MOTION

Made by Apurva Sarkar

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Learning objectives

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Distance
• Length of the path travelled
by the body.
• Depends on the path
followed
• Always positive

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Distance Displacement
• Length of the path travelled • Distance travelled in a
specified direction
• Depends on the path • Depends on initial and final
followed position
• Always positive • May be positive or negative
• Can never be zero if a body • Can be zero
has moved

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Distance Displacement
• Length of the path travelled • Distance travelled in a
specified direction
• Depends on the path • Depends on initial and final
followed position
• Always positive • May be positive or negative
• Can never be zero if a body • Can be zero
has moved

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Distance Displacement
• Length of the path travelled • Distance travelled in a
specified direction
• Depends on the path • Depends on initial and final
followed position
• Always positive • May be positive or negative
• Can never be zero if a body • Can be zero
has moved

Displacement can
never be greater
than distance.
Can you justify?
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 SPEED
• Distance travelled by a body per second
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
• 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
• It is a scalar quantity( only magnitude)
• SI unit is ms-1
• CGS unit is cm s-1
Q) If a body travels 240 m in 8 seconds, what is
its speed?
A) speed= distance/time= 240 m/8 s= 30 m/s
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 VELOCITY
• Distance travelled by a body per second in a
specified direction
• Rate of change of displacement with time
• It is a vector quantity( magnitude and direction)
• SI unit is ms-1
• CGS unit is cm s-1
Eg: + 10 m/s: velocity of 10m/s to the right
- 10 m/s: velocity of 10m/s to the left

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Speed Velocity
• Distance travelled per • Distance travelled per
second second ina particular
direction
• Scalar quantity • Vector quantity
• Always positive • May be positive or negative
• Average speed can never be • Average velocity can be zero
zero ( eg: one round in a (eg: one round in a circular
circular path) path)

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Types of motion
Uniform Motion

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 Types of motion
Non-uniform Motion

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Uniform Motion Non-uniform Motion

• Body travels equal distance • Body travels unequal

in equal intervals of time in distance in equal intervals of
the same direction time or/and changes
direction
•The speed and hence
velocity is same at all times •The speed or/and velocity
changes with time
•Actual speed at any
moment = average speed •Actual velocity at any
moment ≠ average velocity

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

• Speed of an object tell you how fast it is
moving
• Velocity of an object tells you how fast it is
moving in a particular direction.

• What if the velocity keeps changing?

• How do we quantify how fast the change in
velocity is?
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Acceleration
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time.
• If the velocity increases with time, the motion is
accelerated(speeds up)
• If the velocity decreases with time, the motion is decelerated
(Slows down)
• Acceleration is a vector.

𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
=
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

𝒗−𝒖
𝒂=
𝒕
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
• If velocity is constant, acceleration is zero.

• If velocity changes by same amount in every

time interval, acceleration is constant.

• If velocity changes by different amount in

every time interval, acceleration is also
changing.
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
Question
i. Find the distance travelled by a body in 5
minutes if it travels with a uniform speed of 20
ms-1.
ii. A person can walk at a speed of 5 km/hr. How
much time will he/she take to reach a
destination which is 3 km away?
iii. A train first travels for 30 min with a velocity 30
km/hr and then 40 min with a velocity 40 km/hr
in the same direction. Calculate(i) the total
distance travelled (ii) average velocity of the
train.

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

i. A car travels 0.6 km in 20 seconds. What is
its average speed?
ii. At the end of 20 seconds, the accelerator is
pressed and the speed of the car becomes
50 m/s in 8 s. What is the acceleration of the
car?
iii. The brakes are now applied. The car comes
to rest in 25 s. What is its deceleration?

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Recall
• +ve velocity: body
moving to the
right/up

• -ve velocity: body

moving to the
left/down

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Direction of acceleration vector
If an object is slowing down, then its
acceleration is in the opposite direction of its
motion(velocity).
Velocity Acceleration What
happens
+ +
+ -
- -
- +
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Direction of acceleration vector
If an object is slowing down, then its
acceleration is in the opposite direction of its
motion(velocity).
Velocity Acceleration What
happens
+ + Speeds up
+ -
- -
- +
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Direction of acceleration vector
If an object is slowing down, then its
acceleration is in the opposite direction of its
motion(velocity).
Velocity Acceleration What
happens
+ + Speeds up
+ - Slows down
- -
- +
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Direction of acceleration vector
If an object is slowing down, then its
acceleration is in the opposite direction of its
motion(velocity).
Velocity Acceleration What
happens
+ + Speeds up
+ - Slows down
- - Speeds up
- +
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Direction of acceleration vector
If an object is slowing down, then its
acceleration is in the opposite direction of its
motion(velocity).
Velocity Acceleration What
happens
+ + Speeds up
+ - Slows down
- - Speeds up
- + Slows down
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Attention!

