Chapter 7

Symmetrical Faults

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS

7.1 Sinusoid, exponentially, the instant of short circuit

7.2 Time in cycles
7.3 Subtransient, transient
7.4 Direct-axis short-circuit subtransient, direct-axis short-circuit transient
7.5 Direct-axis synchronous reactance
7.6 The armature time constant
7.7 Leakage reactances, series reactances, constant voltage sources
7.8 a
7.9 a
7.10 a
7.11 Bus-impedance
7.12 a
7.13 Self impedances, mutual impedances
7.14 Elongating and cooling it
7.15 1500
7.16 SF6 GAS
7.17 a
7.18 A magnetic force
7.19 a
7.20 1.0
7.21 Silver, sand
7.22 Time-current

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7.1 (a) Z = R + jω L = 0.4 + j ( 2.π .60 ) 2 × 10 −3 = 0.4 + j 0.754
= 0.8535∠62.05° Ω
Z = 0.8535 Ω and θ = 62.05°
V 277
I ac = = = 324.5A
Z 0.8535
(b) I rms (0) = I ac k (0) = 324.5 3 = 562.1 A
X 0.754
(c) Using Eq. (7.1.12), with = = 1.885
R 0.4
k (τ = 5cycles) = 1 − 2 e−4π (5) 1.885 ≃ 1.0
I rms (τ = 5cycles) = I ac k (5cycles) = 324.5A
(d) From Eq. (7.1.1)
 300   300 
V (0) = 2 V sin α = 300; α = sin −1   = sin −1   = 49.98°
 2V   2 277 
From Eq. (7.1.4)
2V
idc (t ) = − sin (α − θ ) e − t / T
Z
2 (277)
=− sin ( 49.98° − 62.05° ) e − t / T
0.8535
= 95.98e− t / T
L 2 × 10−3
where T = = = 5 × 10−3 s
R 0.4

idc (t ) = 95.98 e − t (5×10 ) A

−3

7.2 (a) Z = 1 + j 2 = 2.236∠63.43°Ω

I ac = V Z = 4000 2.236 = 1789 A
(b) I rms (0) = 1789 3 = 3098 A
(c) with X R = 2, k (5) = 1 + 2e −4π (5)/2 ≃ 1.0
I rms (5) = k (5)I ac = (1.0 )(1789 ) = 1789 A

(
(d) α = sin −1 300 4000 2 = 3.04°; )
X 2
T= = = 5.305 × 10−3 s
ω R (2π .60)(1)
2(4000)
idc (t ) = − sin ( 3.04° − 63.43° ) e − t / T
2.236
= 2200e− t ( 5.305×10 ) A
−3

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7.3 Z = 0.125 + j 2π (60)0.01 = 0.125 + j 3.77 = 3.772 ∠88.1°Ω
151
1 40
I ac rms = = A
2 3.772 2
T = L/R = 0.08Sec.

The response is then given by

i(λ ) = 40sin (ω t + α − 88.1° ) − 40e − t / 0.08 sin (α − 88.1° )

(a) No dc offset, if switch is closed when α = 88.1° .

(b) Maximum dc offset, when α = 88.1° − 90° = −1.9°
Current waveforms with no dc offset (a), and with Max. dc offset (b) are shown below:

7.4 (a) For X / R = 0 , i(t ) = 2 I rms sin (ω t − θ Z )  ←

(b) The wave form represents a sine wave, with ← no dc offset.
For X / R = ∞, i (t ) = 2 I rms sin (ω t − θ Z ) + sin θ Z  ←

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 The dc offset is maximum for (X/R) equal to infinity. ←

(c) For ( X/R ) = 0, Asymmetrical Factor = 1.4141 


For ( X/R ) = ∞, Asymmetrical Factor = 2.8283 

The time of peak, t p , For X / R = 0, is 4.2 ms. ←
and For X / R = ∞,is 8.3 ms. 
Note: The multiplying factor that is used to determine the maximum peak instantaneous
fault current can be calculated by taking the derivative of the bracketed term of
the given equation for i(t) in PR.7.4 with respect to time and equating to zero, and
then solving for the time of maximum peak tp; substituting tp into the equation,
the appropriate multiplying factor can be determined.

