Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

The purpose of this chapter is to review the literatures and studies that are related to the

current study. Gaps bridged, hypothesis and conceptual framework of the current study is also

stated.

Related Literature

Pets play an important role in our lives and are valued as companions. According to

Casciotti & Zuckerman (2018), understanding human-animal bond better can use it more to

improve lives. As is true with any relationship, human-pet relationships are likely to be more

rewarding compare to others. Some people are more attached to their pets than others and those

feelings could influence the impact of the pet on the owner’s health.

In the attachment-based research of Sable (2013), he stated that a family with pet

especially a dog or a cat can give a sense of "comfort and connection" to the individuals in any

age depending on the dynamics of attachment towards the pets. Having pets can be a way to

help humans have social relationships with their neighbourhood, ranging from incidental social

interaction, getting to know people and forming new friends. Pets can be an important factor in

developing healthy neighbourhoods (Wood, 2015).

According to Singh et.al. (2016) in their comparative study about life satisfaction and

perceived stress of a dog owners and non-dog owners, dogs can help in lowering the level of

perceived stress and remaining calm of its owner in a way that they felt that dogs are “selfless

creature” and have an “unconditional positive regards” towards them. Maintaining physical

activities to remain fit is also a benefit of having a dog. Overall, the study said that having a dog

can help the “health and well-being” of their owner.

McConnel et al. (2011) conducted three studies on how pets can help the well-being of

people on a daily basis. Study 1 examined how pet owners differ from non-owners by assessing
the well-being and individual differences measures of the participants. The results showed that

pet owners “fared better”, both in terms of well-being and individual differences, than non-owners.

However, Study 2 showed that pets provided greater social needs fulfillment effectively benefits

more to the better well-being of the owner. From Study 2, they concluded that not all owners

benefited equally that is because, as found in the study, pets who filled the social needs more

effectively have greater benefits in the owners part. Study 3 was an experiment to demonstrate

the ability of pets to nullify the negative emotions caused by social rejection. Results showed that

one’s pet can fend off negativity from rejection experience. In summary, this study presented

considerable evidence that pets provided many positive both psychologically and physically

benefits to the lives of their owners, by serving as an important source of social support.

According to Bao & Schreer (2016), pet owners were “more satisfied” with their lives than

non-owners. The results also showed that there is no difference in the well-being measures,

personality measures, emotion regulation or need satisfaction between pet owners and non-pet

owners contradicting the study of McConnel et al. (2011). Although there were no differences

between those who own pets and those who do not, this study found that “owning a dog” is

associated with beneficial outcomes.

In another study conducted by Tsapova (2017), it is found that “high” depression was

related to the low coping self-efficacy and low attachment to pets, however there is no relationship

between self-efficacy and pet attachment. The relationship between pet attachment and

depression is inversely proportional. The study also found that there is no difference between pet

owners and non-pet owners with relate to depression which coincides with the study of Bao &

Schreer (2016). Low levels of depression were more likely associated to high attachment to pets.

It was also found that majority of pets played a role of a companion.

In a study of Adams (2017), college students experience stressful times, especially those

persons who deal with anxiety and depression. Colleges and universities offer counseling

services however some students who could be benefited do not take advantage of them.
Research suggested that animals may play an important role as a form of treatment for anxiety,

stress and depression. Interaction of college students with dogs and other animals as a way to

deal with stress and other psychological issues are in trend on college campuses. This study

suggested that animals treat problems commonly faced by students.

Pets add real joy and unconditional love to pet owners. Based from the study of Robinson

& Segal (2019), pets can reduce stress, anxiety and depression. Being a pet owner is beneficial

only for those who truly love and appreciate their pets and spend money and time to keep them

healthy. Being a pet owner is a commitment that will last through your pet’s lifetime. According to

Stewart and Strickland (2013), the stress relief brought by pets may help people with average-

stress job together with positive feelings towards pets. This study also revealed that this stress

relief brought by pets has no effect to the people who do not enjoy having a pet and have a high-

stress job.

