UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS

College of Nursing
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
(+6374) 442-3316, 442-2564, 442-8219, 442-8256
E-mail: webmaster@bcf.edu.ph
Website: www.bcf.edu.ph

(8 single spaces)

CASE TITLE
(All caps, bold)

(Century Gothic size 10.5; Left Margin: 1.5 inches & Right, Top and Bottom margin: 0.5 inch)

(6 single spaces)

A Case Presented to the

College of Nursing

(6 single spaces)

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements in the Course

( eg: Nursing Care Management 103)

(4 single spaces)

Submitted By:

(2 single spaces)
(Names of Students in ALPHABETICAL ORDER)
Eg: ABALAOS, Mary Anne Monica
CANERO, Elaine Ruth
CAROLINO, Ritz
D, d
E,e
F,f
G,g
H,h
I,i
J,j
K,k

(Date: DAY-MONTH-YEAR )

Noted and Approved for Presentation:

Name of Case Presentation Adviser or Panel/s

________________________
Signature of Adviser / Date
 CASE PRESENTATION FORMAT

ABSTRACT

(250 – 300 words only not including title and author information)

TITLE: Approximately 10 -12 words identifying key components of your case report. When
applicable, include components such as primary reason for seeking care, clinical
assessment, and/or main treatment. The title should make it clear the presentation is a case
report.

AUTHOR INFORMATION: Flashes Left under the Title. Names should be arranged
alphabetically based on FAMILY name, but FIRST name should be written first followed by
FAMILY name (ex. April Anne B. Bocato, Michael P. Nonog and Eugene Flor L. Ulpindo)

BACKGROUND: Briefly describe the background for the case. Introduce the issue that the
case addresses. Explain why the case is noteworthy and what it adds to current knowledge.
This section helps answer the question “Why should we care?” You may want to end the
introduction with a sentence that states explicitly why the case is being reported.

CASE DESCRIPTION: This section should be longest and most detailed part of the abstract.
Relevant information may include demographics, client’s main symptoms, or other reasons
for seeking care, clinical findings, clinical assessment, treatment plan, and health outcomes.
Given the space limitations, include only the information to the reason for presenting the
case.

CONCLUSION: This section should state the main “take-home” lesson(s) from the case. If
reporting outcomes, remember that case reports do not typically demonstrate cause and
effect. Be careful not to overstate conclusion but instead describe the strengths and
limitations of the case. You may want to add a sentence or two about the implications of
the case for practice for future research.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

II. Statement of Objectives ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
A. General Objectives .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
B. Specific Objectives ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
III. Patient’s Profile ................................................................................................................... ３
IV. Chief Complaint ................................................................................................................. ３
V. Present History of Illness..................................................................................................... ３
VI. Past History of Illness .......................................................................................................... ３
VII. Family Health History ......................................................................................................... ３
VIII. Developmental History ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
IX. Social and Environmental History ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
X. Lifestyle and Health Practices ........................................................................................... ３
XI. Health Assessment ............................................................................................................. ３
A. General Survey .................................................................................................................. ３
B. Head to Toe Assessment ................................................................................................... ４
C. 13 Areas of Assessment ..................................................................................................... ５
XII. Diagnostics .......................................................................................................................... 7
XIII. Comprehensive Pathophysiology ................................................................................... 10
XIV. Treatment/Management .................................................................................................. 11
A. Drugs .............................................................................................................................. 11
B. IV Fluids .......................................................................................................................... 11
C. Surgery ........................................................................................................................... 11
XV. Nursing Care Plans ............................................................................................................ 13
A. Prioritization of Problems .................................................................................................. 13
a.1. List of Problems........................................................................................................... 13
a.2. Basis for Prioritization ................................................................................................. 13
B. Nursing Care Plans .......................................................................................................... 14
NCP 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
NCP 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
NCP 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
NCP 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
NCP 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
C. Discharged Plan ................................................................................................................ 15
XVI. Learning Insights................................................................................................................ 15
XVII. List of References ............................................................................................................... 16
XVIII. Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 17
Appendix A: Approval/ Request Letter ................................................................................... 18
Appendix B: Interview Guides ................................................................................................. 19
Appendix C: Others.................................................................................................................. 20