VL − L 13.2 × 103
7.5 VL − N = = = 7621V
3 3
7621
RMS symmetrical fault current, I rms =
( 0.5 + 1.52 )
1
2 2

= 4820 A ←
1.5
X/R Ratio of the system is = 3 , for which the asymmetrical factor is 1.9495.
0.5
∴ The maximum peak instantaneous value of fault current is I max peak = 1.9495 ( 4820 )
= 9397 A ←

All substation electrical equipment must be 


able to withstand a peak current of approximately  ←
9400 A. 


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7.6 (a) Neglecting the transformer winding resistance,
Eq 1.0 1
I ′′ = = = = 3.704 pu
X d′′ + XTR 0.17 + 0.1 0.27
The base current on the HV side of the transformer is:
Srated 1000
I base H = = = 1.673 kA
3 Vrated H 3 ( 345 )
I ′′ = 3.704 × 1.673 = 6.198 kA

(b) Using Eq (7.2.1) at t = 3 cycles = 0.05 S with the transformer reactance included,
 1 1  −0.05 0.05  1 1  −0.05 1.0 1 
I ac ( 0.05 ) = 1.0  −  e + − e +
 0.27 0.4   0.4 1.6  1.6 
= 2.851 Pu
From Eq (7.2.5)
idc (t ) = 2 ( 3.704 ) e− t / 0.1 = 5.238e − t / 0.1 pu
The rms asymmetrical current that the breaker interrupts is

I rms ( 0.05S ) = I ac2 ( 0.05 ) + idc2 ( 0.05 )

( 2.851) + ( 5.238 ) e−2( 0.05) 0.1

2 2
=
= 4.269 pu = 4.269 (1.673) = 7.144 kA

7.7 (a) Using Eq. (7.2.1) with the transformer reactance included, and with α = 0° for
maximum dc offset,
 1 1  − t / 0.05  1 1  − t /1.0 1   π
iac (t ) = 2 (1.0)  − e + − e +  sin  ω t − 
 0.27 0.4   0.4 1.6  1.6   2
 π
= 2 1.204 e − t / 0.05 + 1.875 e − t /1.0 + 0.625sin  ω t −  pu
 2
The generator base current is
srated 1000
I base L = = = 28.87 kA
3 Vrated L − L 3 ( 20 )

 π
∴ iac (t ) = 40.83 1.204 e − t / 0.05 + 1.875e − t /1.0 + 0.625 sin  ω t −  kA
 2
where the effect of the transformer on the time constants has been neglected.
(b) From Eq. (7.2.5) and the results of Problem 7.6,

idc (t ) = 3 I ′′e − t / TA = 2 ( 3.704 ) e − t / 0.1

= 5.238 e − t 0.1 pu = 151.2 e− t 0.1 kA

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 π
7.8 (a) iac (t ) = 10 (1 + e − t /200 + 6 e − t /15 ) ⋅ sin(120π t − ) , t in ms and i in kA.
4
The plot is shown below:

(b)
300 (13.8) 2
I base = = 12551A; Z base = = 0.635 Ω
0.0138 3 300
π
i ac (t) = 0.797 (1 + e − t /τ1 + 6e − t /τ 2 ) ⋅ sin(120π t − ) pu
4
0.797
I ac (t) = (1 + e −t /τ 1 + 6e −t /τ 2 ) = 0.564 (1 + e −t /τ1 + 6e − t /τ 2 )
2
Eg = 1
t t
1 1 − '' 1 1 − Td' 1
I ac (t ) = (( ''
− ' )e Td + ( ' − )e + )
Xd Xd Xd Xd Xd
1
lim I ac (t ) = = 8 × 0.564 ∴ X d′′ = 0.222 pu
t →0 X d''
1
lim I ac (t ) = = 0.564 ∴ X d = 1.83pu
t →∞ Xd