Having pets can reduce stress in people’s life and can bring support. According to Scott

(2019), having pets gives responsibility and additional works which can bring stress however, the

benefits of being a pet owner outweigh the drawbacks. Pets can offer companionship and love

which could be an antidote to loneliness and can reduce the amount of stress people

experiencing. The study also revealed that pet owners enjoy outdoor activities like walks because

of their companionship with their pets. Owning a pet can be credited with increasing benefits.

Dogs absorb and mirror their pet owners' stress level (Sundman et. al, 2019). Sundman

et al. (2019) investigated the long-term stress level synchronization between dog owners and their

dogs.

According to Gabel (2014), the level of support offered by owning a pet was not

necessarily realized immediately following the loss however, supportive affectional bonds with

pets were maintained as the length of time from the loss increase. This study explored the grieving

individual’s perceptions of how pet ownership and interaction has affected their grief following the

death of their spouse.

 However, in another study conducted by Müllersdorf et al. (2012), "greater negative

personal health" was reported from the adolescents who are pet owners than those adolescents

who are non-pet owners. The study found out that pet owners were reported to experience more

psychological and health problems and non-pet owners were “physically active” opposing the

different studies above.

Related Study

Attachment to pet is a great factor in receiving the benefits of pets to their pet owners.

According to Alexander et al. (2016), pets can influence pet owners’ social and relational well–

being. Alexander et al. (2016) investigated the relation of emotional support from a pet to the

attachment of the owner to the pet and well-being of the owner. From the online survey with 663

pet owners and non-pet owners ages 18 years and older, the study found out that pet owners

who seek emotional support from their pets have greater social well–being, but not greater mental

health. Pet owners and their animal companions have a mutually beneficial relationship.

Relationships with animal companions can influence pet owners’ social and relational well–being

and tends to be simpler, less demanding and rewarding.

This study and the present study both used the survey method of descriptive design, but

this study used a virtual medium, Survey Monkey in data gathering while the present study used

a conventional distribution of the survey questionnaires to the research population.

According to Jau (2014), animal interaction has direct and indirect benefits to mental

health and well-being. Animals can play an important role in improving human mental health:

company and comfort, social interaction, social skills and belonging, structure and balance,

helping, learning and life skills, sense of achievement, fun and enjoyment, and passionate caring.

The study explored the participant’s experiences of the benefits of interaction with animals to

mental health and to show how and where human animal interaction can benefit mental health.

The study explored the participant’s experiences of the benefits of interaction with animals

to mental health and to show how and where human animal interaction can benefit mental health.
This study is a qualitative research that incorporated post positivism in its epistemology and

applied transcendental phenomenology in its research design to approach the study and explore

the human and animal interaction uninfluenced by external factors other than the participants’

experiences and perception. The present study is a quantitative research that incorporated survey

method of descriptive research design that aimed to determine the difference of pet owners and

non-pet owners’ stress level.

Long-term committed pet ownership doesn’t have a significant difference between pet

owners and non-pet owners’ stress level, self-esteem, self-efficiency and academic performance,

according to Khashbat (2017). Khashbat (2017) conducted a correlational study that aims to

measure the effect of pet ownership on student’s level of stress, self-esteem, self-efficacy and

academic performance. The data were gathered from pet owners and non-owners to determine

if there is a difference on the stress levels, self-esteem, self-efficacy and academic performance

in the 2 groups.

The study focused on whether there is a difference between pet owners and non-owners

on student’s stress, self-esteem and self-efficacy. The respondents in the study were college

students. The present study only focused on the difference in stress levels of pet owners and non-

owners. Senior high school students were the respondents for the present study. Both study

utilized quantitative research but the study above used a correlational design and the present

study used a descriptive design.

