uf/f]sf] dd{t ;Def/

Repair and Maintenance of wall

e"sDksf] Iflt kZrft w]/} 3/x? lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . k|fo: 3/x? :jod\ 3/wgL cyjf :yfgLo HofdLsf]
lgdf{0f 1fg / hfgsf/Ldf ;LdLt eO{ ag]sf 5g\ / tL dWo] w]/} 3/x? ;/sf/L dfkb08 cg';f/ e"sDk k|lt/f]
wfTds klg ag]sf 5g\ . e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds 3/ eGgfn] e"sDksf] em6\sf yfDg ;Sg] 3/ h;n] Hofgsf]
;'/Iff ;'lglZrt u5{ . t/ cfO{/xg] e"sDksf k/sDkg jf cGo em6\sfaf6 uf/f]x? rls{g] :jefljs xf] .
o;sf] ;fy;fy} csf]{ Wofg k'of{pg' kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ cfjZos ;dodf 3/sf] dd{t ;Def/ ug'{ klg xf] .
Many houses are being built after the earthquake. Generally, these houses are being constructed by house owner themselves or by local mason with the
o;n]knowledge
limited 3/sf]andcfo' skills.a9fpg' sf] ;fy}
Some of these houses3/nfO{
are built as;an agfp5 set. 3/df
per the government
houses means, it can resist the shock of earthquake and the safety of life is assured.
standardscfO{ kg]also{ earthquake resistance. Earthquake resistance
and are

s]xL ;d:ofx? / To;sf are done;fy;fy} ltgLx?sf ;dfwfg the building. tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ :
ug]{ oftl/sfx?
It is also obvious that cracks are developed due to the regular occurrence of many earth quake shocks and aftershocks. With this, it is very important that
maintenance of such damages on time to maintain its strength for the durability
Followings are the some of the problems (cracks) explained with various kinds of solutions options in steps.

!= uf/f]sf] leQf rls{g] ;d:of 1. Problems of cracks in the wall.

uf/f]sf] leQf ljleGg tl/sfn] rls{g ;S5 . oxfF leQfsf $ lsl;dsf ;d:of / To;sf dd{t k|ljlwsf]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
There are many reasons behind the cracks development in the wall of the building. Here are 4 different types of cracks are
mentioned with their repair techniques.
s= l;d]G6 Knf:6/ dfq rls{Pdf A. Repair of crack in cement plaster only

rls{Psf] Knf:6/nfO{ dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ != rls{Psf] efunfO{ kfgLn] ;kmf ug]{ @= rls{Psf] efusf] j/Lk/L k'm6fpg]
Repair the cracks in the plaster 1. Clear the crack portion with the water 2. Remove the plaster in the vicinity
of crack

#= rls{Psf] efudf ;'Vvf l;d]G6 $= ca ! efu l;d]G6 / ! efu afn'jfsf] %= !% lbg ;Dd sfd u/]sf]
nufpg] d;fnf agfP/ nufpg] / d;fnfn] ;txdf kfgL xfln leemfO{
3. Spray dry cement powder in the /fd|f];+u ;tx ldnfpg] /fVg'k5{
vicinity of the cracks. 4. Seal the crack with cement sand 5. Cure the treatment area with water
mortar mix till 15 days.
(1:1) and level the surface
 uf/f]sf] dd{t ;Def/
Repair and Maintenance of wall

