03 SIP5 - Trafodiff - Technical

Overview and Applications
SIPROTEC 5
Transformer differential protection
7UT8x
© Siemens AG 2014 All rights reserved. Answers for infrastructure and cities.
87T Differential protection
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
* 12.03.1824 in Königsberg (Prussia)
† 17.10.1887 in Berlin
Basic principle: Kirchhoff’s knot rule
Basis for Differential-Protection:
I1
I2
I4
I3
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0  ∑I=0
Definition:
Currents, which flow into the knot (protected object), are counted positive.
Currents, which flow out of the knot (protected object), are counted negative.
Protection objects:
Line, Transformer, Generator/Motor, Bus bar
Page 4
Basic principles: current comparison
IP1 IP2 IP1 IP2

I1F I2F IF
Protected Protected
object object
I1 I2 I1 I2
I1 I2
∆I IDiff =│I1 + I2│ ∆I IDiff =│I1 + I2│
internal fault external fault or load
Assumption: ideal CT, ratio: 1/1 Assumption: ideal CT, ratio: 1/1
IP1 = I1F IP1 = IF
IP2 = I2F IP2 = -IF
IDiff = │IP1 + IP2 │ = │I1F + I2F │ IDiff = │IP1 + IP2 │ = IF - IF = 0
 Trip  no Trip
Requirements for Differential Protection:

1) Internal faults ( faults between CT-sets )  Trip
2) External faults  no Trip
02/2011 Page 5
Basic principles : restraint current comparison
(1/2)
Example: external fault with linear CT-errors
CT 1: CT 2:
IP1 ε1= - 5% ε2 = +5% IP2 = -IP1
Protected IF
object
I1= I2=
0.95·IP1 IDiff = 0.1·IP1
1.05·IP2
∆I
assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IDiff = │I1 + I2 │= │(1+ε1)· IP1 + (1+ε2)·IP2 │=│0.95· IP1 – 1.05· IP1│= 0.1·IP1
-normal operation: IP1 = IN

IDiff = 0.1·IP1 = 0.1·IN
-external fault: assumption: IP1 = 10·IN

IDiff = 0.1·IP1 = 1·IN
As the setting IDiff> for usual applications

lies below nominal current,
it would cause a wrong trip in case of Restraint characteristic necessary!
external faults with big currents!
02/2011 Page 6
Basic principles: restrained current comparison
(2/2)
Example: external fault with linear CT- errors
CT 1: ε1= -5% CT 2: ε2 = + 5%
IP1 IP2 = -IP1
Protected
object
IF
IRest IRest
=│I1│+│I2│
IRest = 2·IP1
I 2=
I1= 1.05·IP2
0.95·IP1 Idiff = │I1+ I2│
IDiff
Idiff = 0.1·IP1
Setting due to magnetising or Linear error due to different

charging currents CT transformation
Idiff =
│I1+I2│ Resulting Under the following assumption
characteristic │ε1 │ = │ε2 │ and I1 = I2
IN the result for a conventional
Trip Differential Prot. characteristic
should be:
IDiff = IDiff> + ε1·I1 + ε2·I2
Block = IDiff> + 2·ε1 ·I1
IDiff> with IDiff> = setting
2 10 IRest =│I1│+│I2│ SIP5: IRest = max (| I1 | , | I2 |)

02/2011 Page 7
Transformer Differential Protection special requirements
Different current values of the CT- sets on the high voltage side (HV) and on the low
voltage side (LV)
Transformer tap changer, magnetizing current
Angle shifting N·30°due to vector group (0 ≤ N ≤ 11) for 3-phase transformers.
Zero sequence current in case of external faults will cause differential current
Inrush currents
CT-saturation
02/2011 Page 8
3-phase Transformer: primary values
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: Yd5
side 2: 20kV, 2887A side 1: 110kV, 525A
3000/1A 750/1A
2L1 1L1
I2L1 I1L1
I2*L1
2L2 1L2
I2L2 I1L2
I2*L2
2L3 1L3
I2L3 I1L3
I2*L3
kU = U1N/U2N = 110kV/20kV = 5.5
kWinding = w1/w2 = kU/√3
I2*L1 = -I1L1·ku /√3 + I1L2·ku /√3
I2*L3
I1L1ku/√3
I1L1
5·30
I2*L2 °
I1L2ku /√3
I1L3 I1L2
-I1L1ku /√3
© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.
I2*L1
Page 9 30.06.2015 Energy Automation Division Energy Management
3-phase Transformer : secondary values
SN I
I L1sec   NCT1sec
3  U N I NCTlprim
100M VA 1A
I1L1sec    0.7A
3 110kV 750A
I1L1sec= 0.7A , 0°
100M VA 1A
I2L1sec    0.96A
3  20kV 3000A
IDiff L1 = │I1L1sec+ I2L1sec│