Pet benefits different groups of people. Pet owners have lower levels of loneliness

compared to non-owners (Mhaistir, 2013). The study conducted by Mhaistir (2013) determines

the effect of pet ownership on self-esteem, life satisfaction and loneliness of over 65-year old pet

owners and non-pet owners. The study found out that there was a significant difference in levels

of loneliness experienced by pet owners and non-pet owners, but there was no significant

difference on the self-esteem and life satisfaction of pet owners and non-owners.
 The study hypothesized that there was a significant difference in self-esteem, life

satisfaction and loneliness between pet owners and non-pet owners. Having said that, the present

study hypothesized that there was a significant difference in the stress levels of senior high school

students who pet owners and non-pet owners. The study focused on adults aged 65 while the

present study focused on senior high school students in Catanduanes State University Laboratory

Schools. The study aimed to see if pet owners experienced a lower level of loneliness and a

higher level of life satisfaction and self-esteem in comparison to non-pet owners. The present

study, however, focused on the difference of stress levels of pet owners and non-pet owners.

According to Caines (2016), homeless youth who lives with companion animals were

extremely constructive and beneficial, providing emotional support, companionship, safety and

protection, and motivation for making better life choices, such as refraining from drug use and

illegal activity. The study used phenomenological approach to gain in-depth understanding of the

roles and relationships between homeless youth and their pets, and the needs and challenges

that exist for them.

The study used phenomenological approach to gain in-depth understanding of the roles

and relationships between homeless youth and their pets, and the needs and challenges that

exist for them. This study was a qualitative research that incorporated phenomenological

approach to gather data from the street youth ages 16-24 that are involved with ARK centers that

allow companion animal or pet. The present study was a quantitative research that incorporated

survey research method to gather data from all the grade 11 and 12 senior high students of

Catanduanes State University Laboratory Schools through survey questionnaires. This study

focused on the experiences of street youth pet owners while the present study focused on the pet

ownership and stress levels of senior high school students.

Pet owners who provide their dog’s needs and who have positive attitudes about their pets

are reported to have stronger attachments to them. The dog’s trainability and the level of

attachment to their owners were associated to the strength of the owners’ attachment to them.
The behavioural traits of dogs are associated with their attachments to their owners (Hoffman et

al., 2013).

The study above and the current study were both quantitative research but differ in the

research design. The study above was correlational while the current study used a descriptive

design. The current study discussed the pet ownership and stress level of Senior High School

students in Catanduanes State University Laboratory Schools while the study above explored the

quality of the relationship between dogs and their owner where predicted by the dog behavioural

characteristics affected by the pet attachment of the owner.

According to Pohnert (2010), the difference of the race and ethnicity of the pet has a

different “overall positively impact” towards the health of their owner. His study stated that pets

serve as a "social lubricant". His study also revealed that the chronic conditions reports were less

with the pet owners than non-pet owners. Pets positively impact their owners’ health but it appears

to differ based on race/ethnicity. Pet owners were more likely to have a positive self-perception

of health, normal blood pressure, improved function, less chronic conditions, improved function

and more falls. Multiple regressions revealed pet owners had more hospital stays, but fewer

physician visits and nursing home stays than non-pet owners.

This study focused on dogs and cats however, the present study did not limit the variable

to any kind of pets and used descriptive design in conducting the research while this study

employed a retrospective, non-experimental, correlational, cross-sectional design. The

participants of the study above were primarily volunteers, and this was a convenience sample. In

the present study the participants were senior high school students in Catanduanes State

University Laboratory School and used random sampling.

Decreasing anxiety while gaining positive emotions because of pets may influence people

to be a pet owner. According to Picard, (2015) student’s increased positive moods only if they

directly interacted with an actual pet. Increasing positive mood after interacting with dog and

decreasing of negative mood was expected. It was also stated in his study that dog owners
preferred interacting with their own dogs because they perceived less anxiety and stress than

interacting with an unfamiliar dog. It appeared that having direct interactions with dogs were

effective in increasing student’s positive moods.

This study and the present study correlated regarding the subject matter, pet ownership.

The study above and the present study differed in terms of the method used. The present study

used descriptive design while the study of Picard used experimental design.