v= )=% ld=ld b]lv % ld=ld ;Dd rls{Pdf leQfdf u|fpl6u+ (grouting) k|of]u ul/ rs{]sf] efunfO{ ;fdfGo
dd{t ug'{k5{ B. Repair of minor crack with Grouting (Crack width 0.5 mm – 5 mm)
rflxg] ;fdfu|L / pks/0f: Materials & Equipment required:
I.Plastic/ Aluminum nipples of
i) )=% OGrsf] Aof; / ! b]lv !=% OGr nDafO{sf] Knfl:6s cyjf cn'ldlgod kfOk . ½ inch dia. (1 inch to 1.5 inches long)
ii) u|fpl6u+ (grouting) ;fdfu|L: u|fp6 (grout) agfpg ! efu l;d]G6, ! efu afnf}6] df6f] / # efu dl;gf]
afn'jfsf] ld;|g u/]/ k'Ug] kfgL xfn]/ 3f]nf agfpg] . df6f] / afn'jf )=% ld=ld=sf] hfnL af6 5flgPsf]
x'g'k5{ . II.For grouting and to prepare the grout, prepare a slurry mix with 1-part cement, 1-part silty sand and 1-part fine
sand with adequate amount of water. Silty sand and the fine sand should be of size less than 0.5 mm.

iii) ! efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jfn] rs{]sf] efunfO{ eg{sf] nflu . III.1-part cement and 3-part sand mix mortar
is required for covering the cracks

iv) % lkm6 dfly u|fp6 (grout) 3f]nf eg{sf] nflu afN6Lg / wf/fsf] kfOk . IV.A bucket and a hose pipe is required to
pour the mix slurry from about 5 feet height above
the crack level

Knf:6/ x6fpg] / rs{]sf]

leQf] ;kmf ug{] Remove the plaster and
clear the vicinity of the cracks
Knf:6/ Plaster:

!efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jfn]

rs{]sf] efunfO{ eg]{ Cover the crack
areas with cement sand mix of 1:3
u|fp6 (grout) Kjfn u|fpl6u+
(grouting) sf] nfuL Grouting hole for grouting

r/0fx? : STEPS:
!= Knf:6/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] rs{]sf] leQfaf6 Knf:6/ lgsfNg] . 1.Remove the plaster in the vicinity of crack exposing the cracked bare masonry
@= rs{]sf] efunfO{ V cfsf/df l5gf] xfGg] . 2.Make the shape of crack in the V-shape by chiseling out.
#= u|fpl6u+ (grouting) kfOknfO{ V- cfsf/sf] vfN6f]df leQfsf] ;txdf x/]s ^ b]lv * OGrdf /fVg]
3.Fix the grouting nipples in the V-groove on the faces of the wall at spacing of 6 inches – 8 inches’ c/c.
$= rs{]sf] efudf /x]sf] dl;gf] / v's'nf] kbfy{ x6fpg xfjfn] ;kmf ug{] . l;d]G6 uf/f]df ePdf kfgLn]
rs{ ]sf] efu
to ensure that the;kmf
fine andug{ ] .material
loose df6f]s f] uf/f]
inside df eg]
the cracked kfgLsf]
masonry k|oremoved.
has been f]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . 4.Clean the crack with the Compressed air through nipples
If the wall is with cement mortar joint, then clean the crack vicinity with water. But do not apply water for mud mortar joint.
%=5.Seal
! efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jfn] leQfsf] b'j} kl§ rs{]sf] efunfO{ eg{], Psl5g alnof] agfpg 5f]l8lbg].
the crack on the faces of the wall with cement sand mortar of ratio 1:3 cement and allow to gain strength. Ensure that the grouting
nipples fixed in the V-groove do not get disturbed or displaced
^=6.start
kfOksf] dflyNnf] efuaf6 glg:s] ;Dd kfOksf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] efuaf6 u|fp6 (grout) eg{] .
injecting the prepared grout (Slurry of cement-sand mix with water) from lower most grout nipple till the slurry comes out from the next higher
nipple and then move to next higher nipple
&= ;a} Kjfnaf6 u|fp6 (grout) lg:s] kl5 kfOk lgsfNg] / l;d]G6 d;nfn] 5f]lklbg], km]/L Knf:6/ nufP/
leQfsf] ;tx ldnfpg] . 7.After injection grouting through all the nipples is completed, re plaster the surface and finish the same.
 uf/f]sf] dd{t ;Def/
Repair and Maintenance of wall