7.9 The prefault and postfault per-phase equivalent circuits are shown below:

14.5
Vf = = 0.967∠0° pu , taken as reference
15
60 × 106
Base Current = = 2309.5A
3 × 15 × 103
40 × 103 ∠36.9°
I MOTOR = = 1991∠36.9° A
0.8 × 3 × 14.5
= 0.8621∠36.9° pu = ( 0.69 + j 0.52 ) pu

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 For the generator,
Vt = 0.967 + j 0.1( 0.69 + j 0.52 ) = ( 0.915 + j 0.069 ) pu
Eg′′ = 0.915 + j 0.069 + j 0.1( 0.69 + j 0.52 ) = ( 0.863 + j 0.138 ) pu
0.863 + j 0.138
I g′′ = = ( 0.69 − j 4.315 ) pu
j 0.2
= 2309.5 ( 0.69 − j 4.315 ) = (1593.6 − j 9965.5 ) A ←

For the motor:

Vt = V f = 0.967 ∠0°
Em′′ = 0.967 − j 0.1( 0.69 + j 0.52 ) = (1.019 − j 0.069 ) pu
1.019 − j 0.069
I m′′ = = ( −0.69 − j10.19 ) pu
j 0.1
= 2309.5 ( −0.69 − j10.19 ) = −1593.6 − j 23533.8 A ←

In the fault: I ′′f = I g′′ + I m′′ = 0.69 − j 4.315 − 0.69 − j10.19

= − j14.505 pu = − j14.505 × 2309.5
= − j 33,499 A ←
Note: The fault current is very high since the subtransient reactance of synchronous
machines and the external line reactance are low.

7.10

The pre-fault load current in pu is

S pu 1.0
IL = ∠ − cos(PF) = ∠ − cos−1 ( 0.8 ) = 1.0 ∠ − 36.86°pu
Vpu 1.0

The initial generator voltage behind the subtransient reactance is

Eg′′ = V + j ( Xα′′ + X TR ) I L = 1.0 ∠0° + ( j 0.27 )(1.0∠ − 36.86° )
= 1.162 + j 0.216 = 1.182 ∠10.53° pu

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 The subtransient fault current is
I ′′ = Eg′′ j ( X d′′ + XTR ) = 1.182 ∠10.53° j 0.27 = 4.378 ∠ − 79.47°pu
I ′′ = 4.378 (1.673 ) ∠ − 79.47° = 7.326 ∠ − 79.47°kA

Alternatively, using superposition,

I ′′ = I1′′ + I 2′′ = I1′′ + I L = 3.704 ∠ − 90° + 1.0∠ − 36.86°
[From Pr. 7.6 (a)]
I ′′ = 0.8 − j 4.304 = 4.378 ∠ − 79.47° pu
= 7.326 ∠ − 79.47°kA

7.11 The prefault load current in per unit is:

S 1.0
IL = ∠ − cos−1 (P.F.) = ∠ − cos−1 0.95 = 0.9524 ∠ − 18.195° per unit
V 1.05
The internal machine voltages are:
Eg′′ = V + jX g′′ I L = 1.05∠0° + ( j 0.15 )( 0.9524∠ − 18.195° )
= 1.05 + 0.1429∠71.81° = 1.0946 + j 0.1358 = 1.1030∠7.072° per unit
Em′′ = V − j ( XT 1 + X Line + XT 2 + X m′′ ) I L
= 1.05∠0° − ( j 0.505 )( 0.9524 ∠ − 18.195° )
= 1.05 + 0.48095∠ − 18.195° = 0.8998 − j 0.4569 = 1.0092∠ − 26.92° per unit
The short circuit currents are:
E g′′ 1.1030∠7.072°
I g′′ = = = 7.353 ∠ − 82.93° per unit
jX g′′ j 0.15
Em′′ 1.0092 ∠ − 26.92°
I m′′ = = = 1.998 ∠243.1° per unit
j ( Xτ1 + X Line + Xτ 2 + X m′′ ) j 0.505
I F′′ = I g′′ + I m′′ = 7.353∠ − 82.93° + 1.998∠243.1° = − j 9.079 per unit

