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Aquatic Procedia 4 (2015) 1345 – 1353

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER RESOURCES, COASTAL AND OCEAN

ENGINEERING (ICWRCOE 2015)

GIS –Based Morphometric Analysis of Two Reservoir Catchments

of Arkavati River, Ramanagaram District, Karnataka
H. Chandrashekara* , K.V. Lokeshb, M.Sameenac , Jyothi roopad,G.rangannae*
a
Dept of Civil Engg, Dr.Ambedkar Institute of Technology.Bangalore560056 and Selection Grade Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering,
MEI Polytechnic, Rajajinagar, Bangalore-560010
b
Dept. of Civil Engg. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560056
c
NNRMS, ISRO,Bangalore-560094
d
Dept of Civil Engg, Dr.Ambedkar Institute of Technology.Bangalore560056
e
CAS in Fluid Mechanics, Bangalore University, Bangalore.560001

Abstract

In countries like India, where the population pressure is continuously increasing, land and water resources are limited and their
wide utilization is imperative. Drainage basins, catchments and sub catchments are the fundamental units for administrative
purposes to conserve natural resources. The catchment management concept recognizes the interrelationships among the linkages
between uplands, low lands, land use, geomorphology, slope and soil. Soil and water conservation are the key issues in reservoir
catchment management while demarcating catchments. Detailed morphometric analysis of a basin is of great help in
understanding the influence of drainage morphometry on landforms and their characteristics. One of the advantages of
quantitative analysis is that many of the basin parameters derived are in the form of ratios (dimensionless), thus providing an
effective comparison irrespective of the scale.

Morphometric analysis of the reservoir basins is considered to be the most satisfactory method because it enables in
understanding of the relationship of various aspects within a drainage basin , a comparative evaluation to be made of different
drainage basins developed in different geomorphological and topographical conditions or situations. Detailed morphometric
analysis was carried out using ARC- GIS for Manchanabele reservoir catchment and Nellegudde reservoir catchment of Arkavati
river system. Arkavati River is the tributary of river Cauvery which covers a catchment area of 4038 sqkm. Manchanabele
Reservoir and Nelligudde Reservoir is constructed across river Arkavati. Manchanabele Reservoir has an independent catchment
of 152.99sq km and Nelligudde reservoir has an independent catchment of 66.64 sq km. The results of the morphometric analysis
reveal that Manchanabele catchment is less elongated with high erosion and peak flow. It has a strong relief and steep ground

* Chandrashekar.H.. Tel.: +91-080-23201165; fax: +91-080-23202341.

E-mail address: chandru_mei2001@yahoo.co.in

2214-241X © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of ICWRCOE 2015
doi:10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.175
1346 H. Chandrashekar et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 (2015) 1345 – 1353

slope. Nelligudde reservoir catchment is elongated with low soil erosion and medium peak flow. It has an average steep slope
with medium relief. This study in conjunction with high resolution satellite data coupled with a geographic information system
(GIS) will help to better understand the status of land forms and their process, soil erosion, drainage management and ground
potential conditions for efficient reservoir catchment planning and management.

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under
Peer-review under responsibility
responsibility of organizing
of organizing committee
committee of ICWRCOE
of ICWRCOE 2015 2015.

Keywords:Morphometric analysis, Reservoir catchment, Geographical Information system, Geomorphology

1. Introduction

In countries like India, where the population pressure is continuously increasing land and water resources are limited
and their wide utilization is imperative. Drainage basins, catchments and sub-catchments are the fundamental units
for administrative purposes to conserve natural resources. The watershed management concept recognizes the
interrelationships among the linkages between uplands, low lands, land use, geomorphology, slope and soil. Soil
and water conservation are the key issues in watershed management while demarcating watersheds.

