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POLITY
MAKING OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION SOURCES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION
The idea of constituent assembly for making the Constitution was first Country Provisions Borrowed
mooted by M.N. Roy in 1934. Indian National Congress officially Government Federal Scheme
demanded the formation of Constituent Assembly in 1935. of India Act, 1935 Declaration of Emergency Powers
• First meeting of Constituent Assembly was held on Dec 9, 1946. Administration at the Centre and State level
• Muslim League boycotted the Constituent Assembly. United Kingdom Parliamentary System
• Dr. Sachidanand Sinha, the senior most member of the assembly, Single Citizenship
was elected as the temporary President of the assembly. Writ Jurisdiction of Courts
• Provisions relating to citizenship, elections, provisional USA Fundamental Rights
parliament and temporary provisions became effective from Supreme Court
26th November, 1949.
USSR Fundamental Duties
IMPORTANT COMMITTEES Ireland Concept of Directive Principles of State
Policy.
COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN
• Indian Constitution is both rigid and flexible. A written
Drafting Co mmittee Dr. B.R. A mb ed kar constitution implies rigidity. Parliamentary sovereignty
Flag Co mmittee J. B. Krip lan i implies flexibility.
• Preamble of the Constitution is not enforceable but serves
Un io n Co ns titu tio n
Jawaharlal Neh ru two purposes:
Co mmittee
1. Indicates the source of Constitutional Authority
Pro vin cial Co ns titu tion
Sardar Vallab h Bh ai Patel 2. Statement of objects which the Constitution seeks to
Co mmittee
establish
Un io n Powers Co mmittee Jawaharlal Neh ru
• The word 'socialist' has been added to the Preamble by the
Co mmittee o n Fu nd amen tal 42nd Amendment Act.
Sardar Vallab h Bh ai Patel PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION
Rig hts an d M ino rities
The preamble emphasizes a few fundamental values and guiding
principles on which the Constitution of India is based. It serves
LANDMARKS IN CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT as a beacon for both, the Constitution and judges who interpret
1773 centralization started the Constitution in his light. The opening few words of the
1784 direct control of British government preamble - "we the people" means that power is concentrated in
1833 centralization completed, GG of India the hands of the people of India. The preamble is as follows:
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to
1853 executive separated from legislature, open constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
competition introduced DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
1858 Secretary of State JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
1861 representative institutions, decentralization LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among
1892 indirect election principle, budget discussion
them all
1909 separate electorate
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity
1919 division of subjects in 2 lists, diarchy in provinces,
and integrity of the Nation;
bicameralism at centre, direct elections
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of
1935 division of subjects in 3 lists, diarchy at centre, November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO
bicameralism in provinces, provincial autonomy OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION
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2
First, the preamble was not part of the Constitution of India, but
the Supreme Court, in the case of Kesavananda Bharati Vs. State of
Kerala found it a part of the Constitution and can be used in the
interpretation of ambiguous areas of the Constitution. The words
"socialist" and "secular" were introduced in the 42nd amendment.
SOME IMPORTANTTERMS OFTHE PREAMBLE
Sovereign : It means supreme or independent. The country is
both, internally as well as externally sovereign. Internally it
exercises a free government directly elected by the people and
makes laws that govern the people. Externally it is free from any
foreign power and free to make its foreign policy independently.
Socialist : It was added by the 42nd amendment act of 1976. It
implies to social and economic equality.
Secular : It was also added by the 42nd amendment act of 1976.
The word implies equality of all religions and religious tolerance.
No state in India have an official state religion.
Democratic : This mean that the government of all levels are elected by
the people through a system of universal adult franchise.
Republic : The term means that the head of the state is elected,
directly or indirectly, for a fixed tenure.
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION
A written and lengthy constitution: The Constitution of India is
a written constitution and the lengthiest constitution in the world.
It has 395 Articles and 12 Schedules. A number of amendments,
(about 96) passed since its enforcement in 1950, have also become
a part of the Constitution.
Sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic: The
Constitution declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular,
Democratic, Republic. The words, 'Socialist' and 'secular' were
added in the Preamble of the Constitution by 42nd amendment
which was passed in 1976.
Federalism: The Constitution provides for a federal form of
government. In a federation, there are two governments-at the
central level and at the state (province) level and the powers of
the government are divided between the central government and
state governments.
Parliamentary government: Indian Constitution provides for a
parliamentary form of government. President is nominal head of
the state. In actual practice, the government is run by the Prime
Minister and other members of the Council of Minister. The
Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Parliament.
Fundamental rights and duties: The Constitution of India
guarantees six fundamental rights to every citizen and ten
Fundamental Duties of citizens have also been added by 42nd
Amendment of the Constitution.
Partly rigid and partly flexible: The Constitution of India is
neither wholly rigid nor wholly flexible. It is partly rigid and partly
flexible. It is because of the fact that for the purpose of amendment,
our constitution has been divided into three parts:
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(a) certain provisions of the constitution can be amended by a
simple majority in the Parliament.
(b) Certain provisions can be amended by a two-third majority
of the Parliament and its ratification by at least fifty percent
states.
(c) The remaining provisions can be amended by the Parliament
by two-third majority.
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
Initially, the Fundamental Duties were not provided in the
Constitution. On the basis of the recommendations of Swarn
Singh Committee, these ten duties were included in the
Constitution under Article 51A of part IV by the 42nd
Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 and the 11th duty was
adopted by 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002. Under
these provisions, a citizen of India is expected to faithfully observe
the following fundamental Duties.
1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideas and
institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our
national struggle for freedom;
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity
of India;
4. To defend the country and render national service when
called upon to do so;
5. To promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood
among all the people of India, transcending religious,
linguistic, regional or sectional diversities, to renounce
practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite
culture;
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, river, and wildlife and to have compassion
for living creatures;
8. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and spirit of
inquiry and reform;
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and
collective activities so that the nation constantly rises to
higher levels of endeavor and achievement;
11. To provide opportunities for education to his child or, as
the case may be, ward between age of 6 and 14 years;
THE FUDAMENTAL RIGHTS
The Part III of the Constitution of India gives a detailed description
of the 'Fundamental Rights'. These fundamental rights guarantee
civil freedom to all the citizens of India to allow them to live in
peace and harmony. These are the basic rights that every Indian
citizen has the right to enjoy, irrespective of their caste, creed and
religion, place of birth, race, colour or gender.
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Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right Against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion •
• Article 26 :- Freedom to manage religious affairs
• Article 27 :- Prohibits taxes on religious grounds
Cultural and Educational
Rights
Right to Constitutional
Remedies
• Article 14 :- Equality before law and equal protection of law
• Article 15 :- Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
• Article 16 :- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
• Article 17 :- End of untouchability
• Article 18 :- Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions are, however, exempted
• Article 19 :- It guarantees the citizens of India the following six fundamentals freedoms:-
1. Freedom of Speech and Expression
2. Freedom of Assembly
3. Freedom of form Associations
4. Freedom of Movement
5. Freedom of Residence and Settlement
6. Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade and Bussiness
• Article 20 :- Protection in respect of conviction for offences
• Article 21 :- Protection of life and personal liberty
• Article 22 :- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
• Article 23 :- Traffic in human beings prohibited
• Article 24 :- No child below the age of 14 can be employed
Article 25 :- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion
• Article 28 :- Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions
• Article 29 :- Protection of interests of minorities
• Article 30 :- Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
• Article 31 :- Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act
• Article 32 :- The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation (It is called Soul and
heart of the Constitution by BR Ambedkar)
The Writs
• Habeas corpus implies equality before law and equal protection of law.
• Mandamus is the form of command to either take a particular form of action or refrain from doing it.
• Prohibition is a writ issued by the high court or the Supreme Court to the local courts to prevent
people from proceeding with a case which does not fall under its jurisdiction.
• Certiorari is a writ issued to lower courts, when these courts have gone beyong the scope of
their jurisdictions.
• Quo Warranto writ is issued to a person who has been wrongly appointed in the office of
authority.