u= % ld=ld b]lv !@ ld=ld ;Dd rls{Pdf leQfdf hfnLsf] k|of]u ul/ dd{t ug'{k5{{
C. Repair of major crack (Crack width 5 mm – 12 mm).
rs{]sf] wide crack
lh=cfO{= tf/sf] hfnL
GI Wire Mesh
cross link at every 6 inches c/c
lh=cfO{ tf/n] c+s'z nufpg]
x/]s ^ OGrdf cross link at every 6 inches’ c/c
lh=cfO{ tf/n] Plaster 1:3
Knf:6/ Cement
Plaster 1:3 cement & sand
& Sand
c+s'z nufpg]
lsNnf Nail ;kmf u/]kl5
rs] {sf] efu eg{]
Crack sealed after cleaning

Knf:6/
Cement Plaster 1:3 or stabilized mud
mortar

Knf:6/ (Plaster) rs{]sf] lh=cfO{= tf/sf]

hfnL
GI Wire Mesh
leTtf (Wall Elevation) ;]S;g (Section)

rflxg] ;fdfu|L / pks/0f : Materials and Equipment Required

!= ! efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jfn] leQfsf] rs{]sf] efunfO{ eg{] / Knf:6/ ug{] .1.1:3 cement-sand mortar for sealing of cracks.
@= lh=cfO{= tf/sf] hfnL (!^ b]lv !$ u]hsf] tf/ h'g !=% ld=ld b]lv @=)# ld=ld= Aof;) ! OGr x
! OGr hfnL . 2.Galvanized steel wire fabric (16 to 14 gauge i.e. 1.5 to 2.03 mm dia. wire) with 25 mm x 25mm.
#= !@ u]hsf] tf/ h'g #=!% ld=ld Aof;sf] lh=cfO{= tf/ / $ OGr nfdf] lsNnf
3.Galvanized steel clamping rod of 12 gauge i.e. 3.15 mm dia. or with 100 mm (4 inches) long wire nails.

r/0fx? : Steps:
!= rs]{sf] efu b]lv b'j} kl§ ^æ- ^æ sf] b'/L ;Dd Knf:6/ lgsfNg] . 1.Remove the plaster up to 6 inches to the both sides of the crack
exposing the cracked bare masonry
@= rs{]sf] efunfO{ V cfsf/df l5gf] xfGg] . 2.Make the shape of crack in the V-shape by chiseling out
#= x/]s ^æ - ^æ sf] b'/Ldf leQfdf Kjfn agfpg] . 3.Make holes in the wall near the vicinity of the crack at the distance of 6 inches’ c/c
$= xfjfn] rs{]sf] efunfO{ ;kmf ug{] . 4.Clean the crack with the Compressed air through nipples to ensure that the
fine and loose material inside the cracked masonry has been removed
%= ! efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jfdf rfOPsf] kfgL k|of]u ul/ rs{]sf] efunfO{ ;Ss];Dd leq k'Ug]
ul/ b'j} kl§af6 eg{] . 5.Seal the crack on the faces of the wall with cement sand mortar of ratio 1:3 as deed as feasible
^= Go'gtd ^ OGr rf}8fO{df rs{]sf] efusf] b'j} kl§, leQfsf] b'j} efudf / k'/} nDafO{df tf/sf] hfnL
k|of]u ug{]. k'/} nDafO{df nufpg g;lsPdf, hfnLsf] 6'qmf (Go'gtd ^ OGr rf}8fO{_ ! lkm6 b'/Ldf
6.Provide wire mesh on both the faces of wall after removal of plaster in the region of repair to a width of 150mm on each side of the crack. If not
xfNg] . possible to apply to the entire length of the crack, use wire mess piece of minimum 6 inches width and 1 feet long at 1 feet c/c distance along the crack
&= hfnLnfO{ lsNnfn] leQfdf c8\sfpg] . 7.Clamp the mesh to the wall using clamps or wire nails at the spacing of 300mm c/c.
*= hfnLsf] b'j} efunfO{ lh=cfO{= tf/n] leQfsf] Kjfnaf6 hf]8\g] .
(= hfnL efunfO{ ! efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jf ld;fP/ )=% OGr df]6fOsf] Knf:6/ ug{] .
9.Plaster the meshed area with cement sand mortar of 1:3,
covering the mesh by minimum of 12 mm (½ inch)
 uf/f]sf] dd{t ;Def/
Repair and maintenance of wall
D. Repair of crack wider than 5 mm and adjacent bricks/stones beings damaged or loosen requires consultation from expert Engineers
and perform the repair work with the use of stitching dowels
3= % ld=ld= eGbf 7"nf] rls{g'sf] ;fy} rls{Psf] efusf O{6\6f jf 9'+uf klg km'6]sf] v08df k|fljlwssf]
/fd|f] k/fdz{ lnO{ : kmnfdsf] 808L -stiching element)n] k|d'v rs{]sf] efunfO{ aflw dd{t ug'{k5{
rs{]sf] (wide crack rs{]sf] efu d;nfn] e/]sf]
crack filled with the cement sand mortar