Drainage basin analysis based on morphometric parameters is very important for watershed planning since it gives
an idea about the basin characteristics in terms of slope, topography, soil condition, runoff characteristics, surface
water potential etc. The morphometric analysis of drainage basin and its stream system can be better achieved
through measurement of linear, areal and relief aspects of drainage basin (Biswas et al.1999).Detailed
morphometric analysis of a basin is of great help in understanding the influence of drainage morphometry on
landforms and their characteristics. One of the advantages of quantitative analysis is that many of the basin
parameters derived are in the form of ratios, and dimensionless numbers, thus providing an effective comparison
irrespective of the scale (Krishnamurthy et al. 1996).Morphometric analysis of the watershed is considered to be the
most satisfactory method because it enables (i) an understanding of the relationship of various aspects within a
drainage basin (ii) a comparative evaluation to be made of different drainage basins developed in different
geomorphological and topographical regimes and (iii) the definition of certain useful variables of drainage basins in
numerical terms (Krishnamurthy et al. 1996).

2. Study Area

The study area is comprised of catchment area of Manchanabele and Nellegudde reservoirs of the Arkavathi river
sub-basin .The Arkavatiriver systems form the sub-basins of the Cauvery river basin in the Karnataka part.The study
area is represented in Fig 1.The Nellegudde tank catchment has a total extent of 65 Sq. km and is located adjacent to
the eastern boundary of the Manchanabele reservoir. About 2 km SE of the Nelligudde tank is the Bidadi township.
The area is bound between E Longitude 77º20'46" – 77º24'33" and N Latitude 12º46'38" – 12º57'16" covered in
Survey of India topographic map No 57H/5 of 1:50,000 scale. The subject area forms a part of semi-arid tract in the
agroclimatic environs of East Dry Zone of Karnataka. The villages in the catchment include Ramohalli, Aerahalli,
Chikkanahalli, Hejjala, Bannikuppe, of Magaditaluk. The land use of the catchment area is agricultural and forest
area. The catchment area of the tank is affected by soil erosion. The intensive farming in the catchment and
command area with intensive application of Chemical Fertilizers has resulted in ground water and soil
contamination.Manchanabele reservoir is constructed across the Arkavatiriver after having been drained by
‘Chiktore’ stream near Manchanabele. It is located in Magaditaluk of Ramanagaram district. It is about 10 km south
of Chamarajasagar reservoir which is also across the river Arkavathi near Tippagondanahalli that feeds water to
certain parts of Bangalore City. The catchment and the command of Manchanabele reservoir with a total extent of
153 sqkm is bound between E Longitude 77º12'27"- 77º22'32" and N Latitude 12º42'12" – 13º2'58" ,covered in parts
 H. Chandrashekar et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 (2015) 1345 – 1353 1347

of Survey of India topographic maps No 57G/4,G/8/H/1 and H/5 of 1:50,000 Scale. The subject area constituting a
part of semi-arid tract is in the agroclimatic environs of East Dry Zone of Karnataka in part of Magadi and
NelamangalataluksofRamanagaram and Bangalore rural district respectively.TheManchanabele reservoir catchment
area is highly disturbed with land use changes and upcoming of reidential layouts. The Nelligudde reservoir
catchment is covered under forest and agricultural area.The two catchments taken up for study is to compare the
present geomorphological changes.

Fig.1: Location of study areas.