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLE OF STATE POLICY Classification of The Directive Principles: Directive Principles
Directive Principles of State Policy are in the form of instructions/ of State Policy have been grouped into four categories. These
guidelines to the center as well as states government. Although are: the economic and social principles, the Gandhian principles,
Principles and Policies relating to international peace and security
these principles are not subject to protection in a court of law,
and miscellaneous.
they are fundamental in the governance of the country. The idea
The Economic and Social Principles: The state shall endeavour
of Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the
to achieve Social and Economic welfare of the people by:
Irish Republic. They were incorporated in our Constitution in
• Providing adequate means of livelihood for both men and women.
order to ensure economic justice and to avoid concentration of
• Reorganizing the economic system in a way to avoid
wealth in the hands of a few people. Therefore, no government
concentration of wealth in few hands.
can afford to ignore them. They are, in fact, the directives for the
• Securing equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
future government to include them in the decisions and policies
to be formulated. • Securing suitable employment and healthy working
conditions for men, women and children.
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4

• Guarding the children against exploitation and moral 6. Public health and sanitation.
degradation. 12. Libraries, museums and other similar institutions.
• Making effective provisions for securing the right to work, 14. Agriculture.
education and public assistance in case of unemployment, 21. Fisheries.
old age, sickness and disablement. 25. Gas and gas-works.
• Making provisions for securing just and humane conditions 28. Markets and fairs.
of work and for maternity relief.
61. Captivation taxes.
• Taking steps to secure the participation of workers in the
management of undertakings etc. CONCURRENT LIST
• Promoting education and economic interests of working 1. Criminal law.
sections of the people especially the SCs and STs. 2. Criminal procedure.
The Gandhian Principles : There are certain principles, based on 3. Preventive detention.
the ideals advocated by Mahatma Gandhi. These Principles are
5. Marriage and divorce.
as follows : -
6. Transfer of property other than agricultural land.
• To organize village Panchayats.
7. Contracts.
• To promote cottage industries in rural areas.
13. Civil procedure.
• To prohibit intoxicating drinks and drugs that are injurious
to health. 14. Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the
• To preserve and improve the breeds of the cattle and prohibit Supreme Court.
slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and drought 17. Prevention of cruelty to animals.
animals. 20. Economic and social planning.
Directive Principles of State Policy Relating To International Peace 26. Legal, medical and other professions.
And Security: India should render active cooperation for world peace 38. Electricity.
and security and for that the state shall endeavour to : - 40. Archaeological sites.
• promote international peace and security.
• maintain just and honourable relations between nations. PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA
• foster respect for international laws and treaty obligations. Eligibility : To be eligible for the position of the Prime Minister of
• encourage settlements of international disputes by mutual India, a person should be a citizen of India, a member of either the
agreement. Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha and should complete 25 years of
Miscellaneous : The Directive Principles in this category call age if he/she is a member of the Lok Sabha or 30 years of age if he/
upon the state : - she is a member of the Rajya Sabha.
• To secure for all Indians a uniform civil code. A person cannot be the Prime Minister of India if he/she holds
• To protect historical monuments. any office of profit under the Government of India, the government
• To save environment from pollution and protect wild life. of any state, or any local or other authority subject to the control
of any of the said governments.
• To make arrangements for disbursement of free legal justice
through suitable legislation. Powers of Prime Minister of India:-
• The cabinet swims and sinks with the Prime Minister.
IMPORTANT SUBJECTS IN VARIOUS LISTS
• PM is the leader of the House and link between the
UNION LIST Parliament and the Cabinet.
6. Atomic energy and mineral resources. • He appoints the council of ministers and leader of the Cabinet.
18. Extradition.
• He is the Real executive authority.
45. Banking.
• He is the ex-officio Chairman of the Planning Commission
47. Insurance. (Niti Ayog), National Development Council, National
48. Stock exchanges and futures markets. Integration Council and Inter state Council.
49. Patents, inventions and designs; copyright; trade-marks • The President convenes and prorogues all sessions of
and merchandise marks. Parliament in Consultation with him.
69. Census. • He can recommend the dissolution of Lok Sabha before expiry.
85. Corporation tax. • Allocates portfolios. Can ask a minister to resign & can get
97. Any other matter not enumerated in List II or List III him dismissed by President.
including any tax no mentioned in either of those Lists. • He can recommend to the President to declare emergency
STATE LIST on grounds of war, external aggression or armed rebellion.
1. Public order. • He advises President about President's Rule in the State or
5. Local Government. emergency due to financial instability.
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 5

ALL PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA

Name Tenure Party

Jawahar Lal Nehru 15.08.1947 to 27.05.1964 Congress

Gulzari Lal Nanda 27.05.1964 to 09.06.1964 Congress
Lal Bahadur Shastri 09.06.1964 to 11.01.1966 Congress
Gulzari Lal Nanda 11.01.1966 to 24.01.1966 Congress
Indira Gandhi 24.01.1966 to 24.03.1977 Congress
Morarji Desai 24.03.1977 to 28.07.1979 Janata Party
Charan singh 28.07.1979 to 14.01.1980 Janata Party
Indira Gandhi 14.01.1980 to 31.10.1984 Congress (I)
Rajiv Gandhi 31.10.1984 to 01.12.1989 Congress (I)
V.P. Singh 01.12.1989 to 10.11.1990 Janata Dal
Chandra Shekhar 10.11.1990 to 21.06.1991 Janata Dal (S)
P.V. Narsimha Rao 21.06.1991 to 16.05.1996 Congress (I)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee 16.05.1996 to 01.06.1996 Bharatiya Janata Party
H.D. Deve Gowda 01.06.1996 to 21.04.1997 Janata Dal
I.K. Gujral 21.04.1997 to 19.03.1998 Janata Dal
Atal Bihari Vajpayee 19.03.1998 to 13.10.1999 Bharatiya Janata Party
Dr. Manmohan Singh 22.05.2004 to 26.-5.2014 Indian National Congress
Narendra Modi 26.05.2014 to Till-date Bharatiya Janata Party

• Gulzari Lal Nanda was the Prime Minister of India for two
short periods following the deaths of Jawaharlal Nehru in
1964 and Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966.
PARLIAMENT OF INDIA
Parliament is the supreme legislative body of a country. Our
Parliament comprises of the President and the two Houses-Lok
Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
The President has the power to summon and prorogue either
House of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha.
PRESIDENT OF INDIA
Qualification: To be qualified for the position of the President of
India, a person must be a citizen of India, completed 35 years of
age, eligible to be a member of Lok Sabha, must not hold any
office of profit under government of india or any other authority.
ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT (ARTICLES 54 & 55)
• Article 54 provides that President shall be elected by an
electoral college consisting of:-
(a) Elected members of both Houses of Parliament
(b) Elected members of the LegislativeAssemblies of the States
• Article 55 (3) states that the election of the President shall
be held in accordance with the system of proportional
representation by means of single transferable vote. Voting
is done through secret ballot.
• To secure uniformity among States and Parity between the
Union and States following formula is adopted:-
Population of State
Value of vote an MLA =
Elected members of the state
legislative Assembly ×1000
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Total No. of votes assigned
to all elected MLAs
Value of vote of an MP =
Total Nos. of elected MPs
• After calculating the value of vote of MLAs and MPs, a
complex system of calculating the quota of individual
candidates is used which is based on the order of preference
of candidates.
• Article 71 provides that all disputes arising out of the election of
President or Vice-President shall be 'inquired' into and 'decided'
by the Supreme Court whose decision shall be final.
• Oath of affirmation of President's office is administered by
the Chief Justice of India (Article 60) or by the senior most
judge of the Supreme Court.
• Impeachment is a quasi-Judicial procedure mentioned in
Article 61. Impeachment charge against the President may
be initiated by either Houses of the Parliament.
THE POWERS OF PRESIDENT OF INDIA
• President appoints PM, Ministers, Chief Justice & judge of
Supreme Court & High Court, Chairman & members of
UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General, Attorney General,
Chief Election Commissioner and other members of Election
Commission of India, Governors, Members of Finance
Commission, Ambassadors, etc
• He can summon & prorogue the sessions of the 2 houses &
can dissolve Lok Sabha
• He appoints Finance Commission (after every 5 years) that
recommends distribution of taxes between Union & State
governments
6

