'" ,_ A A

HQC VIeN KY THUAT QUAN su

KHOA vo TUytN DItN rtr

A , • A ...

MO pttOnG CAC tt~ TttOnG

TttQnG Tin s6

(Tal Ii~u dung cho dao tao Cao hQC cac ehuyen nganh Ky thuat V 0 tuyen Di~n tit & Thong tin Lien lac va T., dQng hoa & Di~u khien Tit xa)

T Trr-T TT ~ .... TTY .... TAT ~A

LUU rrArvrr l'llyl tly

ir,,; ~ I r \ ~<;l' \~ I~ 'i,'~')lliU'AT Ci"JAM SU ;---:.._...:_-- --------"--, I

; --- - ----- i

Il --------- -, -,-,--- '-_=NHA XUAT nAN QUAN DOl NHAN nAN HA NOI 2002

NHA XUAT BAN MONG BAN DQC G6p Y KIEN, PRE BINH

Chi dao nQi dung:

BAN cHi DAO NGmEN cur, BrEN SOAN, HoAN T~N I¢ THONG TAl LI$u HUm L~N, GIAo TRINH, GiAo KHOA, HQC VI$N KY THUAT QUAN su

Tnrong ban: Thien nrong, PGS- TS Nguyen DUe Luyen Ph6 tnrong ban: D;;ri ta, PGS- TS Pham Huy Chuong Thu ky: Thuong ta, Th.S Nguyen Van Thang

TS Nguyen Quae Blnh

Quyet dinh ban hanh S6: 1374/QD-HV

Ngay 10 thang 8 nam 2000

355 - 531.7

-----1412 - 2002

HVK1QS - 2002

TS N guyen Qu6c Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

Ml)C Ll)C

Loi noi dtiu

Chuang 1. Md DAU vB MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN 1.1. Khai quat ve mo phong cac h~ thong thong tin

1.1.1. H ¢ thong thong tin, cdc win detrong thief ke'va danh gid 1.1.2. Ap dung mo phong trong thief ke'va danh. gid h¢ thong

~ A" A .... A K

Chuang 2. BIEU DIEN TIN HII;:U VA HI;: THONG

2.1. Bi~u dien tin hieu

2.1.1. Cdc loai tin hieu

2.1.2. Bieu dien tin hieu tren mien tan so'

2.2. Bi~u dien h~ thong 2.2.1. Khai quat chung

2.2.2. Cdc tinh chat cua h¢ thong 2.2.3. Phdn loai cdc h¢ thong

2.2.4. H¢ thong tuyen tinh khong bie'nd6i theo thai gian

2.2.5. Biiu dien tuang duang thong thdp cdc h¢ thong va tin hieu 2.2.6. H¢ thong tuyen tinh bien d6i theo thai gian

2.2.7. Cdc h¢ thong phi tuyen

A' "A N

Chirong 3. MO HINH HOA HI;: THONG

3.1. MadAu

3.2. Mo hinh hoa mot so bQ phan chii yeu 3.2.1. Nguon symbol

3.2.2. Diiu cheva gidi dieu che'so 3.2.3. Cdc mach 19C

3.2.4. Cdc thief bi phu tra 3.2.5. Tap am va can nhieu 3.2.6. Phdn til phi tuyen 3.2.7. Duong truyen ddn

MlJC LlJC

7
10
10
10
14
17
18
18
23
28
28
30
32
33
37
46
51
58
58
62
62
72
79
86
92
93
98
5 TS Nguyen QuO-c Binh: MO PHONG cAc H-e THONG THONG TIN SO