3. Geology and Geomorphology of the Study Area

The Nelligudde tank catchment area is covered over to a large extent by the ‘Younger Gneissic Complex’. The hill
range of the Closepet granite marks the western boundary of the area. Towards NE part, the younger granites
attains the form of isolated hills. The gneissic rocks which are fresh and massive are on the surface exposed
intermittently. They are more seen as sheet rocks, stoney wastes and rocky knobs. The gneissic rocks are weathered
to shallow depth. The mineral foliation of the gneissic rocks is North-North Westerly. They are dipping easterly at
varying angles between 70º and 85º. Dip joints are predominant. Pegmatite and quartz veins are common in the
gneissic formations. The Nelligudde tank catchment area has been drained by two southerly flowing linear parallel
drainage systems. The western drainage system can be referred to as ‘KakaramanahalliNalla’ and the eastern one as
‘BannikuppeNalla’. The longitudinal length of the catchment is nearly 17 km while the width is 8 km. The perimeter
of the watershed is 40 km and the highest stream order is 4. The major part of the catchment and the command area
of Nelligudde tank form a pediplain terrain with shallow weathering of gneissic rock formations. The valley fills
along the ‘KakaramanhalliNalla’ and ‘BannikuppeNalla’ are narrow and shallow. The mid-eastern boundary zone
forms a pediment zone. The Manchanabele reservoir catchment area has a vast spread of ‘ClosepetGranite’.While to
the east of the Arkavati river, the hills and hill clusters are north –south oriented, the area between the Chiktore and
Arkavati hills are north-west oriented. But, in contrast, the ‘Savanadurga hill range’ and hills to its NW at the right
bank of ‘Chiktore’ stream are oriented ENE to NE. But, at the left bank of ‘Chiktore’ stream between Torerampura
and Chicktorepalya villages, the hill range is NW oriented. The intermontane valleys are dotted with rock knobs and
massive rock base. The geomorphology maps are presented in Fig 2 and 3.
1348 H. Chandrashekar et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 (2015) 1345 – 1353

Fig.2:Geomorphology map of Nellogudde catchment Fig.3: Geomorphology map of Manchanabele catchment

Fig.4:Drainage map of Nelligudde catchment Fig.5:Drainage map on Manchanabele catchment.

4. Methodology

The Survey of India (SoI) topographical maps of 1:50,000 scale wereused to prepare (i) Base maps, (ii) Drainage
maps of Manchanabele reservoir catchment and Nelligudde reservoir catchment of Arkavati river basin. The
drainage maps are presented in Fig 4, and 5. Stream network for the above catchments are traced and scanned. The
scanned stream network map was geo referenced and converted into digital format using Arc GIS 9.3 version GIS
software. ASTER (Advanced Space born Thermal Emission and Reflection and Radiometer) digital elevation data
set (30m resolution) was used for computing relief parameters. Quantitative morphometric analysis was carried out
for different catchments as mentioned above for linear aspects, areal aspects and relief aspects. The analysis was
carried out using GIS Arc- Info software. The detailed list of various morphological characteristics derived for
 H. Chandrashekar et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 (2015) 1345 – 1353 1349

different reservoir and lake Catchments is presented in Table 1 and 2. System of stream ranking (Strahler, 1957) has
been used for calculating the morphometric parameters of the reservoir and lake catchments of the present study.

4.1 Basin shape factors and ratios

4.1.1 Form factor Rf
Quantitative morphometric expression of drainage-basin outline form was made by Horton through a form factor Rf,
which is a dimensionless ratio of basin area Au to the square of basin length Lb, thus Rf = Au/Lu2. Form factor, Rf
has a direct relation to the stream flow and shape of the watershed. Low form factor Rf values indicate that the
drainage basin is elongated in nature and higher values indicate that the drainage basin has developed a rectangular
to circular shape.

4.1.2 Circulatory ratio Rc

Miller (1953) used a dimensionless circulatory ratio Rcdefined as the ratio of basin area Au to the area of a circle Ac
having the same perimeter as the basin, thus, Rc = Au/Ac, Miller (1953) found that circulatory ratioRc remained
remarkably uniform in the range of 0.6 to 0.7. Low Rc values indicates strongly elongated and highly permeable
homogenous geological materials while high values indicate low relief with impermeable surface.

4.1.3 Elongation ratio Re

Schumms (1956) used an elongation ratio Re, defined as the ratio of the diameter of circle of the same area as the
basin to the maximum basin length. The ratio runs between 0.6 to 1.0 over a wide variety of climatic and geologic
types. Thus, Re = Dc/Lb. Values near to 1.0 are typical of regions with very low relief, whereas values in the range
of 0.6 to 0.8 are generally associated with strong relief and steep ground slopes (Miller 1953).