= 0.5A
I2L1sec = 0.96A , -150°

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of
(1/2) conventional Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A ILoad=
525A
L1
2887A
L2
L3
0.96A 0.7A
29 23
Diff.
IR Wdg. Wdg.
Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling
nominal Load (no fault): 0.70A ·23Wdg = 0.555A ·29Wdg, IR = 0.555·√3 = 0.96A
(2/2) conventional Transformer Differential Protection
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A
~ L1
13654A
~ L2
~ L3
3I0
I P=
4.551A 5.73A 4300A
29 23
Diff.
IR Wdg. Wdg.
Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling
single pole fault HV -side: 5.73A ·23Wdg = 4.550A ·29Wdg , IR =AG

© Siemens 4.55A
2015. All rights reserved.
(1/2) numerical Transformer Differential Protection

CT 2 side 2: 20kV side 1: 110kV CT 1
3000/1A 750/1A
I2L1P  I1L1P
2L1 1L1
I2L2P  I1L2P
2L2 1L2
I2L3P  I1L3P
2L3 1L3
I2L1S I2A I1A I1L1S

Current Io – Vector Io – Current
I2L2S value handling group comparison handling value
I2B I1B I1L2S
adaptation
CT 2
adaptation
∆I adaptation
CT 1
I2L3S I2C I1C I1L3S
Numerical Transformer Differential Protection

Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching
(1/2)
SN = 100 MVA
UN2 = 20 kV UN1 = 110 kV
3000/1A 750/1A
IP2 = 2750A IP1 = 500A
(load current) Side 2 Side 1 (load current)
InO2 = 2887A InO1 = 525A
IS2 = -0.916A IS1 = 0.66A measured

7UT8x secondary currents
7UM8x
IDiff = ?
IRest = ?
IP
Ixm   1A
IObj
The matching currrent is the secondary current of a CT with a

primary current equivalent to the object current and a secondary
nominal current of 1A
02/2011 Page 14
Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching
(2/2)
SN
1. Calculation of the transformer nominal current IObj 
3  UNT
2. Matching factor for each measuring point INCTprim
k xm 
IObj
3. Matching current IS
Ixm  k xm  1A
INCTsec
4. Calculation of the differential and restraint current
(7UT8x: IRest = max(|I1*|;|I2*|)
IDiff = |I1* + I2*| IRest = |I1*| + |I2*|
Calculation example:
SN = 100 MVA UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 20kV

IN1_CT = 750A IN2_CT = 3000A
IDiff = 0A
IN1_Ob = 524.86A IN2_Ob = 2886.75A
IRest = 1.9A
Matching factors: k1m = 1.429 k2m = 1.039
IDiff = 0 I/InO
Load conditions: Ip1 = 500A Ip2 = -2750A
IRest = 1.9 I/InO
Secondary currents: Is1 = 0.666A Is2 = -0.916A
Matched currents: I1m = 0.953A I2m = -0.953A
02/2011 Page 15
Adaptation to tap changer position
Tap changer position connected to the 7UT8x
Differential Protection 87T considers variable transformer ratio (UNTr,prim / UNTr,sec)

High sensitivity for all tap positions
Current value adaptation according to:
 (pos i  posbas ) ΔU 
k i  k bas  1  
 U bas 
kbas : current correction factor in middle (base) position

posi : current tap position
posbas : middle (base) tap position
∆U : voltage difference for 1 tap step
Ubas : voltage at middle (base) tap position
With motor supervision contact the tap position remains until the contact signalized that the new
tap position has been reached.
Page 16
Adaptation to tap changer position
Tap changer position connected to the 7UT8x
In case the tap position acquisition fails, an average adjustment factor is calculated
Current value adaptation according to:
U  2 U min U max
k ref  k bas   ref  U ref 
 U bas  U min  U max
kref : reference current correction factor

kbas : current correction factor in middle (base) position
Ubas : voltage at middle (base) tap position
Uref : reference voltage
Umin : minimum voltage
Umax : maximum voltage
e.g.; Umin = 0.8 Umiddle; Umax = 1.2 Umiddle => Uref = 0.96 Umiddle
Page 17
Transformer Differential Protection 87T
Logic diagram
Page 18 IC SG EA PRO
87T Differential protection
Basic principle for 7UT8x
Idiff = |I1+I2|
Istab = max(|I1| , |I2|)
Internal short circuit, fed from both sides