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III. Patient’s Profile
Name : Client A.G.
Birthdate : February 2, 1939
Ethnic Background : Ibanag
Civil Status : Widow
Religion : Roman Catholic
Occupation : Retired Barangay Health Worker

IV. Chief Complaint

Asthma, Arthritis, and Allergies

V. Present History of Illness

The client’s asthma started in 2017, she observed that there is a whistling sound when
she is trying to sleep but does not accompanied with difficulty in breathing. She was then
prescribed with Zykast and goes for a checkup every 3 months. The client said that her
asthma does not affecting with her life because she does not experience difficulty in
breathing when doing her activities of daily living.

Together with asthma, the client’s also had arthritis in the same year. She observed
pain in her knees when doing gardening. She characterize the pain as moderate and in a
scale 1-10 she considers the pain as 4. The client uses High Potential Therapy as home
remedy and considers it effective.

VI. Past History of Illness

The client had no history of accidents and or trauma, only minor illnesses, such as
cough, colds and fever and was remedied with over the counter medications such water
therapy with rest. The client however, was admitted in 1975 due to fever that reached 39
degrees. She received medical interventions such as medications for fever and was
discharged home after 1 and a half day of hospitalization.

VII. Family Health History 9

The client claims to have familial history of Hypertension on her mother’s family. She
said that her father died because of Peptic Ulcer, her mother died because of Pneumonia,
and her brother died because of Stroke.

X. Lifestyle and Health Practices

As a retired barangay health worker, she is aware of the potential health threats
associated with lifestyle. The client ensures that she receives adequate nutrients by allowing
herself to eat five complete meals in a day with snacks included specially during her free
times. Food is prepared at home together with her family. She prefers to eat vegetable and
fish. Fluid and electrolyte intake is a total 10 glasses of water. For maintenance the client
takes takes Vitamin C and Food supplement as a practice to be healthy.

XI. Health Assessment

A. General Survey
The client appears lively, wears clean clothing and nail in finger and toes are well
trimmed. The client due to aging she has a hard time walking in a fast pace, there are no
signs of distress. The client is conversant speech is well formulated, oriented to the self and
others around him, able to determine the time and date. The client verbalized that she is
5’2” tall and weighs 63 kilograms.