According to Oleksy (2018), dog owners and their self-efficacy levels have a positive

relationship between with each other. The study also revealed that the relationship of stress levels

and levels of self-efficacy within people with a pet dog is negative.

The present study and the study above had the same focus in such a way that both studies

concentrated on the pet ownership and the stress levels. Both studies included pet owners and

non-pet owners as their participants. The result of the study Oleksy conducted was obtained

through an online survey while the present study delivered the questionnaire to the participants

personally. The study above limited the participants to college student, while the present study

limited the participants to senior high school students.

Pet owners have less stress levels than non-pet owners (Harmon & Dayanim, 2016).

According to Harmon & Dayanim (2016), pet owners who have both pet cat and dogs have less

stress levels than pet owners who only have a dog or a cat.

The study above used the stress and pet ownership as the variables same with the current

study but in the study above, the pets that is handled by the pet owner were classified into cats

and dogs only while the current study were open to any kinds of pets.

According to Krumrey (2019), regardless whether you are a pet owner or non-pet owner,

pet ownership has no direct effect toward the general self-efficacy when a good scenario is being

used. This study and the current study are related in a way that both tackled or discussed about

the pet ownership but differed in the second variable. The first study’s second variable was the
self-efficacy while the current study was the stress level. The said study used positive scenario

while the current study used a negative scenario.

Being a pet owner and having pets around can be calming, comforting and therapeutic for

human-beings. According to Mangalavite (2012), animals have some type of influence on

humans, as companions, hunting partners or assistant in tasks. Animal-assisted therapy has

shown to be beneficial in terms of psychological outcomes for peoples with various medical

conditions.

The study above aimed to discuss the benefits and the effectiveness of animal-assisted

therapy. The present study aimed to find whether there is a significant difference in the stress

levels of senior high school students who are pet owners and non-pet owners.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

The studies of Harmon & Dayanim (2016), Mhaistir (2013) and McConnel (2011) coincides

with each other and found out there was a significant difference in levels of loneliness experienced

by pet owners and non-pet owners. However, in the study of Mhaistir (2013), it was also found

out that there is no significant difference on the self-esteem and life satisfaction of pet owners and

non-pet owners.

To counter the studies above, Krumrey (2019), Bao & Schreeer (2016), Tsapova (2017)

and Khashbat (2017) found out in their study that regardless whether you are a pet owner or non-

pet owner, pet ownership has no direct effect toward to the self-esteem, self-efficacy depression

and stress levels of the owners. Low levels of depression was more likely associated to high

attachment to pets and often results to beneficial outcomes to the owners.

Animals play an important role in reducing stress, anxiety and depression of pet owners

according to Robinson & Segal (2019), Scott (2019), Stewart and Strickland (2013) and Adams

(2017). Having pets can reduce stress in people’s life and can bring support. Nevertheless, it was

also found in Stewart and Strickland (2013) and Robinson & Segal (2019), being a pet owner is
beneficial only for those who truly love and appreciate their pets and that this stress relief brought

by pets has no effect to the people who do not enjoy having a pet and have a high-stress jobs.

Hoffman et al. (2013) also found out that the behavioural traits of dogs are associated with

their attachments to their owners. According to Picard, (2015), it was found out that dog owners

prefer interacting with their own dogs because they perceived less anxiety and stress than

interacting with an unfamiliar dog. It appeared that having direct interactions with dogs are

effective in increasing student’s positive moods. Both study somehow accorded to the studies of

Stewart and Strickland (2013) and Robinson & Segal (2019).

In another study conducted by Caines (2016) and Pohnert (2010), found out how

homeless youth who lives with companion animals were extremely constructive and beneficial,

providing emotional support, companionship, safety and protection, and motivation for making

better life choices and pets positively impact their owners’ health. Pet owners were more likely to

have a positive self-perception of health, normal blood pressure, improved function, less chronic

conditions, improved function and more falls.

Nonetheless, one study conducted by Müllersdorf et al. (2012), found out that pet owners

were reported to experience more psychological and health problems and non-owners were

“physically active” opposing the different studies presented above.

