128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 SM

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Increment
/1 /2 /3 /4 /5 /6 /7 /8 1st Octet
/9 /10 /11 /12 /13 /14 /15 /16 2nd Octet
/17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 /23 /24 3rd Octet
/25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32 4th Octet

Subnetting (Network)
/(Original Slash) + /(# of Networks in Bits)

Subnetting (Host)
/32 - /(# of Hosts in Bits)

Subnetting (Reverse Eng’g)

Subnet mask is the “Bestfriend”

Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

/32 - /(# of Hosts in Bits)
Always start with the largest # of Hosts

Ways to connect to Router:

1. Console port – used roll-over cable to connect to a PC.
2. Auxiliary port – used a dial-up modem
3. VTY (Telnet)

DTE – Data terminal equipment – accepts clocking

DCE – Data communications equipment – provides clocking

OSI Layers – shows how two network devices communicate in a network & helpful in
troubleshooting.

Application – end user interaction

Protocols: File transfer – FTP, TFTP
Web browsing – HTTP, HTTPS
Remote login – Telnet, SSH
Mail – SMTP, POP3

Presentation – How is date being presented? Data format

Protocols: jpg, html, ASCII, rar, mp3, tif, wav

Session – creates & ends session. Logically separates data from other session.

Transport – how is date being sent? SEGMENTS.

Reliable – TCP Unreliable – UDP
Associated with port numbers like well-known ports (0 – 1024)
21 – FTP 22 – SSH 23 – Telnet 25 – SMTP
53 – DNS 80 – HTTP 110 – POP3 443 – HTTPS

Network – logical addressing (IP Address). PACKET. Layer 3 switch, Router.

Data – link – physical address (L2 addresses). FRAMES. Switches, Bridges, A. P.

ARP – Address resolution protocol. IP & MAC address.

Physical – electrical signals (0’s & 1’s). BITS.

PARTS OF A CISCO ROUTER

CPU – brain of the router. Manufacturer are Motorola & Orion.

Read Only Memory (ROM) – POST & bootstrap programs. Retain configuration even
after rebooting.

Random Access Memory (RAM) – running configuration.

Non – Volatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM) – configuration register, tells how
your router will boot up, startup configuration & default value: 0x2102.

Flash – IOS (Internetwork Operating System)

CISCO ROUTER’S BOOTUP PROCESS

1. POST (Power On Self Test) – will do hardware test on a router.

2. The bootstrap program will look for an IOS.
A. Flash (Default)
B. TFTP server
C. ROM monitor mode (rommon>)
3. The bootstrap will look for a Startup configuration.
A. NVRAM (Default)
B. TFTP server
C. Setup mode

COMMAND LINE INTERFACE MODES

SETUP MODE – installation wizard, not recommended for configuration, Ctrl + C to get
out.

USER EXEC MODE – will prompt Router>, you can do some show but no
configuration.

PRIVILEGED MODE – will prompt Router#, you can do all show & some
configuration.
GLOBAL CONFIGURATION - will prompt Router (config)#, no show but have all
configurations.

IMPORTANT COMMANDS:
Show version – version of the IOS, interfaces, size of the RAM, size of the NVRAM, size
of the Flash & configuration register value.
Show Flash – contents of the Flash memory.
Show running-configuration
Copy running-configuration startup-configuration
Show controllers serial x/x/x – to check if there is a cable attached.
Show IP interface brief

Status Protocol Description

UP UP Interface is functioning
Administratively Down DOWN Interface still shut down
Down DOWN No cable attached & neighbor's interface still down
UP DOWN Encapsulation mismatch & no clocking

IP ROUTING
Rules:
1. Routers only know directly connected networks. (show ip route).
2. For not directly connected networks, configure IP routing.

Types of Routing

Static Routing – manual configuration of routes, prone to human error & does not
consume CPU memory & bandwidth.
Syntax: en
conf t
ip route [not directly connected networks] [subnet mask] [next hop IP add or exit
interface]

Default Route – anything not in my routing table, send it here. Used on Stub Networks
(stub networks are having routers with one exit interface)
Syntax: en
conf t
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next hop]

Dynamic Routing – samples are RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP, IS-IS, automatically builds the
routing table because routers talks to each other & consume CPU memory & bandwidth.

Types of Dynamic Routing

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
- Bellman-Ford Algorithm
- Distance vector routing protocol
- Slow in convergence
 - Susceptible to routing loops
- Metric = Hop Count (the lower the metric, the more preferred)
- Sends whole routing table every 30secs.

Administrative Distance - router uses to determine which routing protocol to use if two
protocols provide route information for the same destination. The lower the
administrative distance, the more reliable.
0 – connected 1 – static
90 – EIGRP 110 – OSPF
120 – RIP 255 – unreachable

RIP Syntax: en
conf t
router rip
version 2
network [directly connected classful network]
no auto-summary
end
To check: show ip protocols

RIP Routing loop prevention

Maximum hop count – 15 hops, 16 hops = unreachable
Triggered update – does not wait for 30sec. update, send update at once
Split horizon – do not send the same update to the interface where you got the update
Route poisoning – when a route is dead, do not remove it but send it with a metric of 16
Hold down timer – wait for 180sec. before removing the route

OSPF (Open Shorest Path First)

- Dijkstra algorithm
- Processor intensive
- Supports VLSM
- Link state routing protocol
sends Hello packets to form neighbor relationship
sends update on network change
- Metric = Cost (10^8/bandwidth in bps)
- Maintains 3 tables
Neighbor Table – neighbors running in OSPF
Topology Table – map of the whole network
Routing Table – map of the best routes
- Areas – groups of routers with the same topology table, 50 routers per Area
- Area 0 – all areas must connect to Area 0 (Backbone Area)

OSPF Syntax: en
conf t
router ospf [process ID]
 network [directly connected classful/classless networks] [wildcard mask]
Area 0

Wildcard mask – inverted subnet mask

Formula: 255.255.255.255 – the subnet mask of the network

Router ID – name of your router when the OSPF begins

1. Highest IP address of a loopback interface
2. Highest IP address of the physical interface

Designated Router (DR) & Backup Designated Router (BDR) Election

- election only occurs of broadcast & non broadcast multi access networks
Broadcast = Ethernet
Non Broadcast Multi Access = Frame relay

Criteria for DR:

1. Highest OSPF priority (default=1)
2. highest router ID

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

- DUAL = Diffusing Update Algorithm
- Easy on the processor
- Hybrid = does have distance vector & link state
- Metric = Bandwidth, Load, Reliability, Delay
- Cisco proprietary
- Maintains 3 tables
Neighbor Table – neighbors running EIGRP
Topology Table – successor (best way to reach the destination primary rout) &
feasible successor (backup route)
Routing Table – successor

EIGRP Syntax: en
conf t
router eigrp [A. S. number (Autonomous System routers with the same
technical administrative & must have the same AS#)]
network [directly connected classful network]
no auto-summary
end