NEMATODES

Classificati Nematode Common Disease Identifying Infective Mode of Drug of choice Additional
on name characteristi stage transmissi information
cs on
Aphasmids Trichinella spiralis Trichina Trichinosis, Infective Encysted Ingestion Mebendazole, Life span: 5-10
worm, Trichinellosis larvae are larvae of raw or 200 to 400 mg years, can
garbage coiled into a insufficientl three times survive up to 40
worm spiral. y cooked daily for 3 days, years,
meat followed by 400 diagnosed
to 500 mg three through muscle
times daily for biopsy
10 days
Capillaria Pudoc Capillariasis Peanut- Infective- Eating Mebendazole, Fish-eating birds
philippinensis worm shaped ova stage undercook 200 mg twice are the natural
larvae ed or daily for 20 host of C.
infected days philippinensis,
fish
Trichuris trichiura Whip Trichuriasis, Football- Embryonat Ingestion Albendazole, Holomyarian,
worm whipworm shaped ova, ed egg of 400 mg per day Life span: 2
infection the thick embryonat for 3 days years, The
posterior part ed egg generic name
of the body from the (Trichuris, hair
forming the soil tail) is less
stock, and fortunate, having
the long thin been applied
anterior under the
portion the impression that
lash. the attenuated
portion of the
worm was its
posterior end.
Phasmids: Ascaris Giant Ascariasis Tri lobed or Embryonat Ingestion Single oral dose Polymyarian, no
Intestinal lumbricoides round tri lipped, ed egg of of albendazole, attachment, egg
(Common) worm resemble to embryonat 400 mg (200 to larvae 14
that of ed egg mg in children days, life span: 1
spaghetti from the under 2 years of year
soil age)
Ancylostoma Old world Ancylostomiasis, Head is Filariform Skin Single oral dose Meromyarian, a
duodenale hookworm Hookworm sharply bent larvae penetration of albendazole, blood sucking
infection in relation to 400 mg (200 nematode,
the rest of the mg in children associated with
body, forming under 2 years of ground itch or
a definite age) dew itch, life
hook shape span: 1-5 years
at the
anterior end.
Ancylostoma
has teeth
instead of
cutting
plates.
Slightly larger
than Necator.
Necator New world Necatoriasis, Resemble Filariform Skin Single oral dose Life span: up to
americanus hookworm Hookworm those of larvae penetration of albendazole, 18 year
infection Ancylostoma 400 mg (200
but are mg in children
slightly under 2 years of
smaller. age)
Buccal
capsule is
armed with a
pair of cutting
plates.
 Anterior hook
is very much
more
pronounced
than
Ancylostoma.
Strongyloides Threadwor Strongyloidiasis, Smallest Filariform Skin Both The parasitic
stercoralis m Threadworm nematode larvae penetration albendazole males, if indeed
infection known to and ivermectin they exist, are
cause are effective in eliminated from
infections in the treatment of the body early in
humans. Has strongyloidiasis. the infection. It
a shorter seems likely that
buccal cavity the larvae,
than that of produced over a
hookworm. period of
months, develop
parthenogenetic
ally.
Strongyloides Threadwor Strongyloidiasis, S. fulleborni Filariform Eggs and Both S. fulleborni is a
fulleborni (Central m Threadworm differs larvae not larvae albendazole parasite of
Africa), S. infection morphologica are found and ivermectin monkeys and is
fulleborni kellyi lly from S. in the are effective in common in
(Papua New stercoralis in feces, the treatment of infants under 6
Guinea) some while strongyloidiasis. months of age.
minor larvae S. fkellyi infects
respects. have been very young
Larvae are found in infants.
not found in the milk of
the feces. nursing
mothers.
Whether
this is the
 usual
mode of
transmissio
n is not
known.