Gaps Bridged by the Study

Numerous studies about pet ownership were already conducted in the past years. The

studies have different focuses and types of research designs used in approaching each study.

Some studies used phenomenological approach of the qualitative research to explore the pet

owners’ own experiences regarding their life with pets. The others incorporated different kinds of

approach in their study. Some studies used survey research method of the descriptive research

design of quantitative research like the present study, but the related studies used a virtual

medium to reach the subject population.

 The previous researches incorporated different age groups of pet owners such as the

colleges and elderly, but no research conducted a research that targeted high school specifically

the senior high school. The focus of the studies was broad possible effects of pet ownership such

as on the mental health, physical health, social health and well-being. Few studies focused on

the relationship of pet ownership to a certain aspect such as stress. All related literature and

studies are conducted abroad, and no research was related to pet ownership in the Philippines.

The present study aimed to localize the research on stress levels and pet ownership. The

respondents for the present study were all senior high school students taking academic tracks in

Catanduanes State University Laboratory Schools in Virac, Catanduanes Philippines.

Conceptual Framework

The present study focused on the pet ownership and the stress levels of senior high school

students in Catanduanes State University. Owning a pet has been practiced since a long time

ago and found in nearly every culture and society. Knowing whether there is a difference on the

stress levels between pet owners and non-pet owners among senior high school students is

beneficial for it will help people if they really want to get a pet, to avoid having their expectation

not met and the abandonment of pets. Numerous conducted studies stated that being a pet owner

is an antidote to loneliness and can reduce the amount of stress people experiencing on the other

hand, non-pet owners can move freely and has greater positive personal health (Müllersdorf et

al., 2012).

The framework of the present study was illustrated in a paradigm focused on whether

there is a difference on the stress levels of senior high school students who are pet owners and

non-pet owners. In figure 1, the independent variable was the pet ownership and dependent

variable was the stress levels of the senior high school students in Catanduanes State University

Laboratory Schools.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Profile:
a. Sex
b. Monthly Family
Income Stress Levels of Senior
c. Pet Ownership High School Students
d. Number of Pets
Owned
e. Duration of
Interaction with the
pet/s

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm

 Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, sources of data, instrumentation and its

validation, data-gathering procedure and the statistical treatment that were used to come up with

the desired results of the study.

Design of the Study

This study employed the descriptive method of research which utilized questionnaire as

the main instrument in the process of data-gathering. Descriptive research design was used in a

wide variety of quantitative and qualitative method to investigate a phenomenon with one or more

variables. This method was used when observing and describing the subject without influencing

it in any matter (Shuttleworth). This kind of research design was used to observe and measure

the variable. It intends to describe a phenomenon which answer the questions what, where, when,

and how, but not why questions (McCombes, 2019).

This research design was used to determine the stress factors and measure the difference

in the stress level of pet and non-pet owner among the senior high school students in

Catanduanes State University Laboratory School. The study employed the descriptive design

because it aimed to describe the difference in the stress levels of senior high school students who

are pet owners and non-pet owners and not to determine the relationship between the variables.

Sources of Data

The sources of data of the study were the 161 pet owners and non-pet owners of senior

high school students of the academic tracks; STEM, ABM, and HUMSS enrolled in the first

semester of the school year, 2019-2020 in the Catanduanes State University Laboratory Schools.

The researchers employed the stratified sampling method in determining the respondents of the

current study. The sample of the subject population was determined by the use of Slovin’s

formula, with a margin error of 5%. From the total population of 270 students, 161 students was

the calculated sample for the current study. The stratified sampling was used in the sample of
161. There was twenty-seven (27) respondents in Grade 11 Aquarius (STEM) and Grade 11

Capricorn (ABM), twenty-six (26) respondents in Grade 11 Gemini (HUMSS), thirty (30)

respondents in Grade 12 Canary (STEM), twenty-four (24) respondents in Grade 12 Tangerine

(ABM), and twenty-two (22) respondents in Grade 12 Magenta (HUMSS).