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 B. Head to Toe Assessment

This portion presents assessments performed as seen in the example below. You can do
FOCUS assessment especially on the affected area (eg. CHF  focus on Cardiac
Assessment) and focus on abnormal findings.
1. Head Normocephalic, hair well distributed, oiliness and flaking
noted no areas of pain or tenderness during palpation.
2. Eyes Able to distinguish colors, with astigmatism, verbalized
difficulty to identify objects 6 feet away, wears corrective
lenses, sclera is anicteric, pupils are equally round,
reactive to light and accommodation, EOM is intact, able
to follow penlight with gaze, no detectable oscillations,
mucous membranes are moist and light pink.
3. Ears Able to understand and hear spoken language correctly,
with minimal cerumen build – up in the ear canal, sliver
and intact tympanic membrane.
4. Nose and sinuses Nose is patent, septum is located midline, no flaring
noted, able to distinguish the scent of alcohol and
perfume, and no episodes of epistaxis during the shift,
and sinuses are not tender on palpation.
5. Mouth Complete set of adult teeth, pearly white in color, and no
mal aligned tooth, had braces for 1 year and a half year.
No dental caries noted. Oral mucosa is moist and pinkish,
no lesions noted, tonsils are not inflamed, Grade 1
bilaterally present, uvula is located midline.
6. Neck ROM intact, able to change direction of head slowly but
with without complaints of pain, carotid pulse are
bilaterally symmetrical, full and strong pulses, 2+, jugular
vein is not distended, superficial cervical lymph nodes are
palpable but non tender. Thyroid is located midline, no
enlargement noted, trachea is located midline.
7. Chest Shape of the chest is elliptical, asymmetrical chest wall
expansion noted, with respiratory excursion best
appreciated on the left side of the thorax, decreased
tactile fremitus in the right lung area, decreased breath
sounds in the right, no crackles, no wheeze, no stridor,
production of hollow drum like sounds in percussion of the
right side and resonant sound appreciated on the left.
Patient with an Axillary thoracotomy, dressing intact and
dry, chest tube draining to a bloody discharge 300 cc in
amount. With limited movement on the right shoulder.
Patient verbalized, “mahina daw ung lungs ko,
spontaneous rupture of the bleb, kaya may
pneumothorax ako” “Masakit tlaga ung sugat, parang
8/10 din, pati ata sa loob masakit talaga, ditto lang
naman sya sa may incision, parang may tumutusok kaya
binigyan nila ako ng analgesic, ngayon, ayos ng konte
pero may pain pa din at 6 na cguro ung scale nya out of
10”. Patient is observed to guard area and grimaces
when a painful stimulus is felt. Diaphoresis noted, hands
are cool to touch. Maintains the supine position with
head of bed elevated to a moderate high back rest.
8. Cardiac Adynamic pericardium; normal rate, regular rhythm, PMI
at 50 ICS LMCL, no murmur noted, no visible pulsations in
the precordium, palpable apical pulse.
9. Breast/Chest Skin color is similar with the rest of the body, nipple is dark
colored, no discharges.

４
 10. Abdomen Flat, with normoactive bowels sounds heard in all the
quadrants, soft, no direct tenderness or rebound
tenderness upon palpation, tympanic, no organomegaly.
11. Genitals Patient verbalized that he had been inserted with a
catheter when he was in the OR. No complaints of
dysuria or urinary retention or incontinence post
operatively.
12. Musculoskeletal Muscle strength at the right side is 4/5 while the rest of
extremities are 5/5.
No visible tremors noted no complaints of pain.
13. Integumentary Skin…

C. 13 Areas of Assessment

This portion presents assessments performed as seen in the example below. Follow format on
how to do your 13 areas of assessment. GORDON’S FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS
1. Psychosocial and Psychological Status

2. Mental and Emotional Status

3. Environmental Status

4. Sensor Status
a. Visual Status

b. Auditory

c. Olfactory Status

d. Gustatory Status

e. Tactile Status

5. Motor Status

6. Thermoregulatory Status

Date Time Temperature

7am 36.3 °C
April 05, 2018 10am 36.4 °C
2pm 36.6 °C
7am 36.0 °C
April 06, 2018 10am 36.4 °C
2pm 36.0 °C
7am 36.0 °C
April 07, 2018 10am 36.5 °C
2pm 36.2 °C

7. Respiratory Status

Date Time RR SPO2

7am 21 cpm 93 %
January 05, 2015 10am 23 cpm 95 %
2pm 24 cpm 98 %

５
 7am 22 cpm 92 %
January06, 2015 10am 20 cpm 93 %
2pm 19 cpm 95 %
7am 20 cpm 96 %
January 07, 2015 10am 18 cpm 95 %
2pm 17 cpm 97 %

8. Circulatory Status

Date Time CR Capillary

January 05, 2015 7am 98 bpm
10am 94 bpm 2-3 seconds
2pm 95 bpm
January 06, 2015 7am 89 bpm
10am 88 bpm 2-3 seconds
2pm 90 bpm
7am 97 bpm
January 07, 2015 10am 97 bpm 1-2 seconds
2pm 95 bpm

9. Nutritional Status

10. Elimination Status

11. Sleep, Rest and Comfort Status

12. Fluids and Electrolytes Status

13. Integumentary Status

During episodes of airway obstruction, the patient’s capillary refill is 2-3 seconds.
However, when managed, he appears to be pinkish in color and with good skin turgor.

