low cost PVC pipe, a mini
pump system was fabricate that can pump the fluid from the suction tank to the upper
tank with single piping system up to 0.5m height. Applying the knowledge and theory
of fluids mechanics to the pump system, the centrifugal pump has been fabricated.

There is several problems were encountered during the fabrication of the pump such
as the impeller that unable be connected to the shaft of the motor therefore the fluid
failed to flow through the pipe. However, by designing a new design and system, the
problem has been solved.

In a conclusion for this project, it able to give a better understanding to the application
and theory of the centrifugal pump. Lastly, the objectives that were stated has been
achieved throughout this mini project.

REFERENCES

1. T.Shigemitsu, J.Fukutomi,T.Wada, H.Shinohara. (2013).Performance analysis of

mini centrifugal pump with splitter blades. Journal of Thermal Science. Volume
22 (6), pp 573-579

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2. A.Almasi. (2015, May 1). Centrifugal pumps and their piping for water
applications: Part Two. Retrieved from
https://www.watertechonline.com/centrifugal-pumps-and-their-piping-for-water-a
pplications-part-two/

3. J.H.Kim. (2012). Design optimization of a centrifugal pump impeller and volute

using computational fluid dynamics.

4. F.M.Dan. (2017, December 11). Fan Types - Why Choose a Backward Curved
Centrifugal fan?. Retrieved from:
https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/fan-types-why-choose-a-backward-curve
d-centrufugal-fan

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 APPENDICES

Figure: the piping inlet pipe connect to the reducer socket.

Figure: the 12V DC motor attached to the end cap.

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Figure: Side view of the centrifugal pump.

Figure: Impeller blade using in the pump.

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 GANTT CHART

No. ACTIVITY WEEK

9 10 11 12 13 14
1 Draft for the piping system
2 Theory application to the system
3 Finalize the system design
4 Equipment purchasing
5 Fabrication of the piping system
6 Test run for the piping system
7 Report drafting
8 Presentation

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