Instrumentation and Validation

The questionnaire contained statements that answered all the research questions-profile

of the respondents according to sex, pet ownership, family monthly income, number of pet/s

owned, duration of interaction with the pet/s and the sources of stress; school, peers, and family.

How the researchers measured the stress levels of the respondents was also determined with

the help of the questionnaire. The instrument that was used in data-gathering was the

questionnaire. It was formulated through gathering ideas from articles, related literatures and

related studies conducted by various researchers. The researchers made use of expert validation

to validate the instrument. The researchers made a draft questionnaire that was shown to the

researchers’ adviser to determine if the instrument was valid, complete and answered the specific

questions enumerated in the statement of the problem.

The questionnaire consisted three parts: I, II and III. The first part of the questionnaire

consist the profile of the respondents according to sex, pet ownership, monthly family income,

number of pet/s owned and duration of interaction with the pet/s. The second part of the

questionnaire consist the different stress factors according to the categories: school, peers, and

family. The study applied Likert scale which indicated the frequency of experiencing the sources

of stress with 5 – “Always”, 4 – “Often”, 3 – “Sometimes”, 2 – “Seldom” and 1 – “Never”. The

quantitative and qualitative description was shown in the table below.

 Scale Qualitative Description Quantitative Description
When the frequency of the
effect of the stressor is
5 Always
experienced from 76% to
100%
When the frequency of the
effect of the stressor is
4 Often
experienced from 51% to
75%
When the frequency of the
effect of the stressor is
3 Sometimes
experienced from 26% to
50%
When the frequency of the
effect of the stressor is
2 Seldom
experienced from 1% to
25%
The effect of the stressor is
1 Never
not experienced at all

Table 1. Part II Likert Scale Qualitative and Quantitative Description

The third part of the questionnaire consist the stress levels of the senior high school

student of Catanduanes State University Laboratory School according to the categories: school,

peers, and family. The study applied Likert scale which indicated the level of stress caused by the

indicator with 5 – “Extremely Severe”, 4 – “Severe”, 3 – “Moderate”, 2 – “Mild” and 1 – “No Stress”.

The quantitative and qualitative description was shown in the table below.

Scale Qualitative Description Quantitative Description

When the level of stress
5 Extremely Severe caused by the indicator is
from 76% to 100%
When the level of stress
4 Severe caused by the indicator is
from 51% to 75%
When the level of stress
3 Moderate caused by the indicator is
from 26% to 50%
When the level of stress
2 Mild caused by the indicator is
from 1% to 25%
No stress is caused by the
1 No Stress
indicator

Table 1. Part III Likert Scale Qualitative and Quantitative Description

Data-gathering Procedure

The researchers distributed the questionnaires that was answered by the respondents.

First, the researchers created a request letter that was submitted at the office before the gathering

of data. Upon approval, the researchers retrieved the request letter. After the retrieval, the

questionnaires was distributed to the respondents. Before the distribution, the researchers

introduced themselves to the respondents and stated their purpose for meeting them. The

researchers also explained the objectives of the study. The questionnaire was distributed during

the free time of the respondents’ class to avoid distraction in the class discussion. The

respondents was given enough time to answer the questionnaire. After answering, the

questionnaire was collected by the researchers for the tallying of the scores and to apply the

appropriate statistical treatment that was used in the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

This study employed a descriptive-survey type of research. In a survey method research,

the respondents answered the questionnaires prepared by the researchers. Responses to the

questionnaires by the senior high school students was tabulated, sorted and statistically analyse

with data required by the study. The researchers utilized the descriptive statistics such as

frequency count, weighted means, and percent. To test the difference in the stress levels of pet

owners and non-pet owners of senior high school students in Catanduanes State University

Laboratory Schools the statistical tool z-test hypothesis testing comparing two sample means was

utilized with 0.05 or 5% margin of error. The researchers made use of statistical tools in the

Microsoft Excel to statistically analyze the data gathered.

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