６
XII. Diagnostics
This shows all diagnostic procedures performed with the client. LANDSCAPE and Tabular form. Content of the table must follow the format below.
For Chest X-ray, Ultrasound and Pathology
Diagnostic
Description of the Procedure
Procedure
Chest X-ray Chest radiography is the first
investigation performed to
assess pneumothorax because
it is simple, inexpensive, rapid,
and noninvasive; however, it is
much less sensitive than chest
CT in detecting a small
pneumothorax, blebs, and
bullae.
Significance/Purpose of the
Procedure
It is used to determine the severity
of the patient’s pneumothorax
and to determine the progress of
his medical and surgical
management.
Date of
Findings & Implications
Procedure
April 20, 2009 Follow-up study of the chest taken on the same day,
SIP CIT insertion reveals a relative partial reduction in
the size of the previously noted right-sided
pneumothorax. There is however no significant
change in the extent and appearance of the
massive atelectasis of the right lung field. A right
sided CTT is now seen.
April 22, 2009 Follow-up study of the chest since 6/20/2009 S/p
Axillary thoracotomy shows complete resolution of
the pneumothorax on the right with complete re-
expansion of the right lung. A right sided CTT is still
seen in SITU. No other internal change of note.
April 26, 2009 Follow-up study of the chest since 6/22/09 reveals the
presence of confluent hazy densities at the right
paracardiac areas, presenting a pneumonic process
with consolidation. There is now a homogenous
opacity with meniscus level seen at the right lower
hemithorax obscuring the right hemi diaphragm and
costrophenic angle representing fluid.
April 26, 2009 Follow-up chest study since 6-26-2009 reveals minimal
clearing of the confluent hazy densities at the right
paracardiac area. There is however, decrease in the
volume of the previously noted fluid in the right
7
 HEMITHORAX. A right sided CTT is still seen in SITU.

No other internal change of note.

Ultrasound Abcdeflkjdlj alkdjf Adfjlskdjf jldkjflasd April 29, 2009 aljkdhfklashdfa

Pathology Kdljfoijuelasldfjm Dgsdgasdufods April 24, 2009 Csalksdjfoi dlfjs;dfsa;fjds

For Blood Chemistry, Serum electrolytes, Urinalysis, Fecalysis and other lab test with quantitative results. SAMPLE not related with previous CASE.

Diagnostic procedure Description of procedure Significance/ Purpose of the Significant findings Nursing Implications
and date done procedure

Complete Blood Count A CBC may be ordered when a To determine general health Leucocyte (WBC) A low white blood cell count
Jan 3, 2015 person has any number of signs status, screen, diagnose, or Normal Range: indicates that the patient has an
and symptoms that may be related monitor any one of a variety of 5-10 x10^ 9/L infection.
to disorders that affect blood cells. diseases and conditions that Result:
When an individual has an affect blood cells, such as 0.58- Low
infection, inflammation, bruising, or anemia, infection, inflammation,
bleeding, a doctor may order a bleeding disorder or cancer.
CBC to help diagnose the cause
and/or determine its severity.
Neutrophils Within the normal range.
Normal Range:
0.50-0.70
Result:
0.31-Normal
Lymphocytes Indicates an acute bacterial
Normal Range: infection.
0.20-0.40
Result:
0.58- High

8
 Basophils No result
Normal Range:
0.00-0.01
Result:
Not included on the test
Monocytes Within the normal range.
Normal Range:
0.00-0.07
Result:
0.03- Normal
Platelet count Indicates Thrombocytopenia.
Normal Range:
150,000-450,000
Result: 310,000 –low