Enterobius Pinworm, Enterobiasis, Cephalic alae Embryonat Ingestion, Single oral dose Meromyarian,
vermicularis Seatworm Pinworm infection (wing-like ed egg inhalation of associated with
e,xpansion) albendazole, perianal itching
400 mg (200 or pruritus ani,
mg in children diagnosed
under 2 years of through scotch
age) tape method,
familial or group
disease
(extremely
contagious)
Trichostrongylus Black Trichostrongylosis Trichostrongy Filariform Ingestion Mebendazole, Related to the
spp. Scour le eggs are larvae 100 mg twice hookworms
Worm, symmetrical daily for 3 days
Hair Worm and thin
shelled and
differ from
hookworm
eggs in their
size and their
more pointed
ends.
Anisakis spp. Herringwor Anisakiasis Infective- Ingestion Albendazole, Associated with
m, stage of raw and 400 mg twice “tingling throat
Codworm, larvae undercook daily for 21 syndrome” (if
Sealworm ed squid days, has been oropharynx is
and fish reported to involved),
successfully
 treat a patient human are
with anisakiasis. incidental host
Phasmids: Eustrongylides spp. Eustrongylidosis
Intestinal Gongylonema Gullet Gongylonemiasis, Threadlike Infective- Ingestion Albendazole
(Uncommo spp. worm, Gongylonema nematodes stage of
n) (G. pulchrum) Stitch infection larvae intermediat
worm e hosts
Oesophagostomu Nodular Oesophagostomia The buccal Infective- Ingestion
m spp. worms sis capsule is stage
relatively larvae
shallow and
the head end
is distinctive
because of
the cephalic
inflations of
the cuticle.
Resembling Acanthocephala* Thorny- Acanthocephaliasi Cylindrical Infective Ingestion Some experts They are only of
to (Moniliformis headed s worms with a cystacanth of first or consider minor
nematodes, moniliformis, worms, spiny second pyrantel importance as
but Macracanthorhyn Spiny- proboscis, intermediat pamoate the human intestinal
belong to chus headed adult worms e host treatment of parasites.
their own hirudinaceus, worms, possess (arthropod) choice to expel
phylum* Macracanthorhyn no digestive , may be the worm from
chus ingens, tract acquired the body. The
Bulbosoma spp.) by eating treatment
sashimi regimen
consists of a
total of 3 oral
doses of
pyrantel
pamoate (11
mg/kg per dose)
 separated by 2-
week intervals.
Phasmids: Wuchereria Bancroft’s Bancroft’s Microfilariae: Infective- Vector: Diethylcarbama Most strains of
Extra- bancrofti filarial filariasis, Numerous stage Mosquito zine (DEC) W. bancrofti has
intestinal worm Elephantiasis nuclei are larvae (Aedes, nocturnal
(Common) contained in Culex, periodicity
the body. The Anopheles) (generally
cephalic or between the
anterior end hours of 10 PM
is blunt and and 2 to 4 AM).
round. The
posterior or
tail end
culminates in
a point that is
free of nuclei.
Adult worm:
White
and assume
a threadlike
appearance
Brugia malayi Malayan Malayan filariasis, Microfilariae: Infective- Vector: Diethylcarbama
filarial Elephantiasis has two stage Mosquito zine (DEC)
worm distinct nuclei larvae (Mansonia)
in the tip of , Reservoir:
the Cat (cat-
somewhat mosquito-
pointed tail. man cyle)
Sheath of B.
malayi stains
deeply with
Giemsa stain.
Brugia timori Timorian Timorian filariasis, Microfilariae: Infective- Vector: Diethylcarbama Least common,
filarial Elephantiasis somewhat stage Mosquito zine (DEC) and therefore
worm longer than larvae (Anopheles least studied
those of B. barbirostris species of filaria
malayi. ) known to cause
Nuclei extend lymphatic
to the tip of filariasis.
the tail. Exhibits
nocturnal
periodicity.
Loa loa African Loiasis Microfilariae: Infective- Vector: Diethylcarbama Exhibits diurnal
eye worm has body stage mango fly zine (DEC) periodicity
nuclei that larvae (Chrysops)
are
continuous to
the tip of the
tail.