Chuang 4. cAc KY THUA-T DANH GIA xAc SUAT UJI

TRONG MO PHONG He THONG THONG TIN 107

4.1. Mo dan 107

4.1.1. Danh. gia chat luang h¢ thong thong tin bang rna phong 107

4.1.2. Cdc kY thudt ddnh gia BER thong thuang 108

4.2. Phuong phap Monte-Carlo 114

4.2.1. Nguyen tdc co ban 114

4.2.2. Ky vong va phuong sai cua uac luang thea phuang.phap

M ante-Carlo 118

4.2.3. Cac luu y va nhan xi! 120

4.3. Phuong phap tua giai tich 121

4.3.1. Nguyen tdc ca bdn 121

4.3.2. ti« tuc tinh todn 125

4.3.3. Thi du dp dung phuang phdp tua gidi tich 129

Chuang 5. G61 CHlJdNG TRiNH ASTRAS vA THI nu UNG DlJNG 134

5.1. Goi chuong trtnh ASTRAS 134

5.1.1. Gibi thieu chung 134

5.1.2. Kef cdu goi chuang trinh ASJRAS 135

5.1.3. Cdc ddc diem co bdn cua goi chuang trinh ASJRAS 137

5.1.4. Huang dan sit dung goi chuang trinh ASJRAS 142

5.2. Thi du img dung gol ASTRAS 146

5.2.1. Sa do' khdi tuang duang bang goc cua h¢ thong vi ba M-QAM 146

5.2.2. Cac dac diem ca ban cua h¢ thong vi ba so'M-QAM 147

5.2.3. M6 td h¢ thong va kef qua mo phong 152

Tai lieu tham khdo

163

6

M{JC L{JC

TS N guyln Qu6c Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

LOINOIDAU

Mo phong bang may tmh la mot cong cu het sire mem deo, hieu qua va kha kinh te trong phan tfch va danh gia cac he thong thong tin. Hien nay, tai cac trung tam dao tao va nghien CUll 100 tren the gioi, mo phong may tinh la mot trong nhtmg cong cu nghien CUll chu yeu va la mot cong cu h6 tro giang day het sue htru hieu. Trong hau het cac twang hop nghien CUll phat trien cac he thong thong tin hien dai, mo phong may tfnh la cong cu dac luc nhat cho phep nguoi thiet ke kiem tra nhtrng phuong an thiet ke cua minh, xac dinh nhfmg yeu to va cac thong so quan trong nhat cua he thong can phat trien tnroc khi dira vao che tao thir nghiem. Doi voi giang day v~ thong tin lien lac, mo phong may tinh cho phep nguoi h9C c6 duoc cai nhin san sac va tnrc quan vao nhtrng khia canh ky thuat het sue phirc tap cua cac he thong thong tin, nhimg cai rna neu chi nghien CUll thuan tuy ly thuyet thl vira kho hieu vira te nhat. Doi voi huan Iuyen thuc hanh, mo phong may tfnh la phuong tien vira mem deo, vira mang tfnli tong quat va kha kinh te, nhtrng dieu rna viec thuc hanh tren mot vai loai thiet bi thuc te hay tren cac mo hinh dan gian hoa trong phong thi nghiem khong the dap img day du duoc.

Cuon sach nay diroc bien soan tnroc hetnham giiip cac hoc vien cao hoc chuyen nganh thong tin lien lac trong viec nghien CUll mon h9C "Ky thuat mo phong cac he thong thong tin". Muc dich cua chuang trinh mon nay la cung cap nhtrng kien thirc thiet yeu nhat ve nhtrng noi dung het sire dac thu cua ky thuat mo phong cac h¢ thong thong tin, tao nhtmg co sa ban dciu giup cac hoc vien biet each tao diroc cong cu thich hop cho cac nghien CUll sau nay, dac biet trong nhtrng dieu kien nghien CUll kha thieu thon a mroc tao Doi voi cac can bo nghien CUll trong nganh thong tin lien lac, cuon sach cling co the b6 ich ve nhieu phuong dien,

Do khuon khd chuang trinh dao tao c6 han, cuon sach nay han che trong

LOIN6IDAU

7

TS N guyln Quae Sinh: MO PRONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

cac noi dung thiet yeu nhat d6i voi mo phong cac he thong truyen dan tin hieu s6. MQt s6 van de lien quan cling se khong diroc trmh bay trong tai lieu nay rna ngiroi doc can phai tharn khao them khi tien hanh xay dung cong cu nghien coo cho minh, chang han nhirng van de chi tiet han trong bieu dien cac tin hieu diroc roi rae hoa, cac phep bien d6i Fourier nhanh FFf va IFFT (F ast Fourier Transform va Inverse Fast Fourier Transform), cac bien d6i z va Laplace, mo hinh hoa mot s6 thiet bi, hay nhu cac phirong phap danh gia xac suat 16i thea 1:9 thuyet gia tri eire EVT (Extreme Value Theory), plnrong phap ngoai suy duoi, phirong phap lay mau quan trong ...