Urinalysis A urinalysis…
Jan 3, 2015

Facalysis A fecalysis…
Jan 3, 2015

9
XIII. Comprehensive Pathophysiology
This is a diagrammatic presentation of the course of the disease with emphasis of information relevant to nursing
care. Predisposing factors (Modifiable), Precipitating factors (Non-modifiable), course of illness or condition, relevant
diagnostic findings, signs & symptoms, management and appropriate nursing diagnoses presented must be in line
with actual events that occurred with the patient.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS PRECIPITATING FACTORS

Exposure to 2nd hand Smoking & Pollution Height (tall person), Male, 19 years old

Chemicals (Tar) Gradient of Pleural pressure increases from

lung base to apex
Blocks airway passages and degrade
elastic fibers of the lungs

Influx of neutrophils and macrophages Alveoli of lung apex receives the

is induced greater distension pressure

Imbalanced enzymes (protease & anti-protease)

and antioxidant system

________________Bullae/Blebs Formation______________________

Inflammation-induced obstructions of the airway Shearing forces

Increased alveolar pressure

Leakage to the lung interstitium, hilum and pneumomediastinum Rupture of blebs

Increased mediastinal pressure

Rupture of the mediastinal parietal pleura

_______________Pneumothorax____________________

Disequilibrium in the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

Activation of the receptors that monitor Tidal volume affected Changes in the thoracic pressure
lung volume
Distortion of movement of air
Sympathetic stimulation in and out of the lungs

Tachypnea Air flows out of the alveoli

into the Pleural space

Lung collapse during recoil

Dyspnea Sudden, sharp, stabbing pain

Admission to the Hospital

---INEFFECTIVE BREATHING PATTERN---
Partial collapse of the affected lung

Impairment of gas conduction Air trapping in the collapsed lung Ruptured bleb and lung collapse
in the lower respiratory airways activate inflammatory response

Decreased tactile fremitus Hyper resonance on percussion Lung asymmetry

---------------------IMPAIRED GAS EXCHANGE-------------------

Transudation of fluid and blood from surrounding Axillary Thoracotomy

blood vessels of the injured lung and Bleb Excision

-------PAIN RELATED TO TISSUE TRAUMA-------

Pleural Effusion

Transudate accumulation in the pleural space

Further restriction of lung expansion Collapse of alveoli Disequilibrium in pulmonary and pleural pressures

Increased respiratory difficulty Bleeding Surgical Incision and Insertion of CTT

Stasis of pulmonary sections Decreased Hct and Hgb Tissue trauma and injury

Growth of microorganisms Decreased oxygen carrying Pain on the incision site

capacity of the lungs
---RISK FOR INFECTION--- ---IMPAIRED MOBILITY---
---ACTIVITY INTOLERANCE---

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XIV. Treatment/Management
This shows all treatments, including medical procedures, performed with the client. LANDSCAPE and tabular form. Content of the table must follow the format below. But
for more COMPREHENSIVE Nursing Implication, categorize your NURSING IMPLICATION as to Before, During and After giving the medication and each has Dx, Tx and EDx
for DRUG STUDY.

