Measurement (Error Analysis)

1. Maximum percentage error in the sum of two voltage measurement when V1  100V  1%
and V2  80V  5% is

(a)  4.6% (b)  2.8%

(c)  6.9% (d)  3.0%

2. The expected value of voltage across a resistor is 85 V, and the measured value is 82 V.
What is the percentage error and relative accuracy of the instrument?

(a) -2.625%, 97.375% (b) -3.529%, 94.67%

(c) 3.529%, 94.67% (d) 2.269%, 98.75%

3. A (0-250) V voltmeter has a guaranteed accuracy of 2 percent of full scale reading. The
voltage measured by this voltmeter is 200V. The limiting error in percentage

(a) 2.5% (b) 3%

(c) 3.5% (d) 4%

4. A voltmeter and an ammeter are to be used to determine the power dissipated in a

resistor. Both instruments are guaranteed to be accurate within ±1% at full scale deflection. If
the voltmeter reads 100 V on its 150 V range and the ammeter reads 55 mA on its 100 mA
range, determine the limiting error for the power calculated.

(a) 2.2% (b) 3.3%

(c) 4.4% (d) 5.5%

5. Two resistances with limiting values are; R1=10Ω±5% and R2=15Ω±3%. xΩ±y % is the
limiting value of equivalent resistance if connected in parallel then x+y is ____________.

6. A set of independent current measurement taken by four observers was recorded as:
117.02 mA, 117.11 mA, 117.08 mA and 117.03 mA. What is the range of error?

(a)  0.025 mA (b)  0.035 mA

(c)  0.045 mA (d)  0.055 mA

7. The total current I = I1 + I2 in a circuit is measured as I1=1501A, I2 = 150  2A, where the
limits of error are given as standard deviations I is measured as

(a) (300  1.24) A (b) (300  1.73) A

(c) (300  2) A (d) (300  2.24) A

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 Measurement (Error Analysis)

8. A set of independent current measurement taken by four observers was recorded as:
115.02 mA, 115.11 mA, 115.08 mA and 115.04 mA. What is the average range of error?

(a) 0.045 mA (b) 0.04 mA

(c) 0.0425 mA (d) 0.5 mA

9. The following values were obtained from the repetitive measurement of a resistor: 147.2,
147.4, 148.1, 147.5, 147.6, 147.4, 147.6 and 147.5. __________ is the sum of
probable error, variance and standard deviation of mean. If standard deviation is 0.298

10. Which of the following is a type of parallax error?

(a) Gross error (b) Systematic error
(c) Random error (d) Gross and systematic error

11. A 20V DC voltage is measured by analog and digital multimeters. The analog instrument
1
is on 25V range, and its specified accuracy is 1% of FSD. The digital meter has a 3 digit
2
display and an accuracy of  (0.5% of reading +1d). Determine the error for analog
multimeter.

(a) 1% (b) 2%

(b) 2.25% (d) 1.25%

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 Measurement (Error Analysis)

Solutions

1. Ans: (b)
100  1
Solution: Error in V1   1V
100
80  5
Error in V2   4V
100
5
Maximum % error in the sum of two voltages   100  2.778%
180

2. Ans: (b)
Solution: VT  85V, Vm  82V
82  85
% Error   100  3.529%
85
82
% Relative accuracy   100  96.47%
85

3. Ans: (a)
Solution: Full scale range of voltmeter (0  250) V.
%GAE  Full scale reading 2  250
%LE    2.5%
True value 200

4. Ans: (b)
Solution: The magnitude of limiting error for the voltmeter V  0.01  150  1.5V
1.5
The limiting error at 100 V =  100  1.5%
100
The magnitude of the limiting error for the ammeter
 A  0.01 100  1 mA
1
The limiting error at 55 mA =  100  1.8%
55
The limiting error for the power, P=VI
Error= sum of the individual limiting error  1.5  1.8  %  3.3%

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 Measurement (Error Analysis)

5. Ans: 10.2
Solution: For parallel connection,
10  15
R eq  R p  10  ||15   6 
25
1 1 1
Since,  
R R 1 R2
1 1 1
Now,  .dR   2 .dR1  2 .dR 2
R 2
R1 R2
R  R R 
   21  22 
R 2
 R1 R 2 
R  R  R  R  R   6 6
   1  .   2  .    0.05   0.03  
R  R1  R1  R 2  R 2   10 15 
R
 0.042  4.2%
R
RP  6  4.2%  x  y%
x  y  6  4.2  10.2

6. Ans: (c)
117.02  117.08  117.11  117.03
Solution: Average current =  117.06 mA
4
As, Imax  117.11 mA and Imin  117.02 mA

 range of error = 
I
max  
 Iavg  Iavg  Imin    0.05  0.04  0.045 mA
2 2

7. Ans: (d)
Solution: Probable error
2 2
 I   I  2
I    I12    I2
 I1   I2 
Here, I  I1  I2
I I
So,  1
I1 I2

1 1  1  2 

2 2 2 2
I   2.24 A
therefore, I=300  2.24 A

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 Measurement (Error Analysis)