Hien tai, cac thuat ngtr ky thuat trong cac tai lieu an hanh a mroc ta con chua thong nhat. Trong qua trinh bien soan, tac gia da c6 gang tham khao each su dung cac thuat ngtr ky thuat trong cac tai lieu tieng Viet khac va trong nhirng

tnrong hyp con chua hoan toan thong nhat, mot 86 thuat ngu ky thuat xuat xu tir tieng mroc ngoai sir dung trong cu6n sach nay diroc chuyen nghia sang tieng Viet thea cac nr di€n phd thong va chuyen nganh dang diroc 100 hanh rong rai trong mroc. De ngiroi doc thuan tien trong tra coo, trong nhtrng tnrong hop nay cac thuat ngu ky thuat diroc chua thong nhat bang tieng Anh. Mot s6 thuat ngtr da Viet hoa rong rai diroc dung a dang phien fun (nhir cac til bit, pha-ding ... ) hoac gan nhu da Viet hoa thl diroc de nguyen the tieng Anh va in nghieng (nhu symbol, menu, constellation ... ).

NQi dung cu6n sach gam bon chuang chinh, ngoai chuang mot diroc danh de trlnh bay mot each tong quan ve cac he thong thong tin, cac yeu t6 tac dong, cac thong s6 can danh gia va khai quat chung ve ky thuat rno phong. Van de bieu dien cac tin hieu va cac he thong diroc trinh bay a chuang hai trong d6 phirong phap bieu dien cac tin hieu va he thong nrong dirong thong thap d~c biet httu dung trong mo phong h¢ thong thong tin la mot noi dung trong tarn, Chuang ba diroc su dung de trinh bay thuat toan mo hinh hoa cac kh6i clnrc nang co ban cua he thong thong tin s6, han che chu yeu VaG cac kh6i chirc nang cua h¢ thong truyen dan, Cac ky thu~t danh gia xac suat 16i - thong s6 chat luqng chu yeu cua h¢ thong

LOIN6IDAU

8

TS Nguyen Qu6C Btnh: MOPHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

thong tin so - diroc trinh bay trong chuong bon, nhan manh toi hai phuong phap thong dung nhat la phtrong phap Monte-Carlo va phuong phap tua giai tich (Quasi-analytical). Nhir la mot vi du va la mot co hoi tap dirot ling dung ky thuat mo phong, chuong nam gioi thieu mot g6i chirong trlnh mo phong - g6i phan mem ASTRAS (Analog Simulation o/TRAnsmission Systems) - va goi y cac ling dung cua n6 trong viec sir dung ky thuat mo phong d~ danh gia mot h~ thong truyen dan so cu the.

Ky thuat mo phong cac h~ thong thong tin la mot noi dung tuong doi moi me va khong kern phan phtrc tap, tai lieu chuyen mon ve linh vue nay lai r~t hiem, thoi gian danh cho nghien ciru mon hoc nay trong chuong trinh dao tao cao h9C lai nrong doi ngan, vi vay cac vsn de trinh bay trong tai lieu nay nhat dinh khong th~ tranh diroc doi cho con kha sa sm.

Do thoi gian bien soan ngan, viec trinh bay cac noi dung c6 th~ con doi cho chua that chinh xac, tac gia r~t mong nhan diroc cac y kien d6ng g6p. M9i Y kien xin vui long giri toi TS. Nguyen Quoc Binh, B¢ mon thong tin - Khoa vo tuyen dien tir, hoac Phong dao tao sau dai h9C, H9C vien ky thuat quan sir,

Tac gia xin chan thanh cam on giao sir, tien si khoa h9C Nguyen Xuan Quynh da d9C hieu dinh va da g6p nhirng y kien phe binh va goi y quy bau d~ tai lieu hoan thien han. Cuoi cung, tac gia xin bay to a day long bier on sau s~c doi voi nguoi thay 1611 cua mtnh - giao sir, tien si khoa h9C Frigyes Istvan thuoc Dai h9C ky thuat Budapest, Hungary - vi nhtmg kien thirc ve linh vue mo phong cac he thong thong tin so cling nhu san pham phan mem nhan diroc tit ong.

L(JINOIDAU

9

TS Nguyln Quae Binh: MO PRONG cAc ~ THONGTRONG TIN SO

CHUONG 1 .