I2 = -I1
Idiff = |I1 - I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2*I1
Istab = max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
-> Idiff twice as big as Istab
Normal operation
I2 = -I1
Internal short circuit, fed from one side
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 – I1| = 0
I2=0
Istab = max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
Idiff = |I1 - 0| = |I1|
-> no tripping quantity,
stabilisation = flowing current Istab = max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1|
-> Idiff as big as Istab
Saturation stabilization for external faults
High current faults
Idiff
Unequal saturation of CTs on the sides of
the transformer
Apparent differential current on secondary
High current fault
side
Tripping
Low current faults
charactectistic
Low current fault Due to the long time constant of the
transient DC component also smaller
currents can lead to unequal CT
saturation on different sides
Istab
-> Trajectory can enter the tripping area
Tripping Characteristic Idiff>
Section a: constant fault currents

magnetizing currents
Section b: linear fault currents

CT errors
adaptation errors (tap changer, only if
the tap position is not connected)
Section c: non linear fault currents

transformer saturation
Add on stabilization area:

if the trajectory passes here first and
then enters the tripping area, the
tripping signal will be blocked
(setting: Time of add-on stabiliz.)
87T: Demonstration of add-on stabilisation
Fault
Characteristic
No Trip
Trip
Add-on
Stabilisation
Page 22
Transformer Differential Protection 87
DC Component Recognition
Small external faults can cause CT

saturation due to their DC component
They might not pass through the add on

stabilization area
Remedy:
DC content in the stab current is evaluated
If a DC component is detected the

characteristic is raised (section a and b)
(setting: Factor increasing char. DC)
Small saturated currents do not reach

tripping area
If the DC component falls below a certain

value, the tripping characteristic falls
back
Transformer Differential Protection 87
DC Component Recognition
Criteria to raise the characteristic
Jump in the restraint current

No pick up or external fault detection via
add on stabilization area
I rest DC > 0.6 Irest
Idiff < drop off limit of characteristic
Criteria to lower the characteristic
If the DC component drops below a certain

value, the tripping characteristic returns
after a certain delay time depending on
the up time
Motor differential protection 87M
Start Up Recognition
Differential currents during start up can occur

due to different remanence points after
switching off the motor
Off time of motors are often short and motors

are more often switched than other devices
Criteria to raise characteristic
All 3 phase currents fall under a certain

threshold -> motor is switched off
(setting: Thresh. startup detection)
Criteria to lower characteristic
If at least one phase current exceeds the a.m.

threshold for a settable drop off time, the
original charact. returns, the motor is running
(setting: Max. perm. Start. Time)
87T Inrush blocking: Inrush curves
i1 iDiff = i1
Inrush even
2. Harm.
Y Y
t=0
i1 i2 = 0
Inrush even i1 iDiff = i1

2. Harm.
Y
∆
t=0
i1 I2 = 0
Connecting -T2 in parallel with -T1

(Sympathetic Inrush –T1) i1
-T1 -T1: iDiff = i1
i1 I2 = 0
-T2
t=0
Inrush -T2 t=0 t
Page 26
Inrush blocking: 2nd harmonic detection and cross
block
filter window
1 cycle
Cross-block = No (phase separate blocking)
iRush
= iDiff Inrush current
L1-block IDiff, L1 > trip blocking
in one phase
1P 2P 3P t
I2har
Cross-block = Yes (blocking of all phases)
IDiff block
L1-block
Setting
15 %
value L2-block IDiff > trip blocking
OR
for an adjustable time
no block L3-block
0
0 t
 Recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2har to 1st harmonic IDiff.
 Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block.
Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay.
 Recognise over excitation [V/Hz] by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to 1st harmonic
Page 27
Inrush blocking: Current wave form analysis (CWA)
Flat areas in all 3 phases at the same time are typical for transformer inrush currents
Works as a supplement to the second harmonic method
Blocking of all 3 phases automatically
No special settings necessary
Inrush current blocking: logic diagram
Both inrush blocking methods can be independently activated or deactivated.
Page 29
87T: Demonstration of inrush with evolving fault (7UT6x)
Internal
fault
IDiff>>
Inrush
IDiff>
ca 3 cycles
cross blocking
Page 30
87T Overexcitation blocking
Overexcitation of the transformer can lead to primary differential currents which might cause
overfunction of the 87T differential protection.
Odd harmonics like 3rd or 5th harmonic in the differential current
3rd harmonic often eliminated by the transformer itself (e.g. delta winding), therefore 5th
harmonic is mainly used
Blocking of all phases possible via built in cross blocking function
Overexcitation blocking resets if the fundamental component of the differential current