4.1.4 Shape index Sw

The shape of the watershed is equal to the square of the length of the watershed divided by the area of the
watershed. W is the average width ion km and A is the watershed area in km2 (Horton 1945). The shape of the
watershed is thus Sw = L/W = L2/A. The shape of the drainage basin along the length and relief affect the rate of
water and sediment yield.

4.1.5 Texture ratio T

Texture ratio is an important factor in the drainage morphometric analysis, which depends on the underlying
lithology, infiltration capacity and relief aspect of the terrain. It is the ratio of the number of first order streams, N1
to the perimeter of the watershed, thus T = N1/P.

4.1.6 Ruggedness number Rn.

The ruggedness number indicates the structural complexity of the terrain in association with the relief and drainage
density. It also implies that the area is susceptible to soil erosion. It is the ratio of the basin relief Bh to the drainage
density of the watershed thus Rn = Bh x D.

4.1.7 Shape factor Rs

The shape factor is obtained by dividing the perimeter of the basin Pu, by the perimeter of a circle Pc of same area
as that of the basin, thus, Rs = Pu/Pc.

4.1.8 Stream frequency (F)

Horton introduced stream frequency as the number of stream segments Nu per unit area Au, thus, F = ěNu/Au
(expressed per km2). The detailed analysis made by Melton (1957) for studying the relationship between drainage
density and stream frequency for 156 drainage basins covering a vast range of scale, climate, relief, surface cover
and geologic type showed that a remarkably small scatter existed, indicating that the relationship between density
and frequently tends to be conserved as a constant in nature.
1350 H. Chandrashekar et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 (2015) 1345 – 1353

4.2 Linear aspects

4.2.1 Stream order and number Nu
The first step for drainage-basin analysis is designation of stream orders. In the present study a system introduced by
Horton and modified by Strahler (Strahler 1952b, Schumms 1956) has been adopted. Each segment of the stream
was numbered starting from the first order to the maximum order present in each of the sub-basins. After
numbering, the drainage-network elements are assigned their order numbers, the segments of each order are counted
to yield the number Nu of segments of the given order u. the ratio of number of segments of a given order Nu to the
number of segments of the higher order Nu+1 is termed the bifurcation ratio Rb, thus Rb = Nu/Nu+1. According to
horton’s law of stream numbers, a plot of stream order (abscissa) against stream numbers (ordinate) plotted on a
semi-log sheet reveals the slope of the fitted regression of order Vs numbers of stream segments. Bifurcation ratios
normally range between 3.0 and 5.0.

4.2.2 Stream Length Lu

The mean length Lu of stream segment of order u is a dimensional property, which reveals the characteristic size
of components of a drainage network and its contributing basin surfaces. Each of the channel lengths was measured
using a digital curvimeter. According to Horton’s law of stream lengths a plot of logarithm of stream length
(ordinate) as a function of order (abscissa) will yield a set of points lying along a straight line. This indicates that the
basin evolution follows the erosion laws acting on geologic material with homogenous weathering-erosion
characteristics. Any deviation in the points may be due to structural control of the streams. A graph of stream order
(abscissa) against stream length (ordinate) plotted on a semi-log sheet reveals a linear relationship.

4.2.3 Length of overland flow Lg

Surface runoff follows a system of down slope flow paths from the basin perimeter to the nearest channel. During
evolution of the drainage system, Lg is adjusted to a magnitude appropriate to the scale of the first order drainage
basins and is approximately equal to one-half of the drainage density. Horton noted that the ‘length of the overland
flow is one of the most important independent variables affecting both the hydrologic and physiographic
development of drainage basins’. The shorter the length of the overland flow, the quicker the surface runoff will be.