MO DAU VE MO PHONG cAe H:t TH6NGTHONG TIN

1.1. KHAI QUAT v£ M()PHONG cAc Ht TH6NG TH()NG TIN 1.1.1. H~ mONO mONO TIN, cAc VAN D~ TRONO THIET ~ vA DANH olA a. Cdc h¢ tho'ng thong tin:

Ole he thong thong tin e6 clnrc nang truyen dua thong tin til noi . nay den noi khac, Theo cac d~e tinh cua minh, cac he thong thong tin e6 the duqe phan loai thea nhieu each.

Theo loai tin hieu diroc dung de truyen tin tire, cac h~ th6ng thong tin diroc ehia thanh cac he thong thong tin nrong ttl (analog) hay s6 (digital). Theo cac phirong tien truyen dan, cac h~ thong thong tin cling e6the duoc phan loai thanh cac he thong thong tin dung cap dong, cac he thong thong tin quang soi (fiber optic) hay cac he th6ng thong tin s6ng cue ngan (microwave) ... , trong d6 den hrot mmh cac he thong thong tin s6ng eve nganlai e6 the phan tiep thanh cac h~ thong

, ,

thong tjn ve tinh, thong tin vo tuyen tiep sue (rna b mroc ta con quen goi la vi ba) va thong tin di dong,

Cac thanh phan chu yeu cua he thong 'thong tin bao gom:

• Cac nguon tin hieu bao gorn tin hieu htru Ich, tap am va can nhieu. Mac du tap Am va can nhieu cling la cac tin hieu dien song trong chuang trlnh nay trong nhieu truong hop ta se sir dung tir ''tin hieu" <M chi rieng thanh phrul tin hieu hftu Ich; • Cac thiet bi truyen dan tin tue bao gom cac bo dieu che va giai dieu che,

cac bo IQc cac bo khuech dai, cac mach IQc thfch nghi dung lam mach san bang d~e tinh duong truyen, cac mach duy trl dong bo ... ;

10 Chuang 1: MO DAD VE MO PHONGcAc Re THONG THONG TIN

TS Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

• Moi tnrong truyen d~n hay doi khi cting diroc goi la kenh truyen;

• Cac thiet bi xu Iy tin nrc va tin hieu;

Cac yeu t6 tro ngai chu yeu trong truyen dira thong tin gay suy giarn chat hrong he thong bao gom:

• Pha-ding gay boi truyen d~n da dirong trong thong tin vo tuyen tiep sue, thong tin di dong ... ;

• Cac meo tin hieu do d~c tinh duong truyen khong 1y tuong (bao gem cac meo tuyen tinh va meo phi tuyen), do trai gill cham (delay spreading) gay boi truyen dan da duong (multipathy;

• Cac can nhieu bao gorn can nhieu khi quyen, can nhieu til cac he thong khac, can nhieu til cac kenh Ian can cung he thong hay can nhieu noi tai (can nhieu gay boi dac tinh phi tuyen cua tuyen truyen da.n chang han);

• Tap am Iuong tu va tap am nhiet gay boi cac linh kien dien tir;

• Tan sac trong thong tin quang;

Chat hrong cua cac he thong thong tin so noi chung diroc danh gia thong qua rat nhieu tham so nhir mau mat (eye-pattern), mat d¢ phd nhieu, d¢ nhay may thu, xac suat 16i bit. .. trong do chi tieu quan trong nhat la xac suat 16i bit cua he thong,

b. Cdc van de' trong thief kt va danh gia h¢ thong:

Trong thiet ke, phan tich va danh gia cac he thong thong tin hien dai co ba phirong phap chu yeu, khong loai trir l~n nhau, d6 la:

• Phuong phap giai tfch: La phuong phap dira tren cac cong thirc nham tinh toan cac mach dien, cac khoi chtrc nang cau thanh he thong va danh gia chat hrong he thong dum tac dong cua cac yeu to khac nhau cung diroc bieu dien thong qua cac cong thirc toan hoc;

Chuang 1: MO DAU VE MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN 11

TS N guyin Qu6c Binh: MO PHONG cAc I$ THONG THONG TIN SO

• Phuong phap che thir mau va do luang: La phirong phap tren C<1 so tinh toan so b¢ ngiroi thiet ke che tao mau thir va tien hanh do kiem tra cac chi tieu chat hrong. Dac diem cua phtrong phap nay la mac du la phtrong phap cho cac ket qua tin cay nhat song kha cirng nhac va ton kern, do vay chi ap dung trong cac biroc sau trong qua trlnh thiet ke va phan tich he thong;

• Phuong phap mo phong.