Mansonella New World Mansonelliases Microfilariae: Infective- Vectors: Ivermectin may
ozzardi filaria Nuclei do not stage Culicoides be used in a
extend to the larvae flies, single oral dose
tip of the tail Simulium of 200 mcg/kg
as in M. (blackfly) of body weight.
streptocerca,
and the tail is
shorter and
less tapered
than that of
Onchocerca
volvulus.
Mansonella streptocerca Mansonelliases Microfilariae: Infective- Vector: Either DEC, 6
(formerly Dipetalonema Nuclei extend stage Culicoides mg/kg body
streptocerca) to the tip of larvae flies weight per day
the tail, which orally for 14
 is days, or
characteristic ivermectin, a
ally bent in single oral dose
the form of a of 15 mcg/kg of
shepherd’s body weight.
crook.
Mansonella Perstans Mansonelliases Microfilariae: Infective- Vector: Mebendazole, Exhibits no
perstans (formerly filaria Nuclei extend stage Culicoides 100 mg twice periodicity
Dipetalonema to the tip of larvae flies daily for 30
perstans) the tail. The days, reportedly
terminal has a high cure
nucleus or rate.
pair of nuclei Albendazole,
is separated 400 mg twice
slightly from daily for 10
the other days, also is
caudal nuclei. recommended.
Onchocerca Blinding Onchoceriasis, Microfilariae: Infective- Vectors: Ivermectin Associated with
volvulus worm, River blindness The body stage Simulium “hanging groin”
Blinding contains larvae (blackfly),
filaria numerous buffalo
nuclei that gnat
extend from
the rounded
anterior end,
almost to but
not including
the tip of the
somewhat
pointed tail,
not found on
blood
specimens.
 Adult worm:
White,
wirelike
Dracunculus Guinea Dracunculosis, Dracunculus Infective- Ingestion Metronidazole,
medinensis worm Dracunculiasis, is not a true stage of water 250 mg three
Guinea worm filarial. larvae contaminat times daily for
infection Considered ed by the 10 days (adults)
as one of the presence and 25 mg/kg
largest adult of infected body weight in
nematodes. copepods, three divided
the doses
intermediat (children).
e host.
Parastrongylus Rat Parastrongyliasis Male worm: Infective- Ingestion No Primary site of
cantonensis lungworm has a well- stage of antihelminthic infection: brain,
developed larvae intermediat treatment is incubation
caudal bursa e host (raw recommended period: 6-15
which is mollusk), at present, days (but may
kidney- ingestion of although vary from 12 to
shaped and leafy mebendazole 47 days)
single lobed. vegetables and
Female contaminat albendazole
worm: ed with have been
“barber’s mucus demonstrated to
pole” secretion effectively treat
of mollusk, parastrongyliasi
ingestion of s in China,
paratenic Taiwan, and
host Thailand.
(freshwater
prawn/crab
s), drinking
 contaminat
ed water
Toxocara canis Dog Toxocariasis Cervical alae, Infective Ingestion Albendanzole or
roundwor eggs are eggs mebendazole
m brownish and
almost
spherical,
larger than
those of A.
lumbricoides
Toxocara cati Cat Toxocariasis “Arrowhead” Infective Ingestion Albendanzole or
roundwor eggs mebendazole
m
Ancylostoma Cat and Hookworm The lateral Infective- Skin Albendazole,
braziliense dog infection bursal rays stage penetration 400 mg by
hookworm are larvae mouth daily for
separated at 3 days
the tips, and
the position
of attachment
of the
externodorsal
ray is unique
in that it is
closer to the
beginning of
the dorsal
trunk than in
other
species.
Ancylostoma Dog Hookworm Usually gray, Infective- Skin Albendazole,
caninum hookworm infection but appears stage penetration 400 mg by
reddish if larvae
 there is blood mouth daily for
in its 3 days
alimentary
canal. A.
caninum has
a particular
arrangement
of rays in its
bursa.
Angiostrongylus costaricensis Angiostrongyliasis Presence of Infective- Ingestion There is no
gubernaculu stage of raw or proven
m larvae undercook treatment for
ed illness caused
gastropods by A.
costaricensis
and there is
some concern
that treatment
with
anthelminthics
could result in
worsening of
the disease.