8. Ans: (a)
Solution: Average value of current
115.02  115.11  115.08  115.04
Iav   115.0625 mA
4
Maximum and minimum readings are
Imax  115.11 mA, Imin  115.02 mA

Average range of error  

I
max  
 Iavg  Iavg  Imin    0.0475  0.0425 mA  0.045 mA
2 2

9. Ans: 0.37 to 0.40

Solution:   0.298 
Probable error  0.6745   0.201
Variance, V  2  0.089
 0.298
S tandard Deviation of mean =   0.099
n 1 9
Sum  0.201  0.089  0.099  0.389  0.39

10. Ans: (b)

11. Ans: (d)

Solution: Voltage error  1% of 25 =  0.25V
0.25
error =  100%  1.25%
20V

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 Measurement (Error Analysis)

We recommend you to take the Chapter Test first and then check
the Solutions.

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 Measurement (Error Analysis)

Chapter Test Solutions

1. Ans: (d)
Solution: % Error = 10%
10
Error   12  1.2
100
1.2
Accuracy of this instrument   100   0.8%
150

2. Ans: (b)
0.03
Solution: %Error in V    100  0.0556%
54
0.3
% Error in R=   100  0.2%
150
V 2 (54)2
P   19.44W
R 150
V 2 (54)2
P   19.44W
R 150
% Error in P=2(0.0556)  0.2  0.31% or 0.0602
P  19.44  0.0602 W

3. Ans: (c)
20  0.1
Solution: error in A1=  0.02
100
10  0.2
error in A2=  0.02
100
11
error in A3=  0.01
100
5  0.5
error in A4=  0.025
100
A3 meter is having less error.

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 Measurement (Error Analysis)

4. Ans: (c)
Solution: units =  0.2%, Tens =  0.1% , Hundreds =  0.05%, Thousands =  0.02%
0.02
4000  error =  4000   0.8 
100
0.05
300  error =  300   0.15 
100
0.1
20  error =  20   0.02 
100
0.2
5  error =  5   0.01 
100
 
Hence, total error =  0.8  0.15  0.02  0.01  0.98 
0.98
Limiting error =  100  0.0226%
4325

5. Ans: (c)
0.1
Solution: Error in reading of first meter = FSD  accuracy  20   0.02
100
 0.2
Error in reading of second meter  10   0.02
100
 0.5
Error in reading of third meter  0.5   0.025
100
 1.00
Error in reading of fourth meter  1   0.01
100
Third meter has maximum error

6. Ans: (d)
0.02  100
Solution: The limiting error to 80V   100  2.5%
80
0.02  150
The limiting error at 80 mA =  100  3.75%
80
The limiting error for power calculation = 2.5%+3.75%=6.25%

7. Ans: (b)
I1
Solution: Since, 20% harmonic is present, IH 
5
Here, I1 is fundamental component of current
2
I  26 2
Effective value of input wave  I  I  I   1  
2
1
2
H
2
1
I1  1.041I12  1.02I1  I1  0.02I1
5
  25
Hence error = 2%
Note: The effective value of input wave is  I12  I22  I32  I24  .......

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 Measurement (Error Analysis)

8. Ans: (a)
5  380  1000
Solution: P  61.64  10 6   2.34kW
50
p  F L R t   0.2 2 2 2 
             0.0873%
p  F L R t   5 380 1000 50 

p  0.0873  P  0.2042Kw
 P  2.34  0.20kW

9. Ans: (c)
1
Solution: Percentage error in A = x100  50%
2
10
Percentage error in B = x100  1%
1000
Percentage error in B is lesser, hence the meter B has better quality than A

10. Ans: (d)

Q
Solution: C  ; Qi
V
i1 10i1
 C1  and C2 
V1  V1 
 
 10 
C1 i V
 1  => C2  100C1
C2 V 1 100i1

11. Ans: (a)

Solution: P  VI  100  5  500W;

P P
 I  5 and  V  100
V I
Wv  0.5V, and WI   0.05 Amp
2 2
 P   P 
5 0.5  100  0.05
2 2 2 2
Uncertainty in power =   Wv    WI 
2 2
 5.59%
 V   I 

12. Ans: (b)

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 Measurement (Error Analysis)

13. Ans: (d)

0.5
Solution: V1  120V  0.5%  120  120   120  0.6V
100
2.5
V2  100V  2.5%  100  100   100  2.5V
100
Difference  120  0.6   100  2.5  20  3.1V
Difference  20  15.5%

14. Ans: (c)

Solution:
In statistical analysis method, the probable error is given by following formulae
2 2
 I   I 
1    I2    I2
 I1   I2 
1 2

Here I  I1  I2
I I
So,  1
I1 I2

1  2  1 3

2 2 2 2
1   3.605 A
I  500  3.605 A

15. Ans: (d)

Solution: Given data
Relative error in power   0.5%
Relative error in voltage   1%
Relative error in current   1%
P
Given that cos=
VI
 Relative error in power factor = 0.5%+1%+1%=2.5%

0.5  1  1

2 2 2
Uncertainty in power factor =  1.5

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