Trong vai thap ky g&! day cac he thong thong tin va xu ly tin hieu da: phat trien d~c biet manh me. Trong thoi gian nay str ra dOi cua mot loat cacky thuat moi nhu cac phan cirng voi gia thanh kha re, xu ly nhanh chong tin hieu, cap soi quang h9C, cac thiet bi quang h9C tfch hop va cac mach tich hop song eire ngan ... da co nhtrng anh huang rat quan trong toi viec thirc hien cac he thong thong tin lien lac. Mire d¢ phirc tap ngay cang tang cua cac he thong thong tin doi hoi nhtrng co gang va thoi gian ngay cang Ian trong thiet ke va phan tfch he thong voi chi phi ngay cang cao. Sir c~n thiet phai nhanh chong dua cac ky thuat moi van cac san pham thirong mai nham cai thien va phat trien cac dich V1;1 ky thuat, tang kha nang canh tranh cua cac thiet bi a dang thtrong pham doi hoi viec thiet ke' va danh gia chflt hrqng he thong thong tin phai diroc tien hanh thea mot each thttc moi, tiet kiem v~ thoi gian, de dang va re tien, Cac he th6ng thong tin lien lac hien dai la cac cau true rat phirc tap gam cac phan tu khac nhau rna nhtmg phan tu nay tv than cling co cac d~c tinh phtrc tap. Do d<? phirc tap rat cao va ngay mot phirc tap han cua cac he thong thong tin lien lac hien dai, each d~ cap giai tfch v~ cac phan trng cua cac he thong xem ra la mot nhiem V1;1 khong the thirc hien diroc. Cac thir nghiem tren cac he th6ng thirc thea phirong phap che thir mau va do luang, mat khac, lai qua ton kern, nhat la trong cac giai doan dau cua qua trlnh thiet ke, phat trien va cai tien he thong. Do vay, nhu thirc te eho thay, cac yeu e~u v~ d<? chinh xac cling nhir hieu qua v~ thoi gian va chi phi eho qua trinh thiet ke, phan

..

tich va danh gia he th6ng chi co the thoa man diroc thong qua viec sir dung cac cong cu thiet ke va phan tich co su tro giiip cua may tfnh manh.

12 Chuang 1: MO DAU vB MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN

TS Nguyen Qu6c Binh: MO PHONG cxc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

Mot so hrong 100 cac ky thuat diroc tro gnip boi may tinh (computeraided) da diroc phat trien trong chirng vai chuc nam tra lai day nham he> tro qua trinh mo hinh hoa, phan tich va thiet ke cac h¢ thong thong tin lien lac, Cac ky thuat nay diroc chi a lam hai loai:

• Cac giai phap dira tren cong thirc (formula-based techniques), trong do may tinh diroc sir dung de danh gia va tinh toan theo cac cong thirc phirc tap, Ky thuat nay dira tren cac mo hinh diroc don gian hoa, cho phep co diroc cai nhin tirong doi ve nrong quan giira cac thong so va cac chi tieu chili hrong cua he thong can khao sat va do vay chung co Ich trong cac giai doan dau cua cong viec thiet ke, Tuy nhien, ngoai trir mot so tnrong hop nrong doi ly urong hoac diroc don gian hoa cao, viec danh gia chat hrong he thong thong tin phirc tap dung cac tinh toan giai tfch de dat duoc d¢ chinh xac mong muon la het sue kho khan .

• Cac giai phap dua tren mo phong (simulation-based techniques), trong do may tinh duoc sir dung d€ mo phong cac dang song hay cac tin hieu trong qua trinh truyen qua suot he thong.