exceeds the threshold _11041:127: Limit Idiff 3., 5. harmonics
Page 31
87T Overexcitation blocking: setting
Above 130% V/Vrated the I50/Irated,Tr exceeds the standard setting for Idiff> of 0.20 => risk of tripping
At 140% V/Vrated the I250/I50 ratio is ca 35%. Therefore a setting (_:11041:125) 5th harmonics
content = 30 % is normally adequate.
The blocking is activated only if the differential current exceeds the tripping characteristic.
Page 32
Overexcitation blocking: logic diagram
Page 33
87T: tripping logic of Idiff> stage
Page 34
87T: Idiff>> stage (fast stage)
Main task: switch off high internal fault currents in a very short time
Additional to Idiff> stage
Stable against CT saturation, also for external transversal faults (1.5 CB topology)
Combination of 2 methods:
Momentary samples
Filter based operation
Page 35
87T: Idiff>> stage (fast stage)
Momentary samples method
Tripping conditions
dIstab(t) / dt > internal threshold
Idiff(t) > 0.8 / Istab(t)
Idiff(t) > _11071:3 : Threshold
All 3 conditions fulfilled => immediate tripping
Only 1st condition fulfilled => blocking of stage for 300ms
Page 36
87T: Idiff>> stage internal fault
dIrest / dt > internal setting

Idiff > k*Irest
=> Immediate tripping
Page 37
87T: Idiff>> stage external fault
dIrest / dt > internal setting

Idiff = 0 at the beginning, some ms later saturation
=> Blocking of the stage for 300ms
Page 38
87T: Idiff>> stage external fault
slope = 0.8
Compared to SIPROTEC 4 the Idiff>> stage also contains a slope for high stabilising currents
Adapted for stabilisation against high bypassing external fault currents in 1.5 CB topology
Page 39
87T: Including a tap changer in the
differential current calculation
Add a tap changer function group

(FG) from the library
Select the tap changer in the

transformer side FG
Set the basis (middle) position and
the voltage difference per step
Set use tap changer position to yes

in the general settings of FG
Transformer Diff
Page 40

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Overview and Applications

Basis for Differential-Protection:

IP1 IP2 IP1 IP2

internal fault external fault or load

Requirements for Differential Protection:

Example: external fault with linear CT-errors

assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

-normal operation: IP1 = IN

-external fault: assumption: IP1 = 10·IN

As the setting IDiff> for usual applications

Setting due to magnetising or Linear error due to different

IDiff> with IDiff> = setting

2 10 IRest =│I1│+│I2│ SIP5: IRest = max (| I1 | , | I2 |)

Transformer tap changer, magnetizing current

Angle shifting N·30°due to vector group (0 ≤ N ≤ 11) for 3-phase transformers.

I2*L1 = -I1L1·ku /√3 + I1L2·ku /√3

IDiff L1 = │I1L1sec+ I2L1sec│

I2L1sec = 0.96A , -150°

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

single pole fault HV -side: 5.73A ·23Wdg = 4.550A ·29Wdg , IR =AG

Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5

I2L1S I2A I1A I1L1S

Numerical Transformer Differential Protection

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

IS2 = -0.916A IS1 = 0.66A measured

The matching currrent is the secondary current of a CT with a

SN = 100 MVA UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 20kV

Differential Protection 87T considers variable transformer ratio (UNTr,prim / UNTr,sec)

Current value adaptation according to:

kbas : current correction factor in middle (base) position

Current value adaptation according to:

kref : reference current correction factor

Internal short circuit, fed from both sides

High current faults

Section a: constant fault currents

Section b: linear fault currents

Section c: non linear fault currents

Add on stabilization area:

Small external faults can cause CT

They might not pass through the add on

DC content in the stab current is evaluated

If a DC component is detected the

(setting: Factor increasing char. DC)

Small saturated currents do not reach

If the DC component falls below a certain

Criteria to raise the characteristic

Jump in the restraint current

Criteria to lower the characteristic

If the DC component drops below a certain

Differential currents during start up can occur

Off time of motors are often short and motors

Criteria to raise characteristic

All 3 phase currents fall under a certain

Criteria to lower characteristic

If at least one phase current exceeds the a.m.

Inrush even i1 iDiff = i1

Connecting -T2 in parallel with -T1

L2-block IDiff, L2 > trip blocking

L3-block IDiff, L3 > trip blocking

Both inrush blocking methods can be independently activated or deactivated.

Odd harmonics like 3rd or 5th harmonic in the differential current

Blocking of all phases possible via built in cross blocking function