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7.12

Per Unit Positive Sequence Reactance Diagram

 1000 
X g′′1 = ( 0.20 )   = 0.40 per unit X T 1 = ( 0.12 )(1000 / 500 ) = 0.24 per unit
 500 
X′′g 2 = ( 0.18 )(1000 / 750 ) = 0.24 Per unit XT 2 = ( 0.10 )(1000 / 750 ) = 0.1333 per unit
X ′′j 3 = 0.17 per unit XT 3 = 0.10 per unit

Vbase 4 ( 500 )
2
50
Z base 4 = = = 250 Ω X Line1.2 = X Line 2.3 = X Line 2.4 = = 0.20 per unit
Sbase 1000 250

(a) XTh = ( 0.40 + 0.24 ) // 0.20 + ( 0.20 + 0.10 + 0.17 ) // ( 0.20 + 0.1333 + 0.24 ) 
= 0.64 // [ 0.20 + 0.47 // 0.5733] = 0.64 // 0.4583
= 0.2670 per unit

525 Sbase 1000

(b) VF = = 1.05∠0° per unit I base 4 = = = 1.155 kA
500 3∇ base 4 ( 3 ) ( 500)
VF 1.05∠0°
I F′′ = = = − j 3.933per unit = ( − j 3.933)(1.155 ) = − j 4.541 kA
Z Th j 0.2670
(c) Using current division:
0.4583
I g′′1 = I F′′ = ( − j 3.933)( 0.4173) = − j1.641per unit = − j1.896 kA
( 0.4583 + 0.64 )
 0.64 
′′ 1.2 = I F′′ 
I Line  = ( − j 3.933)( 0.5827 ) = − j 2.292 per unit = − j 2.647 kA
 0.4583 + 0.64 

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7.13 (a) XTh = ( 0.20 + 0.24 + 0.40 ) // ( 0.20 + 0.10 + 0.17 ) // ( 0.20 + 0.1333 + 0.24 )
1
XTh = 0.84 // 0.47 // 0.5733 = = 0.1975per unit
1 1 1
+ +
0.84 0.47 0.5733
VF 1.05∠0°
(b) I F′′ = = = − j 5.3155per unit
Z Th j 0.1975
I F′′ = ( − j 5.3155 )(1.155 ) = − j 6.1379 kA

1.05∠0°
(c) I12′′ = = − j1.25per unit = ( − j1.25 )(1.155 ) = − j1.443kA
j 0.84
1.05∠0°
′′ =
I 32 = − j 2.234 per unit = ( − j 2.234 )(1.155 ) = − j 2.580 kA
j 0.47
1.05∠0°
′′ =
I 42 = − j1.8315per unit = ( − j1.8315 )(1.155 ) = − j 2.115kA
j 0.5733

7.14 (a) Zone 1

Vbase1 = 10 kV

Zone 2 Zone 3
Vbase 2 = 15 kV Vbase 3 = 138 kV

(138 )
2

Z base3 = = 190.44 Ω
100
2
 12   100 
X g′′1 = ( 0.20 )     = 0.576 per unit
 10   50 
X g′′2 = 0.20 per unit
 100 
XT 1 = ( 0.10 )   = 0.20 per unit
 50 
XT 2 = 0.10 per unit X Line = 40 /190.44 = 0.21per unit