Ky thuat mo phong cac he thong thong tin lien lac, nhu vay, la ky thuat dung may tinh voi cac san ph tim phan mem thich hop de tao gia va bat clnroc he thong a mire dang s6ng tin hieu nham xem xet, phan tfch, danh gia phan irng cua no. Mo phong may tfnh, VI vay, la cong cu htru hieu trong nghien CUll, danh gia cling nhu thiet ke he thong. Mac dau cac ket qua mo phong khong the hom toan chfnh xac so voi cac ket qua do thir nghiem tren thirc te (do cac phep tinh gan dung, do tinh gan dung cua cac mo hlnh sU dung trong mo phong ... ), song nhu thuc te da cho thay, cac ket qua thu diroc bang mo phong voi cac phan mem tot va dtroc si'r dung dung dan thl hoan toan co the tin cay diroc. Trong rat nhieu tnrong hop cac ket qua mo phong rat khop voi cac so lieu do kiem nghiem, Cac uu diem n6i bat cua mo phong bang may tinh la nhanh ch6ng, kinh te, het sue mem dec trong img dung va trong rat nhieu tnrong hop no cho phep giro ca nhirng bai toan khong co kha nang giro quyet bang thuc nghiem cung nhu tfnh toan mot each giro tich.

Chuang 1: MO DAU VB MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN 13

TS Nguyln Qu& Blnh: MO PRONGCfi.C R~ TH6NG THONG TIN s6

1.1.2. Ap DlJNG M6 PH6NG tRONG THI~T ICE V A DANH GIA H~ THONG. a. Qua trinb mo phongh~ thong thong tin:'

Muc dich cua mo phong he-thong thong tin la:

• Cung cap mot cai nhln toan dien va sau sAc d6i vci cac v~ d~ ky thuat ciia h~ thong;

'. Danh gia phan ling cua h¢ thong cfu:i mo phong vm cac MC dong khac nhau; • Ki~m tra ch~t hrong he thong va so sanh vci cac chi tieu,

~ hieu r5 ve qua trinh mo phong h~ th6ng thong tin ta hay xet mot thf du voi he thong Vi ba M-QAM (M-ary Quadrature AmplitudeModul~tion: Dieu ~h{ bien dQ vuong gocM inu~) c6 sa d6 kh6i nrong dirong bang g6c nhu tren h.I.I.

"

Muc dfch cua viecdanh gia, thiet ke la:

• Danh gia chat hrong he thong thong qua tham s6 BER (Bit Error Ratio:

Ty le 16i bit). Thong thirong, BER la mot ham cua ty s6 tin/tap, cu th~ la mot ham

, ,

cua ty s6 nang hrong mot bitEb voi nang hrong No cuatap fun (thtrong dtroc gia

thiet la tap fun trang chuan) tfnh tren mot bit, tuc la BER=f(EJNo);

• Khao sat anh huang ella cac y€u t6 khac nhau tm chat hrongcua he thong. n(t)

I S.S ~MOD ~Tx.F ~ ~A~CHAN~-RX-.F-·~DEM ~DeCiss·1

Chu gtai:

s.s (Symbol Source): Ngu6n ky hieu; CHAN (Channel): K!t1htruy~n;

Tx. F (Transmitter Filter):B¢ loc phat; Rx. F (Receiver Filter): B¢ loc thu

MOD (Modulator): ~ dieu ell!; . DEM (Demodulator): B¢ gicli di~u ch~;

HPA (High Power Amplifier): B¢ khuech dai cong suat,

Deciss. (Decissiony: Machquyet dinh; net): Tap Am nhiet:

Hlnh 1.1. Sa dO khci nrong dirong bang goc he thong vi ba M-QAM.

. .

:ff

•

, Giai phap giai tfch la tren CO sa mo hlnh hoa h¢ th6ngbAng cac 'cong thirc

toan hoc, tinh toan BERduOi me d¢ngcuar~t nhieu y6u,t6nhu meo do Ioc, meo phituyen do khuech dai cong suit, meodo duemg truyen, sai pha song inang thu,

14 Chuang 1: MO DA:U ~M6 PRONG cAe ~ TH6NG THONG TIN

____ . !_§_!:!~!!}.!n Quae Blnh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

sai lech tin hieu dong ho ... , nrc la tinh toan BER=J(Eb/No), mea dirong truyen,

mea phi tuyen, LlqJ, LlT ... ) trong do LlqJ, LlT Ian hrot Hi cac sai lech pha song mang va sai lech tin hieu dong ho gitta phan thu v6i phan phat. Do co phan tu phi tuyen (bo khuech dai cong suat) phuong phap xep chong khong the ap dung dUQ'C, hon nua do bang tftn han che nen trong nnhieu dftu ra ton tai xuyen nhieu gitra cac dau lSI (lnterSymbollnterJerence) ... nen viec tmh toan thea phirong phap giai tich tra nen qua phirc tap den noi co the xern nhu khong the thirc hien nci.

