Tasks to be completed (Deadline to be met)

1. Questions for CCNA—1 day (26-02-2007)

2. Interview Tips—1 day (27-02-2007)
3. Preparation for PIX and RAS (28 Feb, 1 and 2nd March)
4. PIX Firewall and RAS Up gradations to faculties – 4 days (05-03-
2007 to 08-03-2007)
5. Preparing the books for CCNA- 5 days (09, 10, 12, 13 and 14th March
2007)
6. Preparing books for CCNP- 5 days each module
• Routing – 5 days (15 to 20th March 2007)
• Switching – 5 days (21 to 27th March 2007)
• Remote Access – 5 days (28 March to 3rd April 2007)
• Troubleshooting – 5 days (4 to 10th April 2007)
7. Daily Routine
• Prepare One topic for Tech Talks
• Prepare IT News
• Every Saturday faculties meet for one hour and resolving their
issues.
 Questions generally asked in CCNA interviews

1. Define VLAN
VLAN means Virtual LAN. It is created in a switch to reduce broadcast domain and to
increase collision domain. It can also be used to improve the reliability of data traffic.

2. Functions of layer 2 Switch

a) Address learning
b) Filtering/forwarding
c) Loop avoidance(STP)

3. Difference between Router and Layer 3 Switch.

Generally, Layer 3 switches are faster than routers, but they usually lack some of the
advanced functionalities of routers.

Specifically, a router is a device that routes the packets to their destination. What this
means is that a router analyzes the Layer 3 destination address of every packet, and
devises the best next hop for it. This process takes time, and hence every packet
encounters some delay because of this.

In a Layer 3 switch, on the other hand, whenever a routing table searches for any specific
destination, a cache entry is made in a fast memory. This cache entry contains the source-
destination pair and next hops address. Once this cache entry is in place, the next packet
with the same source and destination pair does not have to go through the entire process
of searching the routing table. Next hop information is directly picked up from the cache.
That's why it is called route once switch many. This way, a Layer 3 switch can route
packets much faster than the router.

Layer 3 switches are primarily used in the LAN environment, where you need routing.
Routers are used in the WAN environment. These days’ lots of people have started using
layer 3 switches in WAN environment, like MPLS.

4. Define STP and its IEEE standard.

Spanning Tree Protocol is used to avoid loops in a switch environment. The IEEE
standard of STP is 802.1d

5. Different modes of STP.

a) Disabled
b) Blocking
c) Listening
d) Learning
e) Forwarding
 6. Difference between RIP 1 and RIP 2
RIP 1 is Classful protocol while RIP 2 is classless protocol. RIP 1 does not support
VLSM and CIDR while RIP 2 supports VLSM and CIDR.

7. What is AS.?
An autonomous system (AS) is the unit of router policy, either a single network or a
group of networks that is controlled by a common network administrator (or group of
administrators) on behalf of a single administrative entity (such as a university, a business
enterprise, or a business division). An autonomous system is also sometimes referred to
as a routing domain. An autonomous system is assigned a globally unique number,
sometimes called an Autonomous System Number (ASN).

8. What is Administrative Distance?

It is used to check the trustworthiness of a protocol.

9. What is ISL and 802.1q?

ISL and 802.1q are the encapsulation methods used in inter vlan routing.

10. Modes of Switches.

a) Cut through
b) Fragment Free
c) Store and Forward

11. Define OSPF.

OSPF is a link state protocol. It uses cost as metric and it sends different types of LSAs to
establish a link in the network.

12. Different types of LSAs.

There are total 11 types of LSAs.
1 Router Link Advertisement
2 Summary Link Advertisement
3 Network Summary Link Advertisement
4 Network/Router Summary Link Advertisement
5 AS External Link Advertisements
6 Multicast OSPF LSA
7 Defined for Not So Stubby Areas
8 External attributes LSA for BGP
9 Opaque LSA
10 Opaque LSA
11 Opaque LSA

13. What is the metric used in EIGRP?

Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, Load and MTU (maximum transmission unit).
 14. What is poison reverse?
In a computer network that uses the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) or other
distance vector routing protocols, a poison reverse is a way in which a gateway node
tells its neighbor gateways that one of the gateways is no longer connected.

15. What is ISDN?

Integrated Services Digital Network is a digital telephone service that provides fast,
accurate data transmission over existing copper telephone wiring.