• The President can promulgate 3 types of Emergencies:- National ELECTION OF LOK SABHA
Emergency (Article 352), State Emergency (President's Rule) • Members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the People.
(Article 356), Financial Emergency (Article 360) • Total membership is fixed at 552 by the Constitution.
EMERGENCY POWERS • Every citizen of India above 18 and is not disqualified on
Article 352 to 360 provides for Emergency Powers of the President. the grounds of non-residence, unsoundness mind, crime or
Emergencies envisaged under the Constitution are of 3 types: corrupt or illegal practices is entitled to vote (Art 326)
• Constitution 61st Amendment Act (1987) has reduced the
• National Emergency (Art 352) which arise out of war, external
aggression or armed rebellion. Age of voting from 21 to 18 years
• Its term can be extended beyond 5 years by the Parliament.
• President's Rule (Art 356 & 365) which is due to failure of
This can be done during the Proclamation of Emergency
Constitutional Machinery in the State.
(Under Art 352). But this extension can not be done for a
• Financial Emergency (Art 360), If the President is satisfied period exceeding one year at a time and such extension
that there is an economic situation in which the financial cannot continue beyond a period of 6 months after
stability or credit of India is threatened.
Proclamation of Emergency ceases to operate.
• He is the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of • Delimitation of Constituencies is done after each Census
India by A designated authority and in a manner as the Parliament
• President appoints Chief of Army, Navy and Air force by law determines. 1971 census data is being used now.
• He declares wars & concludes peace subject to the approval The number of seats has been freezed till 2026 to maintain
of the Parliament the share of states where the rate of population growth is
• No money bill or demand for grant can be introduced or declining.
moved in Parliament unless it has been recommended by
the President RAJYA SABHA
• He has the power to grant pardon, reprieve or remit of Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of Parliament. It is a permanent
punishment or commute death sentences. body. It is not subject to dissolution but one-third of its members
retire every two years. Rajya Sabha was duly constituted for the
List of President of India first time on April 3, 1952.
Name Tenure of office It has not more than 250 members(245 members at present).
Members of Rajya Sabha are not elected by the people directly
Dr. Rajendra Prasad 1950 to 1962 but indirectly by the Legislative Assemblies of the various States.
Dr. S. Radhakrishan 1962 to 1967 Every State is allotted a certain number of members and twelve of
Dr. Zakhir Hussain 1967 to 1969 Rajya Sabha members are nominated by the President from
V.V. Giri (Acting President) 1969 to 1969 persons who have earned distinction in the fields of literature,
Justice M. Hidayatullah 1969 to 1969 art, science and social service. No member of Rajya Sabha can be
(Acting President) under 30 years of age.
V.V. Giri 1969 to 1974 FUNCTIONS OF LOK SABHA AND RAJYA SABHA
F. Ali Ahmed 1974 to 1977
The main function of both the Houses is to pass laws. Every Bill
B.D. Jatti (Acting President) 1977 to 1977
has to be passed by both the Houses and assented to by the
N. Sanjiva Reddy 1977 to 1982 President before it becomes law. The subjects over which
Gaini Jail Singh 1982 to 1987 Parliament can legislate are the subjects mentioned under the
R. Venkataraman 1987 to1992 Union List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India.
Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma 1992 to 1997 Broadly speaking, Union subjects are those important subjects
K.R. Narayanan 1997 to 2002 which for reasons of convenience, efficiency and security are
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 2002 to 2007 administered on all-India basis. The principal Union subjects are
Mrs. Pratibha Patil 2007 to 2012 Defence, Foreign Affairs, Railways, Transport and
Mr. Pranab Mukherjee 25.07.2012 to Till date Communications, Currency and Coinage, Banking, Customs and
Excise Duties. There are numerous other subjects on which both
Parliament and State Legislatures can legislate.
LOK SABHA
SESSIONS OF THE PARLIAMENT
Lok Sabha, as the name itself signifies, is the body of representatives
of the people. It is the Lower House of Parliament. Its members are • Parliament normally meets in three sessions in an year:-
directly elected, normally once in every five years by the adult o Budget Session - February - May
o Monsoon Session - July - August
population who are eligible to vote. The minimum qualifying age for
o Winter Session - November - December
membership of the House is 25 years. The present membership of Lok • Adjournments: During a session, there are daily sittings
Sabha is 545. The number is divided among the different States and separated by adjournments. These postpone the further
Union Territories. Two Members are nominated by President of India consideration of business for a specified time which may
from the Anglo-Indian community. extend for hours, days and even weeks.

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 7
CONTROLBYTHE PARLIAMENT OVER THE EXECUTIVE
Question Hour • First hour of every parliamentary sitting.
• Short Notice questions are asked giving less than 10 days notice.
Zero Hour • Starts immediately after the question hour.
• Any matter can be discussed during the zero hour.
Calling Attention Motion • Moved to call the attention of a minister to matters of public importance.
Adjournment Motion • To draw attention of Parliament to a matter of urgent public importance.
• Motion needs the support of 50 members for admission.
• Rajya Sabha cannot move this motion.
No Confidence Motion • Moved to prove the confidence of Lok Sabha in the Council of Ministers.
• No Confidence Motion needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.
• Can be moved only in Lok Sabha.

ORDINARY BILL
Can be introduced in either
house of Parliament
Does not need President
recommendation for
introduction (except u/A 3)
Passed by simple majority
Equal legislative jurisdiction RS only recommendatory
of both houses of
Parliament
Joint session can be held
President has three
options: Absolute veto,
suspensive veto, Pocket
veto
PRIVILEGES OF PARLIAMENT
MONEY BILL
Only in Lok Sabha
Need President
recommendation for
introduction
Passed by simple majority
power (14 days)
Joint session can not be held
President has choice of
withholding or giving assent to
the bill, But by convention he
can not withhold the assent
FINANCIAL BILL CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT
BILL
Only in Lok Sabha In either house of Parliament
Need President Does not need President
recommendation for recommendation for introduction
introduction
Passed by simple majority Passed by special majority (by both
houses separately)
Equal legislative Equal legislative jurisdiction of both
jurisdiction of both houses houses of Parliament
of Parliament
Joint session can be held Joint session can not be held
because if one house rejects the bill,
it comes to an end
President has three President has to give assent to the
options: Absolute veto, bill
suspensive veto, Pocket
veto