4.3 Areal aspects

4.3.1 Drainage density Du
As per Horton’s definition drainage density is an important indicator of the linear scale of landform elements in
stream-eroded topography and is the simply the ratio of total channel-segment lengths Lu cumulated for all orders
within a basin to the basin area Au, thus, D = ěLu/Au (expressed in km/km2). High drainage density is favored in
regions of weak or impermeable subsurface materials, sparse vegetation and mountainous relief. Low drainage
density is favored in regions of highly resistant or highly permeable subsoil materials under dense vegetation cover
and where relief is low. On the basis of the drainage density, a drainage basin can be classified into any of the five
different textures as Very coarse(<2), Coarse (2-4),Moderate (4-6), Fine (6-8) and Very fine (>8).
Melton found that drainage density varies directly with per cent of bare area and runoff intensity-frequency, but
inversely with precipitation-effectiveness index and infiltration capacity, confirming Horton’s infiltration theory of
erosion.

4.3.2 Constant of channel maintenance C

The constant of channel maintenance is defined as the area of basin surface needed to sustain a unit length of the
stream channel. Schumms (1956) used the inverse of drainage density to define the constant of channel
maintenance, or C = Au/ěLu (expressed in km2/km). The constant of channel maintenance depends not only upon
the rock type and permeability, climatic regime, vegetation cover and relief, but also on the duration of erosion and
climatic history. The constant is extremely low in areas of close dissection.
 H. Chandrashekar et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 (2015) 1345 – 1353 1351

5. Results and Discussion

Quantitative Morphometric analyses were carried out for two reservoir catchments such as Nelligudde catchment
and Manchanabele catchment. The results of Morphometric characteristics are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1:Morphometric characteristics of catchments in the study area.

Values
Sl No Catchment Parameters Units Nelligudde Manchanabele
Catchment Catchment
1 Catchment Area (A) Sq.km 66.64 152.99
2 Perimeter of the Catchment (P) km 40.30 63.82

3 Catchment Stream Highest Order 4 4

4 Maximum Length of catchment km 16.30 20.74

5 Maximum width of Catchment km 7.40 9.62

6 Cumulative Stream segment 146 337
7 Cumulative stream length km 104.71 222.43
8 Length of over land flow (Lg) km/km2 0.78 0.725
9 Drainage density (Dd) km/Sq.km 1.57 1.45

10 Constant of channel maintenance (C) Sq.km/km 0.46 0.45

11 Stream frequency (Fs) No/Sq.km 2.19 2.20
12 Bifurcation ratio (Rb) 4.58 3.1
13 Texture Ratio(Tr) 3.622 5.280
14 Drainage Texture (T) km/Sq.km 3.438 3.190
15 Length ratio 1.86 1.86
16 Form factor (Ff) 0.45 0.46
17 Shape factor (Bs) 3.99 2.81
18 Circularity ratio (Rc) 0.72 0.69
19 Elongation ratio (Re) 0.56 0.67
20 Compactness coefficient (Cc) 1.39 1.45
21 Total Catchment relief (R) Km 0.13 0.12
22 Relative Relief (Rr) 0.003 0.001
23 Ruggedness Number (Rn) 0.29 0.27
24 Gradient Ratio (Rg) 0.00797 0.00578
1352 H. Chandrashekar et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 (2015) 1345 – 1353

No. of Total Mean Cumulati Stream Drainage

Cumulative
Segme Length Bifurcatio Length ve no of Length Density
Stream Length(Km)
Catchment nts (Km) n ratio(Rb) (Km) streams∑ Ratio (Km/Sq.km)
order Nu ∑Lu
Nu Lu Msm RL Dd

1 105 68.06 - 0.65 105 68.06 -

2 35 19.28 3.00 0.55 140 87.34 0.84
Nelligudde
3 4 7.46 8.75 1.87 144 94.80 3.40 1.57
Catchment
4 2 9.91 2.00 4.96 146 104.71 2.65

1 224 142.32 - 0.64 224 142.32 -

2 97 52.80 2.31 0.54 321 195.12 0.85
Manchanabele
3 14 14.58 6.93 1.04 335 209.7 1.95 1.45
Catchment
4 2 12.73 7.00 6.37 337 222.43 6.12

Table.2: Linear Morphometric characteristics of catchments in the study area.

