Orientation and mobility

Orientation

- Blind person’s awareness of his physical position in relation to the physical position of all the
significant and permanent objects in the environment.

Mobility

- A blind person’s ability to move from one place to another safely and independently.

Keywords in O and M

1. Shoreline – the guidelines of roads and pathways, edge or border of any road
2. Clue – any environmental sound, odor, object or tactile information which can help the blind
person determine his/her position or direction to move or to reach his objectives
3. Landmarks – any object or other environmental information which has a known fiscal location
the environment which can be used by a blind person to identify his exact position in the
environment
Intellectual Disability

Called mental retardation – below average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills
necessary for day-to-day living.

2 Areas of Limitation

1. Intellectual Functioning
- Known as Intelligence Quotient – the ability to learn, reason, make decisions and solve problems
2. Adaptive Behaviours
- Skills necessary for day-to-day life such as being able to communicate effectively, interact with
others and take care of oneself.

Signs of Intellectual Disabled Children

- Rolling over, sitting up, crawling or walking late

- Taking late or having trouble with talking
- Slow to master things like dressing him/herself
- Inability to connect actions with consequences
- Behaviour problems such as explosives tantrums
- Difficulty with problem-solving or logical thinking

Causes of intellectual Disability;

1. Genetic Conditions
- Down syndrome – chromosomal Disorder: too many or too few chromosomes cause this
condition.
- Fragile X Syndrome – gene disorder located on the X chromosome. One if the leading causes of
intellectual disability
2. Problems during pregnancy
- Can interfere with fatal brain development including alcohol or drug use, malnutrition, certain
infections or preeclampsia
3. Problems During Childbirth
- May result if the baby deprived of oxygen during childbirth or born extremely premature
4. Illness or Injury
- Infections like meningitis, whooping cough or the measles can also lead to this disability.
- Severe head injury, near drowning extreme malnutrition, infections in the abuse, exposure to
toxic substances
5. None of the Above
- 2/3 of all children who have this, the cause is unknown
Hearing Impairment

- Type of communication disorder.

- An impairment in hearing whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affect a child’s
educational performance but it is not included under the definition of deafness (IDEA)
- Hearing loss above 90 decibels is generally considered deafness while a hearing loss below 90
decibels is classified as a hearing impairment.

Classification

1. Conductive Hearing Loss

- Sound is not conducted and transmitted normally from the outer ear to the middle ear.
- Sound is heard when it is loud enough
2. Sensorineura Hearing Loss
- Due to the damage in the cochlea or in the inner ear or in the auditory nerve which carried the
sound to the brain
- Causes: Viral Diseases
: too much exposure to noise
: aging
:Ototoxic Medication
:Rh incompatibility and hereditary factors