JOINT SESSION OF THE HOUSES CITIZENSHIP BY BIRTH

• At a joint sitting of two Houses, the Speaker of the Lok
Sabha and in his absence, the Deputy Speaker of the House,
or if he is also absent, Deputy Chairman of the Council and
if he is also absent, such person as may be determined by
the members present in the sitting presides. Lok Sabha by
its numerical majority prevails over the joint sitting.
• This provision does not apply to Money Bill. There cannot
be a joint sitting for Constitution Amendment Bills. Nor do
such Bills require previous sanction of President.
• President cannot summon a joint sitting if the bill has lapsed
by reason of a dissolution of Lok Sabha.
CITIZENSHIP
The conferment of a person, as a citizen of India, is governed by
Articles 5 to 11 (Part II) of Indian Constitution. The legislation
related to this matter is the Citizenship Act 1955, which has been
amended by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1986, the
Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1992, the Citizenship (Amendment)
Act 2003, and the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2005.
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Any person born in India on or after 26 January 1950, but prior to
the commencement of the 1986 Act on 1 July 1987, is a citizen of
India by birth. A person born in India on or after 1 July 1987 is a
citizen of India if either parent was a citizen of India at the time of
the birth. Those born in India on or after 3 December 2004 are
considered citizens of India only if both of their parents are citizens
of India or if one parent is a citizen of India and the other is not an
illegal migrant at the time of their birth.
CITIZENSHIP BY DESCENT
Persons born outside India on or after 26 January 1950 but before
10 December 1992 are citizens of India by descent if their father
was a citizen of India at the time of their birth.
Persons born outside India on or after 10 December 1992 are
considered citizens of India if either of their parents is a citizen of
India at the time of their birth.
From 3 December 2004 onwards, persons born outside of India
shall not be considered citizens of India unless their birth is
registered at an Indian consulate within one year of the date of
8
birth. In certain circumstances it is possible to register after 1
year with the permission of the Central Government. The
application for registration of the birth of a minor child must be
made to an Indian consulate and must be accompanied by an
undertaking in writing from the parents of such minor child that
he or she does not hold the passport of another country.
CITIZENSHIPBY REGISTRATION
The Central Government may, on an application, register as a
citizen of India under section 5 of the Citizenship Act 1955 any
person (not being an illegal migrant) if he belongs to any of the
following categories:
• a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in India
for seven years before making application under section
5(1)(a) (throughout the period of twelve months immediately
before making application and for six years in the aggregate
in the eight years preceding the twelve months);
• a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in any
country or place outside undivided India;
• a person who is married to a citizen of India and is ordinarily
resident in India for seven years before making an application
for registration;
• minor children of persons who are citizens of India;
• a person of full age and capacity whose parents are
registered as citizens of India;
• a person of full age and capacity who, or either of his parents,
was earlier citizen of independent India, and has been
residing in India for one year immediately before making an
application for registration;
• a person of full age and capacity who has been registered
as an overseas citizen of India for five years, and who has
been residing in India for one year before making an
application for registration.
CITIZENSHIP BY NATURALISATION
Citizenship of India by naturalisation can be acquired by a
foreigner (not illegal migrant) who is ordinarily resident in India
for twelve years (throughout the period of twelve months
immediately preceding the date of application and for eleven years
in the aggregate in the fourteen years preceding the twelve
months) and other qualifications as specified in third schedule to
the Act.
IMPORTANTARTICLES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Article 12 -35 The Fundamental Rights
Article 36-50 The Directive Principles of state policy
Article 51A The Fundamental Duties of the citizen of India
Article 80 Composition of the Council of States (Rajya
Sabha)
Article 81 Composition of the House of the People (Lok
Sabha)
Article 343 Hindi as official language
Article 356 Imposition of President's Rule in states
Article 370 Special status to Kashmir
Article 395 Repeals India Independence Act an d
Government of India Act, 1935
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IMPORTANTAMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
• The Indian Constitution (first Amendment) Act, 1951:
According to it, Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 376
were amended and Articles 31A and 3IB inserted and Ninth
Schedule was added.
• The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971: It affirmed
the power of the Parliament to amend any part of the
Constitution. After this amendment, the President is bound to
assent to Constitution Amendment Bill. Education was
transferred to the Concurrent List by this amendment.
• The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975: By this Act,
Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
• The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: The Bill was
passed by the Lok Sabha on August 7 and received
Presidential assent on August 9,1975. The Act places beyond
challenge in courts the election to Parliament of a person
holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and the election
of President and Vice-President.
• The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985: The Act has
made defection to another party, after elections illegal. Any
member defecting to another party after elections will be
disqualified from being member of Parliament or State
Legislature.
• The Constitution (53rd Amendment) Act, 1986: It confers
Statehood on Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary
interference by the Central Government with the laws relating
to spheres of social relationship and community conduct
applicable to Mizoram.
• The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act, 1987: It grants
Statehood to Arunachal Pradesh which consequently became
the 24th State of the Indian Union.
• The Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987: It confers
Statehood on Goa and forms a new Union Territory of Daman
and Diu. Goa thus became the 25th State of the Indian Republic.
• The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987: It made a
special provision for the setting up of the new State of Goa.
Consequently Daman and Diu were separated from the former
to form a Union Territory.
• The Constitution (59th Amendment) Act, 1988: It empowered
the Central Government to impose Emergency in Punjab when
deemed necessary. Under the amendment, President's rule can
be extended upto three years. Earlier maximum period was two
years.
• The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989: It lowered
the voting age from 21 to 18.
• The Constitution (62nd Amendment) Act, 1989: It provided
for the extension by another 10 years of reservation of seats
in the Parliament and State Assemblies for the Scheduled
Castes and Tribes and reservation for Anglo Indian community
by nomination.
• The Constitution (64th Amendment) Act, 1990: It extended
the President's rule in Punjab by six months.
• The Constitution (66th Amendment) Act, 1990: To bring land
reforms within the purview of 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
• The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991: Delhi made
National Capital Region. The Act also made provision for
Legislative assembly and a council of ministers for Delhi.

• The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992: Before this
act was made Article 54 relating to the election of the President
provided for an electoral college consisting only of the elected
members of Parliament as well as the legislative assemblies of
the States (not of Union Territories). The amendment provide
for inclusion of members of legislature of Pondicherry and
Delhi.
• The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992: The act
amends the 8th Schedule to the Constitution to include
Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali Languages in the 8th Schedule
of the Constitution.
• The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992: To make
temporary provision for the determination of the number of
seats reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in the State assembly
of Tripura, until the re-adjustment of seats is made on the
basis of the first census after the year 2000 under article 170 of
the Constitution.
• The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992: To ensure
direct election to all seats in Panchayats; to reserve seats for
SCs and STs in proportion to their population; and for
reservation of not less than one third of the seats in
Panchayats for women.
• The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 was made to
ensure direct election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and
Municipalities.
• The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994: It relates to
the Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutes and of
appointments or posts in the Services under a State, for
Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The Supreme Court had ruled on November 16, 1992, that the
total reservations under Article 16(40) of the Constitution
should not exceed 50 per cent.
• The Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1995: According
to this Act, the Government have decided to continue the
existing policy of reservation in promotion for the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• The Constitution (78th Amendment) Act, 1995: It includes
land reform laws in the Ninth Schedule so that they cannot be
challenged before the courts.
• The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999: It extends
the reservation of seats for SC, ST and Anglo-Indians in the
Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies for next 10 years.
• The Constitution (81st Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides
that the unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST kept
for being filled up in a year as per Article 16, shall be considered
separately for filling vacancies in the succeeding year and the
previous list will not be considered for filling the 50% quota
of the respective year.
• The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides
that nothing in the Article 355 shall prevent the State from
making any provisions in favour of the members of SC/ST for
relaxation in qualifying marks with respect to examination/
job/promotion.
• The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000: The Act
amended Article 243 M to provide that no reservation in
Panchayats be made in favour of SC/ST in Arunachal Pradesh
where the whole population is tribal.
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9
ATTORNEY GENERALOF INDIA(ARTICLE 76)
• Appointed by the President and hold office during the
pleasure of President.
• He is the first Law officer of the Government of India.
• He is the only person who is not a member of Parliament,
yet can take part in its proceedings (without a right to vote)
APPOINTMENTAND REMOVAL OFJUDGES
• The CJI is appointed by the President. In this matter, the
President shall consult such judges of the SC and the High
Courts as he may deem necessary. A 9 judge bench of the
SC has laid down that the senior most judge of Supreme
Court should be appointed as CJI.
• In the appointment of other judges, the President shall
always consult the CJI. He 'may' consult other judges of SC
and High Courts as he may deem necessary [Article 124(2)]
• Power of appointment is exercised by the President on the
advice of council of ministers.
• There is no fixed period of office for SC judges. Once
appointed, they hold office till the age of 65 years. He can
quit office earlier by submitting his resignation to the
President.
• He can be removed by an order of President only on the
grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
• The Judges are 'Public Servants' and can be prosecuted for
criminal misconduct.
• Seat of the SC is in New Delhi. However it can be shifted
elsewhere in India or more benches of SC can be established
in India by CJI in consultation with the President.
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHAN SABHA)
• It is the popular House of the State. Members are chosen
by direct election on the basis of adult suffrage from territorial
constituencies (Article 170).
• Their no. of members varies between 60 and 500. However
certain States like Sikkim, Goa, Mizoram and Arunachal
Pradesh have less than 60 members.
CENTRE - STATE RELATIONS
• The distribution of powers is an essential feature of
federalism. A federal constitution establishes the dual polity
with the union at the centre and the states at the periphery,
each endowed with the sovereign powers to be exercised in
the field assigned to them respectively by the constitution.
The one is not subordinate to the other in its own field; the
authority of one is co-ordinate with the other.
• In the Indian federal set-up the constitution divides powers
between centre and states as:-
• Legislative
• Administrative
• Financial
LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
• Article 245(1) of the constitution of India provides that the
Parliament has power to make laws for the whole or any part
of territory of India. This includes not only the states but
also the UTs or any other area, for the time being included
in the territory of India. It also possesses the power of
'Extra-Territorial Legislation' which no State Legislature
possesses.
10