The length of overland flow (Lg) less than 0.2 km/km2 indicates short flow- paths, with steep ground slopes,
reflecting the areas associated with more runoff and less infiltration. The Lg value if it is between0.2-0.3 km/km2
indicates the presence of moderate ground slope, moderate infiltration associated with moderate runoff. The Lg
value more than 0.3 km2/km. indicates long flow path associated with more infiltration and reduced runoff. The
length of overland flow in Nelligudde reservoir catchment is 0.785 km/km 2 and Manchanabele reservoir catchment
is0.725 km/km2. The length of overland flow in all the reservoir catchments and lake Catchments in the present
study is more than 0.3. Hence, the reservoir catchments selected for study have longer flow paths associated with
more infiltration and reduced runoff.

Bifurcation ratio (Rb) less than 5 indicates that the drainage basin is underlined by uniform materials, and streams
are usually branched systematically with large number of first, second and third order streams. The bifurcation ratio
of Nelligudde catchment is 4.58 and Manchanabele catchment is 3.1;hence the reservoir catchments are underlined
by uniform materials, streams are usually branched systematically and have large number of first,second and third
order streams.

The RHO coefficient of theNelligudde catchment is 0.406 and Manchanabele catchment is 0.6;the higher value of
RHO coefficient is found in Manchanabele catchment which shows higher water storage during flood periods and
thus attenuate the erosion effect.The lower value of RHO coefficient is found in Nelliguddecatchment which
indicates that low water storage during flood periods and has high erosion effect.

The elongation ratio having less than 0.7 is said to be elongated, the value between 0.7-0.8 is said to be less
elongated, the value between 0.8-0.9 is oval and value greater than 0.9 is said to be circular. The elongation ratio of
Nelligudde catchment is 0.56 and Manchanabele catchment is 0.67.The elongated catchments have strong relief
followed by steep slopes which are susceptible to headward erosion.

The low form factor indicates long and narrow basin and high form factor indicates short and wide basin. The form
factor of Nelligudde catchment is 0.45and Manchanabele catchment is 0.46. The higher value of form factor in
Manchanabelecatchment indicates wider basin and lower value of form factor in Nelligudde catchment indicates
narrow basin.

The drainage density of both Manchanabele and Nelligudde catchments is less than 2, hence both catchments fall
under very coarse texture category.
 H. Chandrashekar et al. / Aquatic Procedia 4 (2015) 1345 – 1353 1353

6. Conclusions

From the above discussion following conclusions can be drawn.

1. The length of overland flow inboth the reservoir catchment in the present study is more than 0.3. Hence, the
reservoir catchments selected for study have longer flow paths associated with more infiltration and reduced
runoff.
2.The results of morphometric analysis provide information about catchment development on priority basis and
areas vulnerable for land degradation.
3. The catchments taken for study fall under very coarse texture category.
4.The higher value of stream frequency is observed in Manchanabele catchment and Nelligudde catchment indicates
low conducting subsurface material, sparse vegetation and high relief.
5.The length of overland flow in Nelligudde reservoir catchment is 0.785 km/km2 and Manchanabele reservoir
catchment is0.725 km/km2.The length of overland flow in all the reservoir catchments and lake Catchments in
the present study is more than 0.3. Hence, the reservoir catchments selected for study have longer flow paths
associated with more infiltration and reduced runoff.
6. The higher value of form factor in Manchanabele catchment indicates wider basin and lower value of form factor
in Nelligudde catchment indicates narrow basin.
7.The higher value of RHO coefficient is found in Manchanabelecatchment which shows higher water storage
during flood periods and thus attenuate the erosion effect. The lower value of RHO coefficient is found in
Nelligudde catchment which indicates that low water storage during flood periods and has high erosion effect.

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