16. Speed of ISDN BRI and PRI channel.

BRI Channel
2B + D, where B = 64 kbps and D = 16 kbps
PRI Channel
23B + D and 30B + D, where B = 64 kbps and D = 64 kbps

17. What is the range of private IPs?

Class Range
A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

18. How can you define cost in OSPF?

COST = 10, 0000000/speed (in bps)

19. What is the minimum and maximum size of a frame?

Minimum size: 64 bytes
Maximum size: 1518 bytes

20. What is the internal structure of a cisco router?

a) RAM
b) NVRAM
c) MINI IOS
d) ROM
e) ROM Monitor
f) Flash Memory
g) Config Register

21. What is the booting sequence of a router/switch?

1) The router performs the POST.
2) The bootstrap searches for and loads the Cisco IOS software.
3) The IOS software looks in NVRAM for a valid configuration file.
4) If there is a valid configuration file in NVRAM, then this file will be loaded
and executed.
 22. What is the IEEE standard of RSTP?
802.1w

23. What are the different port states of STP and RSTP?
Port states of STP

a) Disabled
b) Blocking
c) Listening
d) Learning
e) Forwarding

Port states of RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol)

a) Discarding
b) Discarding
c) Discarding
d) Learning
e) Forwarding

24. Difference between VLSM and CIDR.

VLSM stand for Variable Length Subnet Mask i.e. the subnet mask is not constant in the
network. CIDR is a basically block size calculated on the basis of VLSM. CIDR is also
called supernetting.

25. Difference between RIP and OSPF.

RIP is a distance vector routing protocol, OSPF is a link state protocol. RIP uses hop
count as metric, OSPF uses cost as metric. RIP has 15 maximum hops, OSPF has
unlimited number of hops. RIP is a cisco proprietary, OSPF is not cisco proprietary. RIP
1 does not support VLSM and CIDR, OSPF supports VLSM and CIDR.

26. Difference between Routed and Routing Protocol.

A routing protocol sends and receives routing information packets to and from other
routers. A routed protocol can be routed by a router, which means that it can be
forwarded from one router to another. A routed protocol contains the data elements
required for a packet to be sent outside of its host network or network segment. In other
words, a routed protocol can be routed. Protocols used to communicate routing
information between routers within an autonomous system are Interior Gateway
Protocols (IGP), which are routing protocols, but not routed protocols. Examples of
routed protocols are IP and IPX, and examples of routing protocols are RIP and IGRP.

27. What is ODR?

On-Demand Routing is not a routing protocol. It uses Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) to
propagate the IP prefix. ODR is a perfect solution for hub and spoke topology when the
spoke routers act as stub routers by connecting to no other router other than the hub. If
you only use Cisco routers in your network, running Cisco IOS® 11.2 or later, you can
use ODR. If you are running dynamic protocols (for instance, if you are an ISP), ODR is
not suitable for your network environment.

28. Difference between X.25 and Frame Relay.

X.25 was designed to provide error-free delivery using high error-rate links. Frame relay
takes advantage of the new, lower error rate links, enabling it to eliminate many of the
services provided by X.25. X.25 is defined for layers 1, 2 and 3 of the ISO model, while
frame relay is defined for layers 1and 2 only. X.25 prepares and sends packets, while
frame relay prepares and sends frames. X.25 has a fixed bandwidth available. It uses or
wastes portions of its bandwidth as the load dictates. Frame relay can dynamically
allocate bandwidth during call setup negotiation at both the physical and logical channel
level.

29. What is LANE?

An emulated LAN is a set of clients and servers connected by virtual circuits over an
ATM network. It consists of LAN Emulation clients and LAN Emulation servers. If a
workstation is using an ATM card, the LAN Emulation client runs there, but if the
workstation is using another LAN technology, the client runs in a proxy device, often a
LAN switch.

30. What is the cell size of ATM?

53 bytes

31. You have configured your network to have 3 VLANs. How many broadcast
domains do you have?
Three

32. You have two switches with 24 ports each and configured the network to
have only one VLAN. Do you need to implement the VTP between the
switches?(Yes/No)
Yes

33. What are the different modes of VTP?

a) Server
b) Client
c) Transparent

34. Frame Relay supports two types of virtual circuits, what are they?
PVC and SVC

35. Difference between RADIUS and TACACS

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service) is developed by Levingston
enterprise on AAA server. It uses UDP connection hence unreliable. It performed on TCP
port of 1645 and its standard ports are 1812 and 1813. It encrypts only password and it is
not useful in router management.
TACACS (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System) is developed as an
alternative to RADIUS. It uses TCP port 49 and it uses TCP connections between client
and server. It is cisco proprietary. It supports AAA architecture. It supports both PAP and
CHAP. It encrypts the entire body of the message. It is useful in router management.