• In distributing the subject matters between centre and IMPORTANT COMMISSIONS

states, our constitution makers followed Canadian scheme. 1. U.C.Benerjee Commission - Enquiry into Godhra carnage
However they added one more list to it, Concurrent List. (Railways)
(GoI Act 1935 had 3 fold enumeration - Federal, Provincial 2. Nanavati-Shah - Commission Posy Godhra riots
and Concurrent) 3. Palekar Tribunal - Journalist pays reforms
1. Union List - 97 subjects 2. State List - 66 subjects
4. Hunter Commission - Jallianwalabagh massacre
3. Concurrent List -52 subjects
5. Nanavati Commission - 1984 Sikh riots
• Subjects mentioned in the Union List are of national
importance and only Parliament is competent to make laws 6. Mukherjee Commission - Death/Disappearance of Subhash
on these subjects. Chandra Bose
• Under Article 256, Parliament is empowered to make laws 7. Librehan Commission - Babri Masjid demolition case
w.r.t. all matters in the State list when there is failure of 8. Sarkaria Commission - Centre-State relations
constitutional machinery of the State under Article 356. 9. Sri Krishna Commission - 1992 Bombay riots
• In normal times, there are constitutional provisions which 10. Thakkar Commission - Indira Gandhi assassination case
ensure the control of the union over the states. 11. Phukhan Commission - Tehelka tapes
• Under Article 258 (1), Parliament with the consent of the 12. Malimath Commission - Criminal Justice
State government can entrust to it any matter falling with in 13. Upendra Commission - Inquiry on rape and murder
the executive powers of the Union. Thangjem Manorama Devi
• State government has also the power to delegate its 14. G.C.Garg Commission - Train accident near Khanna, Punjab
functions to the Union and its officers. Article 258 (A) 15. Mandal Commission - Reservation of seats for Backward
provides that Governor of the State with the consent of
castes
GoI, entrust to the Government, such functions to which
16. Kothari Commission - Educational reforms
the executive power of State extends.
• These relations are related to the distribution of taxes as ELECTION COMMISSION
well as non-tax revenue and the Power of borrowing. Grant- • It is a permanent and an independent body established by
in-aid forms an important part of centre-state relations. the constitution of India directly to ensure free and fair
elections in the country.
Dis tribution of Taxes
• Elections to Parliament, State legislatures, President and
Taxes Belonging to Taxes Belonging to States Vice-President are vested in it.
Union Exclus ively Exclus ively • Qualifications of Voters, preparation of electoral rolls,
1. Cus to ms 1. Land Revenue. delimitation of constituencies, allocation of seats in
2. Corporation 2. Stamp d uty except in parliament and state legislatures.
documents included in the • Not concerned with the elections to Panchayats and
Un io n Lis t. Municipalities in the states. For this, the constitution of
3. Taxes on Capital 3. Su cces s ion duty, es tate d uty India (Art 243K and 243 AZ) provides for a separate State
Values of as s ets of an d income tax on agricultu ral Election Commission.
Ind iv iduals and Cos . lan d. • Election commission shall consist of Chief Election
4. Surcharge on Income 4. Taxes on Pas s engers and Commissioner and such number of other Election
Tax. goods carried on inland Commissioners, as the President from time to time fix.
waterways . • Chief Election Commissioner and other Election
5. Fees in res pect of 5. Taxes on lands and
Commissioners have equal powers and receive equal salary,
matters in Union Lis t. buildings , mineral rights .
allowances and other perquisites.
• Term six years or until they attain the age of 65 years,
6. Taxes on animals and b oats , whichever is earlier.
road vehicles, o n • Powers and functions can be classified into three categories
ad vertis ements , electricity, as Administrative, Advisory and Quasi-Judicial.
luxuries and amus emen ts , etc. • Register political parties for the purpose of elections grant
7. Taxes on the entry of goo ds . them the status of National or State Parties on the basis of
8. Sales tax. their poll performance.
STATE ELECTION COMMISSION
9. Tolls .
• Superintendence, direction and control of the preparation
10. On matters in the State Lis t. of electoral rolls and the conduct of all elections to the
Panchayats shall be vested in the State Election Commission
11. On pro fess ion , trade etc to be appointed by the Governor. His conditions of service
(not exceeding Rs . 2,500 per and tenure of office shall also be determined by the
an num (Lis t II). Governor.

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 11
STAFF SELECTION COMMISSION (SSC) • While IAS and IPS existed at the time of independence IFS
• SSC, Established in 1975 by executive resolution. came into existence in 1966.
Responsible for:- • Administrative Control of different services is as under:
• All Group 'B' posts having the maximum pay scale of less o IAS - Ministry of Personnel
than Rs. 10,500. o IPS - Ministry of Home
• All non-technical Group 'C' post for recruiting personnel to o IFS - Ministry of Environment and
middle and lower services of central government. Forest
CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA • An All India Service can be created by Parliament under
• There are three All India Services in India: Article 312 on the basis of a resolution passed by Rajya
o Indian Administrative Service (IAS) Sabha. Thus an All India Service can be created only by an
o Indian Police Service (IPS) Act of Parliament and not by the resolution of Rajya Sabha,
o Indian Forest Service (IFS) though such a resolution is must before enacting such an
Act.

1. Which article of the Indian constitution provides for (a) Right to speak
Uniform civil code for the citizens? (b) Right to freedom of movement
(a) Article 42 (b) Article 44 (c) Right to life
(c) Article 46 (d) Article 48 (d) Right to organize
2. Which article of the constitution of India deals with the 10. Which of the following amendments had reduced the age
‘Right to constitutional remedies’? of the voters from 21years to 18 years?
(a) Article 19 (b) Article 14 (a) 52nd amendment (b) 60th amendment
(c) Article 21 (d) Article 32 (c) 61st amendment (d) 62nd amendment
3. Which part of the Indian constitution deals with centre- 11. Indian federal structure is inspired by which model of the
state financial relations? countries below?
(a) Part XV (b) Part XIV (a) USA (b) Canada
(c) Part XII (d) Part X (c) Switzerland (d) Russia
4. In the constitution of India, the term ‘federal’ appears in 12. Concept of welfare state in Indian constitution is included
(a) The preamble in
(b) Part III of the constitution (a) Fundamental Rights
(c) Article 368 (b) Directive principles of state policy
(d) None of the above (c) Citizenship
5. According to the constitution of India, the right to equality (d) Provision of Election commission
13. Under which article the president of India can be removed
does not include
by the process of impeachment
(a) equality before law
(a) Article 79 (b) Article 76
(b) absolute equality
(c) Article 57 (d) Article 61
(c) equality of opportunity
14. Under which article the parliament of India can legislate on
(d) abolition of untouchability
any subject in the state list in national interest?
6. How many members of the constituent assembly signed
(a) Article 229 (b) Article 230
the constitution of India? (c) Article 247 (d) Article 249
(a) 284 (b) 294 15. The phrase equality before law used in Article 14 of Indian
(c) 274 (d) 244 constitution has been borrowed from the constitution of
7. In which year the 73rd constitutional amendment act (1992) (a) Britain (b) USA
was assented by the president? (c) France (d) Canada
(a) 1990 (b) 1991 16. Which term is not used in the preamble of the Indian
(c) 1993 (d) 1994 constitution ?
8. Which of the following articles of the Indian constitution (a) Republic (b) Integrity
deals with citizenship in India? (c) Federal (d) Socialist
(a) Article 333 to 337 (b) Article 17 to 20 17. Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Indian Constitution
(c) Article 05 to 11 (d) Article 01 to 04 do not have any
9. According to the constitution of India, which one of the (a) Legal sanction (b) Political sanction
following rights cannot be taken away during emergency? (c) Social Sanction (d) Moral sanction
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12

