Signal words 1

1. New research has shown that ...

2. It is believed that ...
3. Is has been proved that ...
4. In his/her study, Kang found that ...
5. Kang, in his/ her study on ... concluded that ...
6. In a recent paper on this subject, Kang observes that ...

PHRASES EXPRESSING OPINIONS

- Halliday and Hasan are concerned with describing the language system,
whereas schema theoreticians such as Carrell (1982) are primarily interested
in human psychology and the reading process.
- Mencken was aggressively concerned to find, identify, analyse and defend the
Americanness of especially the vocabulary and phraseology of English as used
in the USA.
- Pragmatics concerns itself with the principles Language-users employ . . .
- Discourse Analysis takes a concern with the structure of Language and the
distribution of linguistic forms.
- Ethnomethodology gave rise to the way of analysing talk that is now known as
Conversation analysis. (ngay cang quan tam den)
- In this text “the overt, linguistically signalled relationships between
propositions” (Widdowson, 1978: 31) are made evident, yet the propositions
are not logically connected in terms of how we perceive the world.
- Support the reader-based view of coherence can be found in Hasan (1984),
where she claims that speakers . . .
- There is support for such a pragmatic concept of reference in Strawson’s claim
that ….
- In support of a view that …, there is a rather disturbing evidence from Lotus’s
study (1975) of answers to leading questions.
- If mainstream standards are supported by . .
- This position is confirmed by Peters’ Australian English Style Guide (1995).
- Herder’s argument was from ethnicity to geo-political legitimacy.
- Baker’s and Mencken’s focus is essentially monolingual and Anglo-centric.
Signal words 2
- In this section, a claim is made that . . . / 109
- It may be that some of these implications will nowhere be felt so strongly / in
the foreseeable future / as / in the sphere of language teaching.
- The central purpose of this paper is to plead for . . . (bien ho)
- If the rhetoric of linguistic imperialism (hereafter LI) has been fashionable for
some time, we are now seeing another rhetoric become more fashionable and
pitted against it. . . .
- Creativity is easier to document in the data of diminutives and phraseology,
since these are matters of the formal description of the lexicon, and so can be
more easily be shown to be distinct from other Englishes. It constitutes a
component of abstand.
- For a while Halliday and Hasan (1976) were critisized by Carrell (1982) and
others for taking the position that cohesion is the basis for coherence. (giu
quan diem rang)
- His solidarity orientation is also shown . . .
- Ur (2002), quoted in Hutchinson + Waters, 1999. p203, states that . . .
- He drew attention to ….
- Sussex also pays close attention to the lucidity of AE, and believes it should
be considered as another distinguishing feature.
- This holds great significance for me
- that no longer hold good in a world . . .
- They do appear, overall, to hold true for these groups, but not for a number of
other cultures.
- We are at best in a position to make some wild guesses concerning the kind of
changes in store for us, and I would suggest that ELT is poised to undergo
some dramatic changes / as / (reason . . .)
- The ethnography of communication thus seeks to account not merely for what
can be said . . .
- The social, political, cultural and linguistic sides of this movement have to do
with nationality, national sentiment and nationhood.
- but at a level which is not sufficiently distinctive for us to go substantially
against the claim of Trudgill and Hannah (1982: 19–20) that there are ‘very
few obvious grammatical differences’ between Australian and British English.
Signal words 3
- This recognition sets the scene for a summary and discussion . . . in which
Australian English distinguishes itself from other varieties of English.
- These various elements add up to linguistic competence. (them vao)
- It’s a little different from . . ./ similar to . . .
- This approach does better than this one.
- Tsui came up with some fascinating insights into the reasons for reticence in
the Language classroom. (nay sinh)
- Then , the authors come to explain the history of different varieties of English.
- While communicative competence has come to capture a multiplicity of
meanings . . .
- See Fry (1975) for suggestions on how to increase reading rates.
- Kloss is responsible for . . .
- Elements in a text that have the same referent or classification form a “cohesive
chain” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976), which ties together parts in the text and
thus the text itself into a whole. (ket hop lai thanh 1 khoi)
- He points out the risk . . .
- It plays out as ‘differentiation’.