removed brick/stone is being replaced

by rich cement mortar mix with stitching dowels
km'6]sf jf v's'nf] O{6\6f jf kmnfdsf] 808L km'6]sf O{6\6f jf 9'+uf
(Stitching dogs)
9'+uf x6fpg] remove any damaged/loose stone or Stitching dowels
x6fpg] 9nfg u/L kmnfdsf]
brick units adjacent to the crack
rs{]sf] 808L /fVg]

(Stitching dogs)

rflxg] ;fdfu|L / pks/0f : Materials and Equipment Required kmnfdsf] 808L

!= ! efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jfn]1.leQfsf] Cement sand mortar of ratio 1:3 to
rs{]sf] efunfO{ eg{] / Knf:6/ ug{] .of the
fill the crack and to cover the surface
crack
@= kmnfdsf] 808L (Stitching dogs) Stitching Dowels

rs{]sf] efunfO{ leTtfsf] b'j} efudf crack is being joint by stitching

dowels applied at both faces of the wall
r/0fx? : STEPS kmnfdsf] 8G8L (Stitching dogs) n] hf]8\g]
!= rs{]sf] efu b]lvg] ul/ ^ OGr rf}8fO{df rs{]sf] efusf] b'j} kl§af6 Knf:6/ lgsfNg] . 1.Remove the plaster up to 6 inches
to the both sides of the crack exposing

@= rs{]sf] efunfO{ V cfsf/df l5gf] xfGg] . 2.Make the shape of crack in the “V-shape” by chiseling out the cracked bare masonry
#= xfjfn] rs{]sf] efunfO{ ;kmf ug{] . 3..Clean the crack and the cavity with the compressed air through nipples to ensure that the fine and loose
material inside the cracked and the cavity has been removed

$= kmnfdsf] 808L (Stitching dogs) ykL ^ OGr b]lv ( OGr ;Ddsf] b'/Ldf lg:s]sf] v's'nf] jf
4. Provide stitching dowels across the crack in at the distance of 6 to 9 inches’ interval
km'6]sf O{6\6f jf 9'+ufdf x6fpO{ 9nfg ug{] . and concrete the cavity with filling the crack with cement mortar as prepared
%= ! efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jfdf rfOPsf] kfgL ld;fO{ rs{]sf] efunfO{ b'j} efuaf6 ;s];Dd leq
k'Ug] ul/ eg{] . 5. Concrete the cavity and fill the crack with the mortar prepared in the ratio of 1:3
^= ! efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jf ld;fO{ rflxPsf] 7fpFdf Go'gtd )=% OGr df]6fOsf] Knf:6/ ug{] .
6.Plaster the treated crack area with cement sand mix ratio of 1:3 at least 0.5 inch thickness
;fef/: REPAIR AND RETROFITTING MANUAL for MASONARY STRUCTURE, Government of Nepal
;fef/: UNIDO