Acute episodes
may resolve
spontaneously
or require
surgical
treatment for
intestinal
inflammation.
 Gnathostoma spinigerum Gnathostomiasis Has a Infective- Ingestion Albendazole,
bulbous head stage of raw, 400 mg twice a
with a pair of larvae insufficientl day for 21 days,
lateral lips y cooked, is reported to
surrounding a or produce cure
mouth on the fermented rates of over
longitudinal fresh-water 90%.
axis. The fish or
cephalic amphibians
region is , or
covered by paratenic
transverse hosts such
rows of as birds
cuticular and snakes
spines.
Phasmids: Baylisascaris Raccoon Baylisascariasis Prominent Infective Ingestion No drug has A rare but
Extra- procyonis roundwor single lateral eggs of infective been found to serious cause of
intestinal m alae eggs in the be completely neurologic and
(Uncommo environme effective in ocular disease in
n) nt treating humans
Baylisascaris
infections in
humans.
Albendazole is
currently
considered to
be the drug of
choice.
Dioctophyma Giant Dioctophymiasis Barrel- Infective- Ingestion The only known
renale kidney shaped eggs, stage of raw fish treatment is
worm with thick larvae surgical.
pitted
 brownish
shells
Lagochilascaris minor Lagochilascariasis The lips are a Encysted Ingestion Treatment has
distinguishing larvae been primarily
feature in that surgical.
the dorsal lip Levamisole is
and each of reported to
the have some
subventral value in
lips have a treatment of this
deep central infection.
cleft in the
anterior
border that
gives them
the typical
“hare-lip”
appearance.
Halicephalobus gingivalis Halicephalobus The genital Infective- Skin All reported An uncommon
(formerly Micronema deletrix) infection tract in the stage penetration cases of human cause of
advanced larvae Halicephalobus meningoenceph
fourth stage infections were alitis in humans
of H. fatal and
gingivalis has because all of
two branches them were
reflexed at diagnosed post
the terminal mortem, none
ends. of them were
treated with
anthelmintic
drugs.
Mammonogamus laryngeus Syngamosis, Blood red, Y- Embryonat The means Thiabendazole
(Syngamus laryngeus) Mammomonogami shaped ed egg or of
asis hatched transmissio
larvae n of M.
(little is laryngeus
known is unknown
about this but it is
nematode) assumed
to be
similar to
that of S.
trachea,
which is
acquired
by
ingesting
an
embryonat
ed egg,
hatched
larvae, or a
paratenic
host such
as
earthworm
s, snails, or
arthropods.
Thelazia California Thelaziasis T. Infective- Vector: fly Treatment has Incubation
californiensis eye worm californiensis staged of the been primarily period: 3-6
have 6-7 larvae genus surgical. weeks
pairs of Fannia A dose of
precloacal 1mg/lb of
papillae Ivermectin
 given
subcutaneously
has been
shown to cure
similar
infestations in
Asia and
Europe.

Book references:
Belizario, V., & De Leon, W. (2015). Medical parasitology in the Philippines.
John, D., & Petri, W. (2006). Markell and Voge's medical parasitology (9th ed.).
Zeibig, E. (2013). Clinical parasitology (2nd ed.).
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CDC - DPDx - Angiostrongylus costaricensis. (2019). Retrieved 30 December 2019, from
https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/angiostrongyliasis_cos/index.html
CDC - DPDx - Anisakiasis. (2019). Retrieved 30 December 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/anisakiasis/index.html
CDC - DPDx - Baylisascariasis. (2019). Retrieved 30 December 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/baylisascariasis/index.html
CDC - DPDx - Dioctophymiasis. (2019). Retrieved 30 December 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dioctophymiasis/index.html
CDC - DPDx - Gongylonema infection. (2019). Retrieved 30 December 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/gongylonema/index.html
CDC - DPDx - Oesophagostomiasis. (2017). Retrieved 30 December 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/oesophagostomiasis/index.html
CDC - DPDx - Trichostrongylosis. (2017). Retrieved 30 December 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trichostrongylosis/index.html
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