PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

INDEX

1. CERTIFICATE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. INTRODUCTION

4. ABSTRACT

5. OBJECTIVE

6. THEORY

7. MATERIAL REQUIRED

8. PROCEDURE

9. OBSERVATION
10. RESULT

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 VSR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that B.DAYARAM, a student of class
XII-A has successfully completed the project titled
“OHMS LAW AND RESISTANCE” under the guidance of
Mr. RAJAN (Subject Teacher) During the academic year
2019-20 in partial fulfilment of physics practical
examination .

Signature of external examiner Signature of physics

teacher
Signature of principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many

people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this

project with success. Then I would like to thank my principal
Mrs.Sudhatha and physics teacher Mr.Rajan, whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project
and make it full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.
 INTRODUCTION

In 1826 Georg Simon Ohm discovered that for metallic conductors

there is substantially constant ratio of the potential difference between
the ends of the conductor. Ohm's Law states that the current flowing
in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and
inversely proportional to the resistance of the material. Ohm's Law
equation
I- current
V-voltage
R- resistance
Ohm's law is explained by the following statement.
*Current varies directly with applied voltage
*Current varies inversely with resistance
* Voltage vs. Current
Abstract
What drives current? We can think of various devices—such as
batteries, generators, wall outlets, and so on—which are necessary
to maintain a current. All such devices create a potential difference
and are loosely referred to as voltage sources. When a voltage source
is connected to a conductor, it applies a potential difference V that
creates an electric field. The electric field in turn exerts force on
charges, causing current

Objective
Our objective is to determine the resistance per centimeter of a given
wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus electric current

Theory
According to the Ohm's law, "The electric current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its
ends provided the physical conditions (temperature, dimensions,
pressure) of the conductor remains the same."
If I is the current flowing through a conductor and V is the potential
difference across its ends, then according to Ohm's Law,Ohms Law
where, R is the constant of proportionality. It is known as resistance of
the conductor, or Ohms Law R depends upon the material,
temperature and dimensions of the conductor. In S.I. units, the
potential difference 'V' is measured in volt and the current 'I' in
ampere, the resistance 'R' is measured in ohm.

To establish the current-voltage relationship, it is to be shown that the

ratio V / I remains constant for a given resistance and therefore a
graph between the potential difference(V) and the current (I) must be
a straight line.

The value of unknown resistance can be calculated using the equation ,

R=V/I

Here R is a constant.

To find the length of the resistance wire, l. Then

R / I ............. (2)
This gives the resistance per unit cm.

Materials Required:
• Lead Accumulator or battery eliminator

• Ammeter

• Voltmeter

• A resistance wire

• Rheostat

• One way Key

• Metre Scale
• Connecting wires

Procedure:
1.Draw the circuit diagram.

2. Arrange the required materials on the table.

3. Make the connections according to the circuit diagrams.

4. Determine the least count of the voltmeter and ammeter, and also
note the zero error, if any.

5. Insert the key K, then slide the rheostat contact and see that the
ammeter and voltmeter are working properly.

6. Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat such that a small current
passes through the resistance coil or the resistance wire.
7. Note down the value of the potential difference (V) from the
voltmeter and current (I) from the ammeter.

8. Shift the rheostat contact slightly so that both the ammeter and
voltmeter show full divisions readings.

9. Record the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter.

10. In each case V/I is calculated, which gives the resistance R of the
resistor and it is found as a constant.

11. Take at least six sets of independent observations.

12. Cut the resistance wire at the points where it leaves the terminals,
stretch it and find its length by the meter scale.

13. A graph is drawn with I along the X-axis and V along the Y-axis.
The graph obtained is a straight line. This also verifies Ohm’s law.

14. Note a particular point of current on X axis and extend a line

joining the straight line and the point on Y axis. Mark these points.
15. Note the values of OB and AB then calculate the value of R as
AB/OB.

16. Calculate the resistance per cm of the resistance wire can be found
out by using the equation 2.

Observations:
Length of the resistance wire l = ......cm

Least count of ammeter = .......A.

Least count of voltmeter = .......V.

Zero correction for ammeter, (-e1) = .......A.

Zero correction for voltmeter, (-e2) = ......V.

Mean value of resistance, R = ....................ohms.

Length of the resistance wire, l=…………cm

Resistance per cm , R / l =…………..Ωcm-1

Result:

Resistance per cm of the wire is ........................ Ω cm-1.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. HELP FROM TEACHERS

2. HELP FROM INTERNET

3. NCERT TEXTBOOK
WEBSITES

www.google.com

www.scribd.com

www.wikipedia.com