A. Drugs
(Follow new Format for Drug Study)

DRUG NAME MECHANISM OF ACTION INDICATION / ADVERSE EFFECT NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES

CONTRAINDICATION

B. IV Fluids

Name Classification Component/s Use & Effects Nursing Responsibilities

1. PNSS

C. Surgery
(if any)

Procedure Description & Indication Nursing Care/Responsibilities

Thoracotomy The process of making of a surgical incision into the  The nurse should….
chest wall which allowed for the study of the  The patient should be advised to…
condition of the lungs and removal of part of a lung.  others???
The client had undergone an Axillary thoracotomy.
This method is used by a majority of thoracic surgeons
for all pulmonary resections. Its major indication is now
for pneumothorax surgery, allowing easily apical
11
 resection and pleurectomy with excellent long-term
results
Pleurodesis A procedure aimed at making adhesions between  The nurse should remind the patient to keep the wound from the chest
the visceral and parietal pleura, obliterating the tube clean and dry until it heals.
potential pleural space indicated for conditions such  The patient should watch for signs of wound infection such as redness,
as pneumothoraxPleurodesis is achieved by putting swelling, and/or drainage, and be alert to symptoms indicating that the
one of any number of chemicals (sclerosing agents or effusion recurred.
sclerosants) into the pleural space. The sclerosant  others???
irritates the pleurae which results in inflammation
(pleuritis) and causes the pleurae to stick together.
The patient is given a narcotic pain reliever and
lidocaine, a local pain killer, is added to the
sclerosant. A variety of different chemicals are used
as sclerosing agents. There is no one sclerosant that is
more effective or safer than the others.
Chest Tube Drainage Procedure made to place a flexible, hollows drainage The chest tube typically remains secure and in place until imaging studies such as
tube into the chest in order to remove an abnormal X rays show that air or fluid has been removed from the pleural cavity.
collection of air or fluid from the pleural space.  Nurses must also note for such complications like:
The client was attached to a three way bottle system  bleeding from an injured intercostal artery (running from the aorta)
 accidental injury to the heart, arteries, or lung resulting from the chest
with the first bottle as the drainage, the second as the
tube insertion
water seal and the third bottle connected to a
 a local or generalized infection from the procedure
suction control  persistent or unexplained air leaks in the tube
 the tube can be dislodged or inserted incorrectly
 insertion of chest tube can cause open or tension pneumothorax

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XV. Nursing Care Plans

A. Prioritization of Problems

a.1. List of Problems

This portion lists the health problems according to priority (No. 1 having the highest priority).

Health Problems are stated as Nursing Diagnoses using the Basic 3-Part Statement : PES
Format
- Problem Statement + Etiology + Signs and Symptoms
-
- Ex: Self-Esteem Disturbance related to rejection by husband as manifested by
hypersensitivity to criticism, stating "I don't know if I can manage by myself", and rejecting
positive feedback
- Variations to the PES format in order to make the problem statement more
descriptive
(e.g. adding "Secondary to") is acceptable as long as the part following
“secondary to” is a disease process
(Ex: High-Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity related to decreased peripheral circulation
secondary to Diabetes)

Problems should comprise AT LEAST 3 Actual Problems and 2 Potential Problem ranked in
order of priority.

a.2. Basis for Prioritization

This portion presents the basis of how the health problems were prioritized. Prioritization
should also be discussed.

NURSING DIAGNOSES JUSTIFICATION

1. PES Format as stated in
your list of problem
2. PES Format as stated in
your list of problem
3. PES Format as stated in
your list of problem
4. PES Format as stated in
your list of problem
5. PES Format as stated in
your list of problem
Why is it number 1 out of your 5 problem, you can
use nursing theories or concepts.
Why is it number 2 out of your 5 problem, you can
use nursing theories or concepts. Relate it with
number 1 or 3.
Why is it number 3 out of your 5 problem, you can
use nursing theories or concepts. Relate it with
number 2 or 4.
Why is it number 4 out of your 5 problem, you can
use nursing theories or concepts. Relate it with
number 3 or 4.
Why is it number 5 out of your 5 problem, you can
use nursing theories or concepts. Relate it with
previous problems.

13
 B. Nursing Care Plans
The Care Plans for the Nursing Diagnoses shall be presented here.
The format discussed during the Orientation shall be followed. (Follow new Format for NCP)

NCP 1: PES Format as stated in your list of problem

Assessment Explanation of the Objective Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Problem

NCP 2: PES Format as stated in your list of problem

Assessment Explanation of the Objective Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Problem

NCP 3: PES Format as stated in your list of problem

Assessment Explanation of the Objective Nursing Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Problem