18. Under which constitutional Amendment has education for 31. The number of official languages recognized under 8th
children aged 6 to 14 years become Fundamental Right? schedule of the Indian Constitution is
(a) 93rd Amendment (b) 86th Amendment (a) Sixteen (b) Seventeen
(c) 91st Amendment (d) 92nd Amendment (c) Twenty (d) Twenty Two
19. The 73rd Amendment was brought into force to give effect 32. The article of Indian constitution related to abolition of
to one of the Directive Principles of State Policy mentioned untouchability is
in (a) Article 15 (b) Article 16
(a) Article 45 (b) Article 46 (c) Article 17 (d) Article 18
(c) Article 47 (d) Article 40 33. Which one of the following is the time limit for the ratification
20. The first proclamation of Emergency under Article 352 was of an emergency period by parliament?
made by the President in (a) 14 days (b) 1 month
(a) 1975 (b) 1971 (c) 3 months (d) 6 months
34. The vacancy of the office of the President of India must be
(c) 1965 (d) 1961
filled up within
21. The Indian constitution is divided into
(a) 90 days
(a) 16 chapters (b) 22 chapters
(b) 6 months
(c) 24 chapters (d) 25 chapters (c) one year
22. Which one of the following is not a feature of the Indian (d) within the period decided by the parliament
constitution ? 35. The electoral college for presidential election consists of:
(a) Federal Government (a) all members of Union parliament.
(b) Independence of Judiciary (b) all members of Union parliament and state legislative
(c) Parliamentary Government assemblies.
(d) Dual Citizenship (c) all members of Union Parliament and all elected
23. Which of the states of Indian federation has a separate members of state legislative councils.
constitution ? (d) all elected members of Union parliament and state
(a) Goa (b) Tamil Nadu legislative assemblies.
(c) Jammu & Kashmir (d) Himachal Pradesh 36. In which of the following houses the chairperson is not the
24. In how many articles of Indian constitution, Directive member of that house?
principles of the state policy are mentioned ? (a) Lok Sabha (b) Rajya Sabha
(a) From Article 36-51 (b) From Article 36-52 (c) Legislative Assembly (d) Legislative council
(c) From Article 36-53 (d) From Article 36-54 37. Which of the following subjects lies in the concurrent list?
25. The Constitution of India vests the executive powers of the (a) Agriculture (b) Education
(c) Police (d) Defence
Indian Union in which of the following ?
38. How many members are nominated by the president in the
(a) The prime minister
Rajya Sabha
(b) The president
(a) 2 (b) 10
(c) The council of ministers (c) 12 (d) 15
(d) The parliament 39. A bill presented in Parliament becomes an Act after
26. Which of the following is not guaranteed by the (a) It is passed by both the Houses
constitution? (b) The president has given his Assent
(a) Freedom of assembly (b) Freedom of residence (c) The Prime minister has signed it
(c) Freedom of strike (d) Freedom of association (d) The Supreme Court has declared it to be within the
27. Indian Constitution is competence of the Union Parliament
(a) Rigid 40. According to our constitution, the Rajya Sabha
(b) Flexible (a) is dissolved once in two years.
(c) Neither rigid nor flexible (b) is dissolved every five years.
(d) Partly rigid and partly flexible (c) is dissolved every six years.
28. Which one of the following articles of the Indian (d) is not subject of dissolution.
Constitution provides for All India services ? 41. If the position of President and Vice-President are vacant,
(a) Article 310 (b) Article 311 who officiates as the president of India?
(a) The Prime Minister
(c) Article 32 (d) Article 314
(b) The Chief Justice of India
29. The guardian of fundamental rights is
(c) The Speaker of Lok Sabha
(a) Judiciary (b) Executive
(d) None of these
(c) Parliament (d) None of these
42. Money bill is introduced in
30. All the executive powers in Indian Constitution are vested
(a) Lok Sabha
with (b) Rajya Sabha
(a) Prime Minister (b) Council of Ministers (c) Joint sitting of both the Houses
(c) President (d) Parliament (d) None of the above
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 13
43. The council of ministers is collectively responsible to which 57. Who was the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the
of the following? Constituent Assembly?
(a) Prime Minister (b) President (a) J.L. Nehru
(c) Rajya Sabha (d) Lok Sabha (b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
44. What is the maximum time interval permissible between two (c) B.R. Ambedkar
successive sessions of the parliament? (d) K.M.Munshi
(a) 4 months (b) 5 months 58. The mention of the word ‘justice’ in the preamble to the
(c) 6 months (d) 3 months constitution of India expresses
45. The President of India enjoys emergency powers of (a) social, political and religious justice
(a) Two types (b) Three types (b) social, economic and cultural justice
(c) Four types (d) Five types (c) social, economic and political justice
46. Who is the chairman of the Rajya Sabha ? (d) economic and political justice
(a) The president (b) The vice-president 59. In which year fundamental duties were included in the Indian
constitution?
(c) The primeminister (d) The speaker
(a) 1974 (b) 1975
47. The speaker’s vote in the Lok Sabha is called
(c) 1976 (d) 1977
(a) Casting vote (b) Sound vote
60. What is the main difference between Fundamental Rights
(c) Direct vote (d) Indirect vote and the Directive Principles of state policy?
48. Which one of the following motions can the council of (a) Constitutional Protection
ministers of India move? (b) Political Protection
(a) No confidence Motion (b) Censure Motion (c) Judicial Protection
(c) Adjournment Motion (d) Confidence Motion (d) Moral Protection
49. ‘Zero Hour’ in political Jargon refers to 61. India has borrowed the concept of fundamental Rights from
(a) Suspended motion (b) Question hour the Constitution of
(c) Adjourned time (d) Question-answer session (a) UK (b) USA
50. Which article of the Indian constitution provides for the (c) Russia (d) Ireland
institution of Panchayti Raj? 62. The permanent president of constituent assembly was
(a) Article 36 (b) Article 39 (a) Dr. Ambedkar (b) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(c) Article 40 (d) Article 48 (c) K.M. Munshi (d) J.L. Nehru
51. The 73rd Amendment of the Indian constitution deals with 63. Which of the following is not provided for by the
(a) Panchayati Raj constitution of India?
(b) Compulsory Primary Education (a) Election Commission
(c) Nagar Palikas (b) Finance Commissions
(d) Minimum age of marriage (c) Public Service Commission
52. Three-tier system of Panchayati Raj consists of (d) Planning Commission
(a) Gram Panchayat, Panchayat samiti, Block Samiti 64. Which Article of Indian Constitution is related with the
(b) Gram Panchayat, Block samiti, Zila Parishad protection of the interests of the minorities?
(c) Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad (a) Article 17 (b) Article 29
(c) Article 30 (d) Article 31
(d) Gram Panchayat, Zila Parishad, Block Samiti
65. Which schedule of Indian Constitution is related to
53. Which of the following Indian states has no Panchayati Raj
panchayti Raj ?
institution?
(a) II Schedule (b) VIII Schedule
(a) Assam (b) Tripura (c) X Schedule (d) XI Schedule
(c) Kerala (d) Nagaland 66. The provision for constitution of Legislatures in states is
54. The Panchayati Raj is included in the enshrined in which article of the Indian Constitution ?
(a) Union list (b) State list (a) Article 168 (b) Article 174
(c) Concurrent list (d) Residuary list (c) Article 197 (d) Article 153
55. Which one of the following directive principles is nearer to 67. Which Article of the constitution allows the centre to form
Gandhi’s Philosophy? new states ?
(a) Equal pay for equal work (a) Article 3 (b) Article 4
(b) Separation of executive from judiciary (c) Article 5 (d) Article 6
(c) Strengthening of Gram Panchayats 68. The source of the basic structure theory of the constitution
(d) Equal justice and free legal aid of India is
56. Elections in the Panchayati Raj Institutions in India are (a) the constitution (b) opinion of jurists
conducted by (c) indicial interpretation (d) parliamentary statutes
(a) State Election commissioner 69. 73rd Amendment of the Indian constitution was passed on
(b) Election commission of India the recommendation of which committee?
(c) State Government (a) Balwant Rai (b) Ashok Mehta
(d) Central Government (c) Kirit Parikh (d) Deepak Mehta
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14
70. Who among the following was a non-congress member of 82. The term ‘state’ has been defined in which of the following
the Constituent Assembly? articles of Indian constitution ?
(a) J.B. Kripalani (b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (a) Article 1 (b) Article 8
(c) K.M. Munshi (d) T.T. Krishnamachari (c) Article 10 (d) Article 12
71. Which one of the following committees recommended the 83. The philosophical foundation of the Indian constitution is
inclusion of fundamental duties in the Indian Constitution? (a) Directive principle of state policy
(a) Barua Committee (b) Fundamental rights
(b) Ramaswamy Committee (c) Federal Structure
(c) Sikri Committee (d) Preamble
(d) Swarn Singh Committee 84. When was the first amendment in the Indian Constitution
72. Which article of Indian constitution deals with Amendment made?
Procedure ? (a) July 1950 (b) December 1950
(a) Article 268 (b) Article 352 (c) June 1951 (d) July 1951
(c) Article 356 (d) Article 368 85. Article 30 of the Indian constitution deals with the
73. Which one of the following is a subject of the concurrent (a) Freedom of consciences
list? (b) Right to propagate religion
(a) Police (c) Right of minorities to establish and manage
(b) Criminal matters educational institution
(c) Radio and Television (d) Cultural and educational rights of the majority
(d) Foreign Affairs community
74. The 91st amendment of the Indian constitution deals with 86. Which article of Indian constitution declares Devnagri
the Hindi as an official language of India?
(a) Disqualification on grounds of defection (a) Article 343 (b) Article 348
(b) Organisation of finance Commission (c) Article 154 (d) Article 156
(c) Formation of Human Rights Commission 87. What was the duration in the making of Indian constitution ?
(d) None of these (a) 1 Year 10 Months and 12 Days
75. Which of the following is not a feature of the Indian (b) 2 Years 10 Months and 5 Days
constitution ? (c) 2 Years 11 Months and 18 Days
(a) Written constitution (d) 3 Years 6 Months and 7 Days
(b) Federalism 88. Money bill has been defined in
(c) Sovereignty of Parliament (a) Article 110 (b) Article 111
(d) Judicial Review (c) Article 112 (d) Artcle 113
76. In which part of the Indian constitution, legislative relation 89. Which article of the constitution laid down that state shall
between centre and state is given? take steps to organize village panchayats?
(a) X (b) XI (a) Article 36 (b) Article 73
(c) XII (d) XIII
(c) Article 24 (d) Article 40
77. According to the Indian constitution, which one is not
90. Which of the following is not a constitutional authority?
included in the fundamental right to equality?
(a) State Election Commission
(a) Equality before law
(b) State Finance Commission
(b) Social equality
(c) Zila Panchayat
(c) Equality of opportunity
(d) State Electoral Officer
(d) Economic equality
91. Which article of the Indian constitution empowers the
78. Indian constitution is :
(a) federal (b) unitary president to consult the Supreme Court?
(c) quasi-federal (d) presidential (a) Article 129 (b) Article 132
79. In the constitution of India the term ‘federal’ : (c) Article 143 (d) Article 32
(a) Figures in the preamble 92. The constitution of India was adopted on 26 November
(b) Figures in the part-III 1949 by the
(c) Figures in the Article 368 (a) Constituent Assembly (b) Parliament of India
(d) Does not figure anywhere (c) British Parliament (d) None of these
80. Article 249 of the Indian constitution is associated with the 93. When did the Indian constitution Assembly meet for the
functions of first time?
(a) The concurrent list (b) The state list (a) 26 Jan, 1950 (b) 15Aug, 1947
(c) The president (d) The union list (c) 9 Dec, 1946 (d) 19 Nov, 1949
81. Which of the following articles of Indian constitution 94. Which of the following articles of the constitution vests
enunciates fundamental duties? the executive power of the Union in the president?
(a) Article 35 (b) Article 51(A) (a) Article 51 (b) Article 52
(c) Article 32 (d) Article 14 (c) Article 53 (d) Article 54
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 15
95. How many types of emergencies have been envisaged 106. To acquire citizenship by registration, a person must have
under the Indian Constitution? been resident in India for
(a) Two (b) Three (a) six months (b) one year
(c) Four d) One (c) three years (d) five years
96. The proposal for framing of the constitution of India by an 107. Right to Constitutional Remedies are available to:
elected Constituent Assembly was made by (a) only citizens of India
(a) Simon Commissions (b) all persons in case of infringement of a fundamental
(b) Government of India Act, 1935 right
(c) Cripps Mission (c) any person for enforcing a fundamental rights
(d) British Cabinet Delegation conferred on all
97. The President can be impeached on the grounds of violating (d) an aggrieved individual alone
the constitution. 108. Which writ is called the bulwark of personal freedom?
(a) The chief justice of India (a) Mandamus (b) Habeas corpus
(b) The vice-president of India (c) Quo warranto (d) Prohibition
(c) The speaker of the Lok Sabha 109. Proclamation of national emergency automatically suspends
(d) The two Houses of Parliament (a) all fundamental rights
98. Which one of the following liberties is not embodied in the (b) right to freedom
preamble to the constitution of India? (c) right to constitutional remedies
(a) Liberty of thought (b) Liberty of Expression (d) no fundamental right
(c) Liberty of Belief (d) Economic Liberty 110. Enforcement of Directive Principles depends on :
99. Which one of the following words was not included in the (a) Courts
preamble of the Indian constitution in 1975 ? (b) Effective opposition in the Parliament
(a) Fraternity (b) Sovereign (c) Resources available to the Government
(c) Equality (d) Integrity (d) Public cooperation
100. How many articles are there in the Indian constitution? 111. Which statement does not indicate the difference between
(a) 395 (b) 396 Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles?
(c) 398 (d) 399 I. Directive Principles aim at promoting social welfare,
101. By which name/names is our country mentioned in the while Fundamental Rights protect individuals from
constitution? State encroachment
II. Fundamental Rights put limitations on State action but
(a) India and Bharat
Directive Principles are positive instructions to the
(b) India and Hindustan
Government to move towards a just socio-economic
(c) Bharat Only
order
(d) India, Bharat and Hindustan
III. Fundamental Rights were the unexpi term a year six
102. Which provision relating to the fundamental rights is directly
months at most the period till the date for presidential
related to the exploitation of children?
election is notified included in the original constitution,
(a) Article 17 (b) Article 19
but Directive Principles were added by the first
(c) Article 23 (d) Article 24
Amendment
103. Acquisition and termination of citizenship are in:
IV. Fundamental Rights can be amended but Directive
(a) Part II of the Constitution
Principles cannot be amended
(b) Citizenship Act, 1955
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) Schedule I of the Constitution
(c) III and IV (d) I, II and III
(d) Various acts of the Parliament
112. Fundamental Duties were included in the Constitution to:
104. Citizenship Act, 1955 was amended to confer citizenship by
(a) Give more importance to the Fundamental Rights
birth on those who were born on or after January 26, 1950
(b) Stop subversive and un-constitutional activities
but before June 30, 1987. The cut-off date was included as:
(c) Prevent abuse of Fundamental Rights
(a) there were refugees from Sri Lanka and Bangladesh
(d) Give more power to the executive
(b) African nations were expelling Indian settlers
113. Fundamental Duties of a citizen EXCLUDE:
(c) fake applications were being received
(a) promoting communal harmony
(d) Indians were migrating from Burma
(b) developing a scientific temper
105. A person is a citizen of India even if born outside India if
(c) safeguarding public property
his/her:
(a) Father is a citizen of India (d) protecting children from hazardous work
(b) Mother is a citizen of India 114. President holds office for a term of five years from the date:
(c) Father is a citizen of India at the time of the person’s (a) of his election
birth (b) of his entering the office
(d) Father or mother is a citizen of India at the time of the (c) specified in the Constitution
person’s birth (d) notified by the Election Commission
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16
115. Vice-president’s letter of resignation is addressed to: 126. Amendments cannot be put up in either House to:
(a) Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha (a) Annual Financial Statement
(b) Chief Justice of India (b) Appropriation Bill
(c) President of India (c) Demand for grants
(d) Speaker of the Lok Sabha (d) Any of the above
116. The President sends his resig-nation letter to: 127. Privileges of the members of Parliament include:
(a) Chief Justice of India (b) Speaker (a) Freedom from arrest in all cases
(c) Vice-president (d) Prime Minister (b) Freedom of attendance as witness if Parliament is in
117. An ordinance can be issued by the President: session
(a) on any subject (c) Total freedom of speech
(b) subject to constitutional limitations about legislation (d) All of the above
by the Parliament 128. Which factor can restrict the power of Parliament in India?
(c) it is his discretion and also on the advice of the Council I. A written Constitution prescribing the scope of
of Ministers operation
(d) at any time II. Supreme Court can strike down unconstitutional laws
118. President of India has the power of passed by Parliament
I. absolute veto III. Parliament is limited by the Fundamental Rights
II. suspensive veto provided by the Constitution
III. pocket veto (a) I, II and III
(a) II only (b) II and III (b) I and III
(c) I and II (d) I, II and III (c) II only
119. Military powers of the President EXCLUDES: (d) None, as Parliament is sovereign
(a) Supreme command of the armed forces 129. Chief executive head of a State is:
(b) President’s power to declare war or peace is subject to (a) Governor (b) President
control by the Parliament (c) Chief Minister (d) Prime Minister
(c) President needs the sanction of Parliament to approve 130. A Governor must be:
training and maintaining of armed forces I. a citizen of India II. of 30 years
(d) President is independent of all legislative control III. Not be a Member of Parliament or State Legislature
120. President does NOT APPOINT the? (a) I and II (b) I, II and III
(a) Finance Commission (c) I only (d) I and III
(b) Planning Commission 131. An ordinance issued by a Governor remains in force for a
(c) Commission on Official Languages maximum period of:
(d) UPSC (a) one year (b) three months
121. Ministers are individually responsible to the: (c) six months (d) forever
(a) President 132. Oath of office is administered to the Governor by:
(b) Lok Sabha (a) Chief Justice of India
(c) Prime Minister (b) President
(d) House of which they are members (c) Chief Justice of High Court
122. Prime Minister is: (d) Speaker of Legislative Assembly
(a) Elected by Lok Sabha 133. Chief Minister of a State:
(b) Elected by the Parliament I. is elected by the Legislative Assembly
(c) Appointed by the President II. appoints members of the Council of Ministers
(d) Nominated by the party with a majority in the Lok III. determines the size of the Council of Ministers
Sabha IV. determines salaries of Council of ministers
123. One-third of the members of Rajya Sabha retire every (a) II, III and IV (b) I, III and IV
(a) year (b) two years (c) III only (d) I, II and III
(c) three years (d) six years 134. Legislative Council of a State:
124. A joint sitting of the Parliament is called: I. is not subject to dissolution
I. during national emergency II. can be abolished by the State Legislative Assembly
II. to pass a Constitutional Amendment III. can be abolished by the President on Governor’s
III. when financial matters/bill is rejected by the other house recommendation
(a) I and III (b) II and III (a) I only (b) II only
(c) I and II (d) III only
(c) I, II and III (d) None of these
135. Three-tier Panchayats are:
125. Money Bill:
(a) uniformly applicable to all States
(a) cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha
(b) applicable only to States with population above 50 lakh
(b) has to be certified by the President
(c) need not be strictly followed in States with population
(c) can be amended by the Council of States
below 20 lakh
(d) both (a) and (b)
(d) has been replaced with a four tier system
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 17
136. 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts: 148. The most important feature of Cabinet system of
(a) Came into force on being passed by the Parlia-ment Government is
(b) Both came into force in June, 1993 (a) Individual responsibility
(c) Had to be ratified by more than half the states (b) Collective responsibility
(d) Have not been ratified by the required number of states (c) Responsibility to none
137. Supreme Court was set up: (d) Non-responsibility
(a) by an act of Parliament 149. Direct legislation in Switzerland has
(b) by the Constitution (a) a natural growth (b) a haphazard growth
(c) under the Government of India Act, 1935 (c) an artificial growth (d) None of these
(d) by a Presidential order 150. Who gave the idea of "Cabinet Dietatorship"?
138. Power of judicial review ensures: (a) Muir (b) Lowell
(a) Supremacy of the Supreme Court (c) Marriot (d) Laski
(b) That Supreme Court can review its own judgments 151. In which of the following countries are the judges of the
(c) Constitutionality of laws federal court elected by the two Houses of the Federal
(d) Justice by subordinate courts Legislature?
139. For which language included in the Indian Constitution, (a) Switzerland (b) Germany
the Jnanpith Award has not been given upto 2011? (c) Canada (d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) Sanskrit (b) Sindhi 152. The President of the USA appoints Supreme Court Judges
(c) Kashmiri (d) Konkani (a) with Senate's consent
140. ‘State is a necessary evil’ is associated with
(b) at his discretion
(a) Individualism (b) Idealism
(c) with consent of the House of Representatives
(c) Marxism (d) Constructivism
(d) None of these
141. Which of the following is not associated with Marxism ?
153. Most important safeguard of liberty is
(a) Dialectical Materialism (b) Class Struggle
(a) bold and impartial judiciary
(c) Welfare State (d) Surplus Value
(b) well-knit party system
142. Article 324 of the Indian Constitution deals with the
(c) decentralisation of power
(a) imposition of President’s Rule in States.
(d) declaration of rights
(b) appointment of Finance Commission.
(c) power s and functions of the Chief Election 154. What is the ancient school of law ?
Commissioner. (a) The Philosophical School
(d) functions of the Union Public Service Commission. (b) The Historical School
143. If there is a deadlock between Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha (c) The Analytical School
over an ordinary bill, it will be resolved by (d) The Sociological School
(a) The President 155. Liberty stands for
(b) The Council of Ministers (a) absence of restraint
(c) The Joint Session of Parliament (b) consists in the presence of restraint
(d) The Supreme Court (c) feeling enjoyed in a cogenial atmosphere
144. The Constitutional Amendment Act that has introduced (d) the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which
safeguards against the misuse of proclamation of national men have the opportunity to be their best selves -
emergency is the Laski
(a) 42nd Amendment Act (b) 43rd Amendment Act 156. When the Vice-President is acting as President he
(c) 44th Amendment Act (d) 45th Amendment Act I. will have all powers and functions of both President
145. The Fundamental Rights can be suspended by the and Vice-President
(a) Governor (b) President II. gets all the allowances and privileges of the President
(c) Law Minister (d) Prime Minister III. should continue to work as the Chairman of the Rajya
146. The main reason for the growth of communalism in India is Sabha
(a) Educational and economic backwardness of minority (a) I, II and III (b) I and III
groups (c) I and II (d) II only
(b) Political consciousness 157. In Presidential Government, the President is
(c) Social inequalities (a) independent of the Legislature
(d) Imposing ban on communal organisations (b) dependent on the Legislature
147. A Retired Judge of a High Court is not permitted to practice (c) dependent on the Judiciary
as a lawyer in (d) bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers
(a) Supreme Court 158. The method of amending the Constitution by popular veto
(b) Any Court in India is found in
(c) High Courts (a) Britain (b) Switzerland
(d) Except the High Court where he retired (c) Russia (d) India
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18
159. Which of the following is the inalienable attribute of the 160. Which one of the following kinds of equality is not
parliamentary system of government ? compatible with the liberal notion of equality ?
(a) Flexibility of the Constitution (a) Legal Equality
(b) Fusion of Executive and Legislature (b) Political Equality
(c) Judicial Supremacy (c) Social Equality
(d) Parliamentary Sovereignty (d) Economic Equality