If an object is slowing down, then its acceleration is

in the opposite direction of its motion(velocity).

-ve acceleration does not always mean that a

body starts moving in opposite direction
-ve acceleration does not mean that the body
is definitely decelerating(slowing down)

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Graphs of Motion

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Distance-time graphs
(1) The body is at rest/has stopped
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Distance(m) 50 50 50 50 50 50

60
50
Distance/m

40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time/s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Distance-time graphs
(2) The body is travelling with steady speed
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Distance(m) 0 10 20 30 40 50

100

80
Distance/m

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time/s
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Distance-time graphs
The body is travelling with higher steady speed
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Distance(m) 0 20 40 60 80 100

120
100
Distance/m

80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time/s
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Which one is moving faster?

120
100
Distance/m

80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time/s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Gradient of a distance-time graph=
speed

120
100
Distance/m

80
60 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
40 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
20
0
0 2 4 6
Time/s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Distance-time graphs
The body is accelerating (non-uniform speed)
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Distance(m) 0 10 25 45 70 100

120
100
Slope can
Distance/m

80 be found by
60 drawing a
tangent at a
40 point.
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time/s
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Distance-time graphs
The body is decelerating (non-uniform speed)
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Distance(m) 0 50 90 120 140 150

Decelerating body
160
140
120
Distance/m

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time/s
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Speed-time graphs
Time on x-axis
Speed on y-axis
Speed

Gradient of speed-time graph

gives acceleration.
Positive slope: acceleration
Negative slope: deceleration
Time

Area under the graph

gives distance travelled
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Speed-time graphs
The body is moving at steady (constant rate)
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Speed(ms-1) 50 50 50 50 50 50

60
50
Speed/ms-1

40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time/s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Speed-time graphs
The body is travelling with steady(constant) acceleration
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Speed(ms-1) 0 10 20 30 40 50

50

40
Speed (ms-1)

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time/s
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Speed-time graphs
The body is travelling with steady(constant) deceleration
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Speed(ms-1) 50 40 30 20 10 0

50

40
Speed/ms-1

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time/s
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Graphs for variable acceleration
Acceleration keeps increasing, every time
interval
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Speed(ms-1) 0 10 30 60 100 150

160
140
120
Speed /ms-1

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time/s
9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Graphs for variable acceleration
Acceleration keeps decreasing, every time
interval
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Speed(ms-1) 0 50 90 120 140 150

160
140
120
Speed/ ms-1

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
9/19/2019 Time/s
Made by Apurva Sarkar
 Calculate acceleration at t= 30 s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Acceleration=
𝑦2 −𝑦1 19−9
= =
𝑥 −𝑥
2 1 40−15
10
= 0.4 𝑚/𝑠 2
25

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Drawing a tangent( Recall!)

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Calculate the distance travelled
between t= 120s to t=160 s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Distance= Area of
1
trapezium=2 ×
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ×
1
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 2 ×
30 + 20 ×
160 − 120 =1000 m

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Interesting simulations to explore

https://www.geogebra.org/m/ABuBYdX7#chapter/90037

https://www.geogebra.org/m/ABuBYdX7#material/UErp4shc

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

Free fall(no air Free fall (with
resistance) air resistance)

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Free fall
• When any object fall only under the influence
of attractive force that the Earth’s
gravitational field exerts on it.
• Ideally, in absence of air resistance, all objects,
dropped from the same height, should hit the
ground at the same time and with same
velocity

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Free fall (no air resistance) graphs
Speed Time Graph
60

50
Speed/ ms-1

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time/s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Free fall (no air resistance) graphs

Velocity-time graph
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-10

-20
Velocity/ ms-1

-30

-40

-50

-60 Time/s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Free fall (no air resistance) graphs
Distance time
140

120
Distance/m

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time/s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Free fall (with air resistance) graphs

Speed Time Graph

70

60

50
Speed/ ms-1)

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Time/s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Free fall (with air resistance) graphs

Distance Time Graph

140

120

100
Distance/m

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time/s

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar

 Free fall with air resistance
Three stages of falling:
• at the start, the object accelerates downwards
due to the force of gravity(a=g)
• as the object's speed increases, frictional forces
such as air resistance or drag increase(a <g)
• at terminal velocity, the weight of the object due
to gravity is balanced by the frictional forces, and
the resultant force is zero(a=0)
• https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zgv797h/r
evision/1

9/19/2019 Made by Apurva Sarkar