TRANSPORTATION

 is a means of moving
goods and people from
one place to another.
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION:

▪ Land transportation
▪ Air transportation
▪ Water transportation
▪ Cable and belt systems
 WHY DO WE HAVE TRANSPORTATION:

ECONOMIC WEALTH MILITARY POWER

POLITICAL REASON
 CRITICAL DIMENSION IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

 CHANGE IN THE DEMAND when the population, income, and land-use pattern
changes, the pattern of demand changes.

 CHANGE IN TECHNOLOGY as an example, earlier, only two alternatives (bus

transit and rail transit) were considered for urban transportation. But, now new
system like LRT, MRTS, etc. We adopt technology to the advancement of the mode
of transportation.

 CHANGE IN POLITICAL POLICY variety of policy options designed to improve

the efficiency, such as incentive for car-pooling, road pricing etc.

 CHANGE IN VALUE OF THE PUBLIC target of individual interest.

COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

 Physical facilities
 streets,
 roads,
 highways,
 railroads,
 airports,
 sea and river ports,
 pipelines,
 canals
COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

 Vehicles
 Trains
 Vessels
 Aircraft
 Any other variety
of transportation
COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Qantas office

 Organizations
Facility-oriented organization – they are
involved in planning, designing, constructing,
maintaining, and operating fixed facilities

Operating Organization bus maintenance facility

(or carriers) –concerned with operating
fleets to provide transportation services. They
include railroads, airlines, truck lines, and
private individuals who operate automobiles,
motorcycles, and bicycles.
BASED ON THE GIVEN COMPONENTS AND CRITICAL
DIMENSIONS TO CONSIDER IN PLANNING.

WHAT IS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM?

HOW DOES TRANSPORTATION INFLUENCE US?
INFLUENCE OF TRANSPORTATION

 Reliable transportation allows a population to expand throughout a country’s

territory and to live comfortably in remote areas far from factories and farms.

 Burning of petroleum-based fuels for motor vehicles creates pollution that can
be harmful to human health

 Transport also consumes a lot of resources like fuel, materials and land.
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS/
CONSTRAINTS
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS/ CONSTRAINTS

Traffic Congestion
▪ a condition on road networks that
occurs as use increases, and
characterized by slower speeds,
longer trip times, and increased
vehicular queueing.
▪ congestion occurs when transport
demand exceeds transport supply
at a specific point in time and in a
specific section of the transport
system.
BASIC CAPACITY

The maximum number of cars that can pass a given point on a lane or
roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic
conditions which can possibly be attained.
DENSITY

It is defines as the number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a

section of roadway at a given instant time and is usually measured in
vehicles per mile or per km.
MAJOR FORMS OF CONGESTION

 Recurrent congestion. The consequence of factors that cause

regular demand surges on the transportation system, such as
commuting, shopping or weekend trips.
MAJOR FORMS OF CONGESTION

 Non-recurrent congestion. The other half of congestion is

caused by random events such as accidents and unusual
weather conditions which are unexpected and unplanned. Non
recurrent congestion is linked to the presence and effectiveness
of incident response strategies.
CONGESTION IS NOT ALWAYS
UNDESIRABLE
AGREE OR DISAGREE?
DESIRABLE FORMS OF CONGESTION

 Myers and Dale (1992) point out that orchestrated congestion in public
spaces, such as theater entry plazas, enhances public interaction, enables
better land use and calms vehicular traffic.
 Taylor (2002) observes that congested city centers are often signs of
vibrant city activity and prosperity.
 TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS/ CONSTRAINTS

Parking Difficulties
▪ Since vehicles spend the majority
of the time parked, motorization
has expanded the demand for
parking space, which has created
space consumption problems
particularly in central areas; the
spatial imprint of parked vehicles
is significant.
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS/ CONSTRAINTS

Longer Commuting.
▪ On par with congestion people
are spending an increasing
amount of time commuting
between their residence and
workplace.

▪ An important factor behind this

trend is related to residential
affordability as housing located
further away from central areas
(where most of the employment
remains) is more affordable.
▪ Therefore, commuters are trading time for
housing affordability. However, long commuting is
linked with several social problems, such as
isolation, as well as poorer health (obesity).
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS/ CONSTRAINTS

Public transport inadequacy

▪ Many public transit systems ,or parts of them, are either
over or under used.

▪ During peak hours, crowdedness creates discomfort for

users as the system copes with a temporary surge in
demand. Low ridership makes many services financially
unsustainable, particularly in suburban areas.
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS/ CONSTRAINTS

Difficulties for non-motorized transport.

▪ These difficulties are either the out come

of intense traffic, where the mobility of
pedestrians, bicycles is impaired, but also
because of a blatant lack of consideration
for pedestrians and bicycles in the physical
design of infrastructures and facilities.
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS/ CONSTRAINTS

Loss of Public Space

▪ The majority of roads are publicly owned

and free of access. Increased traffic has
adverse impacts on public activities which
once crowded the streets such as
markets, games, and community
interactions.
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS/ CONSTRAINTS

Environmental impact and energy consumption.

▪ Pollution, including noise, generated by
circulation has become a serious impediment
to the quality of life and even the health of
urban populations.

▪ Further, energy consumption by urban

transportation has dramatically increased and
so the dependency on petroleum.
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS/ CONSTRAINTS

Accidents and safety.

▪ Growing traffic in urban areas is linked with
a growing number of accidents and fatalities,
especially in developing countries. Accidents
account for a significant share of recurring
delays. As traffic increases, people feel less
safe to use the streets.
SOLUTIONS TO TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM

 Safe
1. Analytically based
 Rapid
2. Economically sound
 Comfortable
3. Socially credible
 Convenient
4. Environmentally sensitive
 Economical
5. Practically acceptable and sustainable.
 Eco-friendly
HOW CAN WE EXECUTE THESE SOLUTIONS?
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

 It is the application of scientific principles

and technologies to the planning, design,
analysis, operation, and management of
transportation system.
WHAT IS THE INVOLVEMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING IN TRANSPORTATION?
CIVIL ENGINEERING INVOLVEMENT IN TRANSPORTATION

The primary involvement of civil engineers in transportation has

been in the provision of physical facilities and plan or invent
operating strategies.
PHYSICAL CIVIL ENGINEERING
Design, construction, and maintenance
of fixed transportation facilities and
involves the full spectrum of
engineering specialties.
OPERATING STRATEGIES: SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Planning and operation of the transportation system is involved in

transportation planning, including the analysis of transportation demand;
analysis of system capacity and operating characteristics; and the design of
traffic control and operating strategies (which include highway traffic
engineering and operational design of freight and mass transit systems)
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO
AUTOMOBILE DEPENDENCY