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 (b) XTh = ( 0.20 ) // ( 0.576 + 0.20 + 0.21 + 0.21 + 0.10 )
= 0.20 //1.296 = 0.1733 per unit
VF = 1.0 per unit
VF 1.0∠0°
(c) I F′′ = = = − j 5.772 per unit
Z Th j 0.1733
100
I base 2 = = 3.849 kA
15 3
I F′′ = ( − j 5.772 )( 3.849 ) = − j 22.21kA

1.0∠0°
(d) I g′′2 = = − j 5.0 per unit = ( − j 5.0 )( 3.849 ) = − j19.245kA
j 0.20
1.0∠0°
IT′′2 = = − j 0.7716 per unit = ( − j 0.7716 )( 3.849 ) = − j 2.970 kA
j1.296

7.15 (a) XTh = ( 0.20 + 0.10 ) // ( 0.576 + 0.20 + 0.21 + 0.21)

= 0.30 //1.196 = 0.2398 per unit
1.0∠0°
(b) I F′′ = = − j 4.1695 per unit
j 0.2398
100
I base3 = = 0.4184 kA
138 3
I F′′ = ( − j 4.1695 )( 0.4184 ) = − j1.744 kA

1.0∠0°
(c) IT′′2 = = − j 3.333per unit = ( − j 3.333 )( 0.4184 ) = − j1.395 kA
j 0.30
1.0∠0°
′′ =
I 34 = − j 0.836 per unit = ( − j 0.836 )( 0.4184 ) = − j 0.350 kA
j1.196

7.16 Choosing base MVA as 30 MVA and the base line voltage at the HV-side of the
transformer to be 33kV,
30 30 30
XG1 = × 0.15 = 0.225 pu; X G 2 = × 0.1 = 0.3 pu; XTRANS = × 0.05 = 0.05pu
20 10 30
30
Z LINE = ( 3 + j15 ) 2 = ( 0.0826 + j 0.4132 ) pu
33

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 The system with pu-values is shown below:

Z TOTAL = 0.0826 + j 0.5918 = 0.5975∠82° pu

1.0
Then IF = = 1.674∠ − 82° pu
0.5975∠82°
30 × 106
I base = = 524.8 A
3 33 × 10
I F = 1.674 × 524.8 = 878.6 A

7.17 Choosing base values of 25 MVA and 13.8 kV on the generator side
Generator reactance = 0.15 pu
2
25  13.2 
Transformer reactance =   0.11 = 0.101 pu
25  13.8 
69
Base voltage at the transmission line is 13.8 × = 72.136 kV
13.2
25
Per-unit line reactance: 65 = 0.312
( 72.136 )
2

2
25  13 
X M = 0.15 × ×  = 0.222 pu
15  13.8 

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 The reactance diagram is shown below; Switch SW simulates the short circuit, and Eg′′ and
Em′′ are the machine prefault internal voltages.

Choose VF to be equal to the voltage at the fault point prior to the occurrence of the fault;
then VF = Em′′ = Eg′′ ; prefault currents are neglected; I F′′ 2 = 0; so VF may be open circuited
as shown below:

Equivalent impedance between Neglecting prefault currents,

terminals a & b is Eg′′ = Em′′ = VF = 1∠0° pu
j 0.15 × j 0.736
= j 0.1246
j 0.15 + j 0.736

1∠0°
∴ I F′′ = I F′′1 = = − j8.025 pu
j 0.1246

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7.18 (A)
(a)

VF 1.0∠0°
(b) I F′′ 2 = = = − j8.333 per unit
Z 22 j 0.12
Using Eq (8.4.7):
 Z   0.08 
E1 =  1 − 12  VF = 1 − 1.0∠0° = 0.3333∠0° per unit
 Z 22   0.12 
 Z 
E2 =  1 − 22  VF = 0
 Z 22 
 Z   0.06 
E3 =  1 − 23  VF =  1 −  1.0∠0° = 0.50∠0° per unit
 Z 22   0.12 
(B)
(a)