WORDS EXPRESSING OPINIONS

- Research shows that . . .
- He observes that . . .
- The introduction addresses basic issues . . .
- It aims to enrich our understanding . . . = nham
- He has announced that . . .
- I contend that . . . (= maintain)
- He concluded that ….
- Be of the opinion that (formal) = believe / think
- He underpinned his speech with sound arguments.
- It seems to validate the principle = chung minh gia tri
- Word your questions , word the request = trinh bay cau hoi
- Richards (1993) cited in Edge and Wharton (1998) criticizes …
- A brief conclusion completes the chapter.
- Compose true statements about . . .
Signal words 4
- It examines the impact of negative policies . . .
- He identifies a number of difficulties . . .
- As Ian Hutchby notes/ notices, the position . . . = hap dan ai
- He further notes that . . .
- Development and implementation issues are a third set of problems that Farr
posits. = thua nhan, cho la dung
- He vigorously propagates American values … (truyen ba)
- The practices show that . . .(Nhung viec lam nay cho thay rang . . .)
- Harris remarks …= nhan xet
- He recommended that …
- It refers to . . ., that is, . . .
- Politeness covers all the linguistic devices. . .
- Based upon what he sees as limitations, he suggests . . .
- Hutchingson and Torry (1994) summarized by Edge (1998) note the positive
contribution of coursebooks.
- Searle classified / categorized Austin’s Speech acts:
- CA holds that talk is ‘locally managed’ . . . (noi rang)
- The fifth section focuses on language . . . and deals with . . .
- Grammar tells us how to construct a sentence, Discourse rules tell us . . .
- Whereas A ( ) advocates teaching students strategies to cope with extensive
reading, B ( ) believes that extensive reading . . .
- He attributes this emphasis to the fact that language planning is seen either as
- Other researchers stress the adaptive, creative and changing nature of culture. =
nhan manh
- However, much research suggests that . . .
- He urges China to relax its political and religious restrictions.
- Numerous studies have documented this tendency clearly . . .
- Liu responds to this misleading interpretation convincingly.
- This paper extends the conventional scope . . .
- Who proclaimed / declared the link .. . .
- But signals an advert result or outcome.
- Carrell (1982: 484), on the other hand, provides a good example. . .
- In his article, Sussex outlines some distinctive features
Signal words 5
- It also resonates with John Fanslow’s notion of breaking rules.
- This recognition is of great importance to the notion of national identity and
indeed personal identity to a large extent, and certainly resonates with me.
- Widdowson (1978) relates coherence to illocutionary development.
- I spell out my reasons for this later.
- Widdowson (1984) describes reading as a nonreciprocal activity.
- The present paper builds on these foundations . . .
- Our argument belongs with what Watts and Trudgill (2002) have called . . .
- The present paper exploits the literature on the formation . . .
- Which merit / deserve attention, pending more rigorous empirical testing . . .
(dang chu y) (xay ra som, dang doi duoc chon hay quyet dinh)
- It concentrates on the forms of language.
- This can correspond in more sociolinguistic terms . . .
- Farfan recounts a very good example of such inequalities in power . . .= ke lai
- He cites the following conversation = trích, de cap
- Penny Cook and the others present a similar view ( trinh bay quan diem tuong
tu)
- Grabe (1988) emphasizes the need to allow for all subskills to be available to
the reader, and he speaks in favour of the Interactive Parellel Processing
models.: thich hon
- Bloome (1993), for instance, proposes viewing reading as a social process
focusing on author-reader interaction.
- As Milroy and Milroy (1999) and Milroy (2002) have proposed, there is an
ideology . . .
- As Grabe (1991: 381) states in his summary . . ., “They appear . . . ]and] write
better.”
- Hoey (1991 : 12) goes even further and defines cohesion as a “property of the
text . . .”
- Under the broad definitions of these terms, the author focuses further to
discuss . . .
- Essentially he supports the view of Baker, who he believes would have fought
for . . .
Signal words 6
- But later Hasan (1984) clearly stated her position, which is that coherence is a
feature of a text that indicates “the property of hanging together” (183).
- Baker vigorously asserted the identity and distinctiveness of Australian
English. (healthy and strong)
- Hasan (1985: 94) further asserts that “. . . cohesion is the foundation on which
the edifice of coherence is built. Like all foundations, it is necessary but not
sufficient itself.”
- The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) officially recognises
‘Standard Australian English’ as the modern term for Australian English (AE).
- The author discusses Kloss’s terms abstand and ausbau
- Sussex discusses ‘creativity’ in AE in terms of word-shortening and affixation
(such as brekky for breakfast) in everyday use.
- Overall, the article reveals, through its discussion of creativity and lucidity,
features that help to clearly distinguish AE from other world Englishes.
- These features also reflect the growing maturity, identity, and prestige of AE
both nationally and internationally.
- The social history of a language or variety, and its emergence, consolidation
and stabilization, allow us to combine . . .
- It poses / raises problems of chronology, periodization, description and
explanation.
- he explores questions of the . . . which would later contribute to the
consolidation and identification of Australian English. = dong gop
- Baker, following Mencken’s example, was centrally concerned to document
and assert . . .
- In a previous paper (Sussex 1983) I argued that the range of criteria offered by
Kloss and Stewart were incomplete, and unable to account for the
distinguishing characteristics of some languages where national identity seemed
to have drawn on other factors. One of the missing criteria is
institutionalization (Joseph 1987): the formal acceptance of the language for use
in government, religion, education, publishing, the media and the law. In
modern times this status is often regulated by national language policies
(Kaplan & Baldauf 1997).
Signal words 7
- Broadly Speaking, syllabuses specify the ‘what’ of teaching whereas
methodology specifies the ‘how’.

THEO QUAN NIEM CUA AI . . .

- One of the most-widely quoted definitions of culture in the literature is that of
A.
- As A explains, a group . . .
- As will be illustrated, the present data also provides evidence to dispute this
convergence hypothesis.
- in addition to being dynamic, rather than static, and involving in the negotiation
of meaning, for Savignon, communicative competence is not restricted to
spoken Language, but involves writing as well.
- Gough (1972) is one of the proponents of this approach.
- According to . . .
- As A maintains, S + V
- As pointed out in A (2001: 2), S + V