NCP 4: PES Format as stated in your list of problem

NCP 5: PES Format as stated in your list of problem

14
 C. Discharged Plan
Health Teaching
Diet/Nutrition 1. Aaaa
2. Bbbb
3. cccc
Activity 1. aaaa
2. bbb
3. cccc
4. DDD

Medication 1. Aaaa
2. Bbbb

Other 1. Aaaa
2. Bbbb

(Diet, Therapeutic regimens, Take home meds and Nursing education for the client)

XVI. Learning Insights

(Individual and arranged alphabetical order. Includes what you have learned from
the case of your patient, from assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation or
nursing care and evaluation. PARAGRAPH FORM, express your writing skills.)
A. ABALAOS, Mary Anne Monica
In our three days duty, handling patient X is…
B. CANERO, Elaine Ruth
The case of patient X is…
C. CAROLINO, Ritz
I believe that…
D. DD
Honestly, I am not part of the directly monitoring the patient but I was
able to learn a lot from our case by sharing my insights regarding…
E. EE
I was able to see the patient in our second day of duty and helped in
the assessment, so I learned to…
F. FF
I was able to see the patient in our second day of duty and helped in
the assessment, so I learned to…
G. GG
I was able to see the patient in our second day of duty and helped in
the assessment, so I learned to…
H. HH
I was able to see the patient in our second day of duty and helped in
the assessment, so I learned to…
I. II
I was able to see the patient in our second day of duty and helped in
the assessment, so I learned to…
J. JJ
I was able to see the patient in our second day of duty and helped in
the assessment, so I learned to…

15
XVII. List of References
This portion cites all books, journals and other references that were used as shown in
the example below. Use APA Format and as much as possible use updated book
source.

American Lung Association. (2000). Asthma statistics. [On-line.] Available:

http://lungusa.org/data.

Babu K.S., Salvi S.S. (2000). Aspirin and asthma. Chest 118, 1470– 1476.

Chan-Yeung M., Malo J. (1995). Occupational asthma. New England Journal of

Medicine 333, 107–112.

Chestnut M.S., Prendergast T.J. (2002). Lung. In Tierney L.M., McPhee S.J., Papadakis
M.A. (Eds.), Current medical diagnosis and treatment (41st ed., pp. 350–355).
New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill.

Cotran R.S., Kumar V., Collins T. (1999). Robbins pathologic basis of disease (6th ed.,
p. 713). : W.B. Saunders.

Dubuske D.M. (1994). Asthma: Diagnosis and management of nocturnal symptoms.

Comprehensive Therapy 20, 628–639.

Gilliland F.D., Berhane K., McConnell R., et al. (2000). Maternal smoking during
pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposureand childhood lung
function. Thorax 55, 271–276.

Light R.W. (1995). Diseases of the pleura, mediastinum, chest wall, and diaphragm. In
George R.B., Light R.W.,

McFadden E.R., Gilbert I.A. (1994). Exercise-induced asthma. NewEngland Journal of

Medicine 330, 1362–1366.

Romero S. (2000). Nontraumatic chylothorax. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine

6, 287–291.

Sahn S.A., Heffner J.E. (2000). Spontaneous pneumothorax. New England Journal of
Medicine 342, 868–874.

Sly M. (2000). Allergic disorders. In Behrman R.E., Kliegman R.M., Jenson H.B. (Eds.),
Nelson textbook of pediatrics (16th ed., pp. 664–685). Philadelphia: W.B.
Saunders.

Tan K.S., McFarlane L.C., Lipworth B.J. (1997). Loss of normal cyclical B2
adrenoreceptor regulation and increased premenstrual responsiveness to
adenosine monophosphate in stable female asthmatic patients.Thorax 52,
608–611.

Young S., LeSouef P.N., Geelhoed G.C., et al. (1991). The influence ofa family history
of asthma and parental smoking on airway responsiveness in early infancy.
New England Journal of Medicine 324,1168–1173.

16
XVIII. Appendices

17
 Appendix A
Approval/Request Letter

18
 Appendix B
Interview Guides

19
 Appendix C
Others (just specify)

20