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 (b) I F′′ 2 = VF Z 22 = 1.0∠0° j 0.8 = − j1.25 pu
Using Eq (7.4.7)
 Z   0.1 
E1 =  1 − 12  VF =  1. −  (1∠0° ) = 0.875 ∠0° pu
 Z 22   0.8 
 Z 
E2 =  1 − 22  VF = 0
 Z 33 
 Z   0.5 
E3 =  1 − 23  VF =  1 −  1∠0° = 0.375 ∠0° pu
 Z 33   0.8 

6.5625 −5 0 0 
 −5 15 −5 −5 
7.19 YBUS =−j per unit
 0 −5 8.7037 0 
 
 0 −5 0 7.6786 

Using the personal computer subroutine

0.2671 0.1505 0.0865 0.098 
0.1505 0.1975 0.1135 0.1286 
Z bus = j per unit
0.0865 0.1135 0.1801 0.0739 
 
0.098 0.1286 0.0739 0.214 

6.7361 −5 0 0 0 
 −5 9.7619 −4.7619 0 0 

7.20 Ybus = −j 0 −4.7619 9.5238 −4.7619 0  per unit
 
 0 0 −4.7619 14.7619 −10 
 0 0 0 −10 15 
Using the personal computer subroutine
0.3542 0.2772 0.1964 0.1155 0.077 
0.2772 0.3735 0.2645 0.1556 0.1037 

Z bus = j 0.1964 0.2645 0.3361 0.1977 0.1318  per unit
 
0.1155 0.1556 0.1977 0.2398 0.1599 
0.077 0.1037 0.1318 0.1599 0.1733 

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7.21 (a) The admittance diagram is shown below:

(b) Y11 = − j 0.5 − j 5 − j 5 = − j10.5; Y22 = − j 0.5 − j 2.5 − j 5 = − j8.0

Y33 = − j 0.5 − j 5 − j10 − j 2.5 = − j18.0; Y44 = − j 5 − j10 − j 5 = − j 20.0
Y12 = Y21 = 0; Y13 = Y31 = j 5.0; Y14 = Y41 = j 5.0
Y23 = Y32 = j 2.5; Y24 = Y42 = j 5; Y34 = Y43 = j10.0
Hence the bus admittance matrix is given by
 − j10.5 0 j 5.0 j 5.0 
 0 − j8.0 j 2.5 j 5.0 
YBUS = 
 j 5.0 j 2.5 − j18.0 j10.0 
 
 j 5.0 j 5.0 j10.0 − j 20.0 

(c) The bus impedance matrix Z BUS = YBUS

−1
is given by

 j 0.724 j 0.620 j 0.656 j 0.644 

 j 0.620 j 0.738 j 0.642 j 0.660 
Z BUS =
 j 0.656 j 0.642 j 0.702 j 0.676 
 
 j 0.644 j 0.660 j 0.676 j 0.719 
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1)  j1.5 − j 0.25 0 0 
7.22 (a) (2)  − j 0.25 j 0.775 − j 0.4 − j 0.125

YBUS =
(3)  0 − j 0.4 j1.85 − j 0.2 
 
(4)  0 − j 0.125 − j 0.2 j 0.325 
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1)  j 0.71660 j 0.60992 j 0.53340 j 0.58049 
(b) (2)  j 0.60992 j 0.73190 j 0.64008 j 0.69659 
Z BUS =
(3)  j 0.53340 j 0.64008 j 0.71660 j 0.66951 
 
(4)  j 0.58049 j 0.69659 j 0.66951 j 0.76310 

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 Note: Z BUS may be formulated directly (instead of inverting YBUS ) by adding the
branches in the order of their labels; and numbered subscripts on Z BUS will
indicate the intermediate steps of the solution.
For details of this step-by-step method of formulating Z BUS , please refer to the 2nd
edition of the text.