ANSWER K EY
1 (b) 21 (b) 41 (b) 61 (b ) 81 (b ) 1 01 (a) 1 21 (a) 1 41 (c)
2 (d) 22 (d) 42 (a) 62 (b ) 82 (b ) 1 02 (d ) 1 22 (d ) 1 42 (c)
3 (c) 23 (c) 43 (d) 63 (d ) 83 (d ) 1 03 (b ) 1 23 (b ) 1 43 (c)
4 (d) 24 (a) 44 (c) 64 (b ) 84 (b ) 1 04 (a) 1 24 (d ) 1 44 (c)
5 (b) 25 (b) 45 (b) 65 (d ) 85 (c) 1 05 (d ) 1 25 (a) 1 45 (b )
6 (c) 26 (c) 46 (b) 66 (a) 86 (a) 1 06 (d ) 1 26 (b ) 1 46 (a)
7 (c) 27 (c) 47 (a) 67 (d ) 87 (c) 1 07 (c) 1 27 (b ) 1 47 (d )
8 (c) 28 (c) 48 (d) 68 (c) 88 (a) 1 08 (b ) 1 28 (a) 1 48 (b )
9 (c) 29 (a) 49 (d) 69 (a) 89 (b ) 1 09 (b ) 1 29 (a) 1 49 (a)
10 (c) 30 (a) 50 (c) 70 (b ) 90 (c) 1 10 (c) 1 30 (d ) 1 50 (a)
11 (b) 31 (d) 51 (a) 71 (d ) 91 (c) 1 11 (a) 1 31 (c) 1 51 (a)
12 (b) 32 (d) 52 (d) 72 (d ) 92 (b ) 1 12 (b ) 1 32 (c) 1 52 (a)
13 (d) 33 (b) 53 (d) 73 (b ) 93 (c) 1 13 (d ) 1 33 (d ) 1 53 (a)
14 (d) 34 (b) 54 (b) 74 (a) 94 (d ) 1 14 (b ) 1 34 (a) 1 54 (a)
15 (a) 35 (d) 55 (c) 75 (c) 95 (b ) 1 15 (c) 1 35 (c) 1 55 (a)
16 (d) 36 (b) 56 (a) 76 (b ) 96 (c) 1 16 (c) 1 36 (c) 1 56 (d )
17 (a) 37 (b) 57 (c) 77 (c) 97 (d ) 1 17 (b ) 1 37 (b ) 1 57 (a)
18 (b) 38 (c) 58 (c) 78 (a) 98 (d ) 1 18 (d ) 1 38 (c) 1 58 (b )
19 (d) 39 (b) 59 (c) 79 (d ) 99 (d ) 1 19 (d ) 1 39 (b ) 1 59 (b )
20 (d) 40 (d) 60 (c) 80 (b ) 1 00 (a) 1 20 (b ) 1 40 (a) 1 60 (d )

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