1.0 1.0
7.23 (a) I ′′f = = = − j 4.348 pu ← Due to the fault
Z 22 j 0.23
Note: Because load currents are neglected, the prefault voltage at each bus
is 1.0∠0° pu , the same as V f at bus 2.
(b) Voltages during the fault are calculated below:
 j 0.2 
 1 − j 0.23 
 V1     0.134 
   0   
V2  =   =  0  pu ←
j 0.15
V3   1 −   0.3478 
   j 0.23   
V4     0.3435 
1 − j 0.151 
 j 0.23 
(c) Current flow in line 3-1 is
V3 − V1 0.3478 − 0.1304
I 31 = = = − j 0.8696 pu ←
Z 3−1 j 0.25
(d) Fault currents contributed to bus 2 by the adjacent unfaulted buses are calculated
below:
V 0.1304
From Bus 1: 1 = = − j1.0432 ←
Z 2 −1 j 0.125
V3 0.3478
From Bus 3: = = − j1.3912 ←
Z 2 −3 j 0.25
V4 0.3435
From Bus 4: = = − j1.7175 ←
Z 2−4 j 0.2
Sum of these current contributions = −j4.1519
Which is approximately same as I ′′f .

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7.24 For a fault at bus 3, generator 5 supplies 0.789 per unit current, generator 6 supplies 1.154
pu, and generator 7 supplies 2.625 pu. The per unit fault-on voltages are bus 1 = 0.546, bus
2 = 0.388, bus 3 = 0, bus 4 = 0.619, bus 5 = 0.735, bus 6 = 0.773, and bus 7 = 0.263.
7.25 For a fault at bus 4, generator 5 supplies 0.795 per unit current, generator 6 supplies 2.813
pu, and generator 7 supplies 1.114 pu. The per unit fault-on voltages are bus 1 = 0.541, bus
2 = 0.382, bus 3 = 0.605, bus 4 = 0, bus 5 = 0.732, bus 6 = 0.375, and bus 7 = 0.716.
7.26 For a fault midway on the line between buses 2 and 3, generator 5 supplies 0.966 per unit
current, generator 6 supplies 1.416 pu, and generator 7 supplies 2.100 pu. The per unit
fault-on voltages are bus 1 = 0.432, bus 2 = 0.238, bus 3 = 0.210, bus 4 = 0.521, bus 5 =
0.663, bus 6 = 0.710, and bus 7 = 0.420.
7.27 Generator G2 (at bus 6) supplies the most fault current for a bus 6 fault, during which it
supplies 4.375 per unit fault current. This value can be limited to 2.5 per unit by increasing
the G3 positive sequence impedance from 0.24 to 1.05/2.5 = 0.42, which would require an
addition of 0.18 per unit reactance.
7.28 For a three phase fault at POPLAR69, the generators supply the following per unit fault
currents: REDBUD69 = 0.000 (off-line), ELM345 G1 = 1.971, ELM345, G2=1.971,
SLACK345 = 3.198, PEACH69 = 3.000, CEDAR69 = 0.000 (off-line), BIRCH69 = 0.952,
PEAR138 = 2.871, PEAR69 = 2.871. During the fault a total of 5 of the 37 buses have
voltages at or below 0.75 per unit (one bus has a voltage of 0.75324 so some students may
round this to 0.75 and say 6 buses are at or BELOW 0.75).
7.29 For a three phase fault at bus REDBUD69 the generators supply the following per unit
fault currents: REDBUD69 = 0.000 (off-line), ELM345 G1 = 1.939, ELM345 G2 = 1.939,
SLACK345 = 3.010, PEACH69 = 2.907, CEDAR69 = 0.000 (off-line), BIRCH69 = 1.626,
PEAR138 = 3.152, PEAR69 = 2.228. During the fault a total of 5 of the 37 buses have
voltages at or below 0.75 per unit.
7.30 With the line connecting buses 4 and 5 open in the Example 7.5 case, the generator at bus
3 supplies 7.925 per unit fault current.
7.31 (a) The symmetrical interrupting capability is:
 15.5 
at 10 kV: ( 9.0 )   = 13.95 kA
 10 
V 15.5
Vmin = max = = 6.20 kV
k 2.50
at 5kV: I max = k ± = ( 2.50 )( 9.0 ) = 22.5kA
(b) The symmetrical interrupting capability at 13.8 kV is:
 15.5 
9.0   = 10.11kA
 13.8 
Since the interrupting capability of 10.11 kA is greater than the 10 kA symmetrical
fault current and the (X/R) ratio is less than 15, the answer is yes. This breaker can be
safely installed at the bus.

196
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7.32 From Table 7.10, select the 345 kV (nominal voltage class) breaker with a 40 kA
rated short circuit current. This breaker has a 3 kA rated continuous current.

7.33 The maximum symmetrical interrupting capability is k × rated short-circuit

current 1.25 × 19,000 = 23,750 A which must not be exceeded.

Rated maximum voltage

Lower limit of operating voltage =
K
72.5
= = 58kV
1.25
Hence, in the operating voltage range 72.5–58 kV, the symmetrical interrupting current
may exceed the rated short-circuit current of 19,000 A, but is limited to 23,750 A. For
example, at 66 kV the interrupting current can be
72.5
× 19,000 = 20,871A
66

7.34 (a) For a base of 25 MVA, 13.8 kV in the generator circuit, the base for motors is 25
MVA, 6.9 kV. For each of the motors,
25000
X d′′ = 0.2 = 1.0 pu
5000
The reactance diagram is shown below:

For a fault at P, VF = 1∠0° pu; ZTh = j 0.125pu

I ′′f = 1∠0° j 0.125 = − j8.0 pu
25000
The base current in the 6.9 kV circuit is = 2090 A
3 × 6.9
so, subtransient fault current = 8 × 2090 = 16,720A
(b) Contributions from the generator and three of the four motors come through breaker A.
0.25
The generator contributes a current of − j8.0 × = − j 4.0 pu
0.50
Each motor contributes 25% of the remaining fault current, or − j1.0 pu amperes each.
For breaker A
I ′′ = − j 4.0 + 3 ( − j1.0 ) = − j 7.0 pu or 7 × 2090 = 14,630 A

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 (c) To compute the current to be interrupted by breaker A, let us replace the sub transient
reactance of j1.0 by the transient reactance, say j1.5, in the motor circuit. Then
0.375 × 0.25
Z Th = j = j 0.15pu
0.375 + 0.25
The generator contributes a current of
1.0 0.375
× = − j 4.0 pu
j 0.15 0.625

1 1 0.25
Each motor contributes a current of × × = − j 0.67 pu
4 j 0.15 0.625
The symmetrical short-circuit current to be interrupted is
( 4.0 + 3 × 0.67 ) × 2090 = 12,560 A
Supposing that all the breakers connected to the bus are rated on the basis of the
current into a fault on the bus, the short-circuit current interrupting rating of the
breakers connected to the 6.9 kV bus must be at least
4 + 4 × 0.67 = 6.67 pu, or 6.67 × 2090 = 13,940 A .
A 14.4-kV circuit breaker has a rated maximum voltage of 15.5kV and a k of 2.67. At
15.5kV its rated short-circuits interrupting current is 8900 A. This breaker is rated for
a symmetrical short-circuit interrupting current of 2.67 × 8900 = 23,760 A , at a voltage
of 15.5 / 2.67 = 5.8 kV .
This current is the maximum that can be interrupted even though the breaker may be
in a circuit of lower voltage.
The short-circuit interrupting current rating at 6.9 kV is
15.5
× 8900 = 20,000 A
6.9
The required capability of 13,940 A is well below 80% of 20,000 A, and the breaker is
suitable with respect to short-circuit current.

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