Doi voi phirong phap mo phong, qua trmh rna phong thuc chat Hi tao gid h~ thong tren co sO- mo hinh hod h~ thong bao gom tao gid tin hieu, mo hinh hod cdc khtiichuc nang cua h~ thong va cdc tac d{Jng khac nhau va cho tin hieu "chay' suot qua h~ thong va danh gia BER theo m{Jt so cach thuc lduu: nhau. Tren co SO' do dap img cac muc dich d~ ra doi voi cong tac thiet ke va danh gia he thong. Nhu vay, qua trinh mo phong bang may tinh cac he thong thong tin bao gam:

• Tao gia tin hieu a dang xu ly may tfnh diroc (bang each tao man cac tin hieu toi rmrc dang song trong cac mien tan so hay thai gian mot each thich hop);

• Mo hinh hoa cac khoi cua he thong thea cac thuat toan toan h9C rna ta chtrc nang cua tirng khoi, lien ket cac khoi chirc nang cua he thong thea so do khoi dung de mo phong;

• Cho cac mau tin hieu dang song chay qua toan h¢ thong, tao ra cac mau tin hieu dang song loi ra he thong;

• Danh gia BER theo mot so phirong phap, chang han bang each so sanh chuoi ky hieu nhan dUQ'C a loi ra so v6i chuoi ky hieu duoc tao ra a 10i vao (phirong phap Monte-Carlo).

h. Ap dung mo phong trong thiet kl va danh gia h¢ thong thong tin:

Trong thiet ke he thong, mo phong he thong diroc tien hanh nhu sau:

• Lap so do he thong gia dinh (dinh thiet ke);

• Mo hmh hoa cac thanh phan cua he thong voi cac thong so co ban;

') ~ ~ '" , , '" AI '"

Chuang 1,' MO DAD VE MO PHONG CAe H~ THONG THONG TIN 15

TS Nguyln QU&'Binh: MO:PHONG cAc He rnONGTHONG TIN so

• M6 phong he thong voicac tap thong s6 khac nhau nham tlm phirong an thiet ke t6i uu thoa man cac chi tieu dij duqc de ra d6i· VOl h¢ thong can thiet ke.

Danh gia he thong trong q\la trlnh phat tri~n: Deb~o darn tinh xac thirc cua mo phong, ket qua mo phong cfu phai duqc kiem nghiem blmg .cach so sanh VOl ket qua tren cac h¢ thong thirc hien co trong qua trlnh phat tri~nph~ mem mo phong, V oi cac phan mem mophong dii dtroc kiem nghiem, "~' ~u vao cac tham s6 thirc cua h¢ thong canphat trien, h¢ thong cfu1danh"g~~dugc diravao rno phong nham co duqc cac ket luan ve chat hrong h¢ thong khi,dugcl>h~t tri~n.

c. Cac ung, dung khac cua ma phi;',g: "

Khida co he thong dang khaithac, viec mo phong he th6IigcQ ~ giup Ich cho viec phat hien va loai bo.honghoc. Ngoai ramo phong may tfnh con. co the diroc sir dung nhu mot cong cu hitu hieu va re tien trong huan. luy¢n"giang day, nghien coo, chophep giai thfch.iquan sat mot each sau s~c va wc quan cac khai niem, cac tfnh chat cua h¢ thong thong tin. Trong dao tao ta.i ntrieu tnrong va trung tam khoa hoc Ian tren the gioi, mo phong may tfnh cac.he thong thong tin dang tra thanh cong nghe huan luyen thirc hanh moi, thay the cho cac cong nghe cirng nhac, thieu tinh t6ng quat va .ton kern tnroc day la thirc hanh tren h¢ thong tlnrc hay tren cac mo hmh don gian hoa.

l' ..... \ ' _,-.

:",. "

16 Chlldngl.' MO DAU~' MOPHONG cAc He. THONG THONG TIN

. ~ "

TS Nguyln QU6c Binh: MO PH6NG cAc H$ THONG THONG TIN so.

CHtJdNG2

BItu Dl~N TtNHI~U vA H~ THONG

Cac khai niem lien quan toi mo phong h~ thong thong tin bao gorn: Kich thich, phdn ang va ~. thong. Tuy theo muc dich cua mophong cluing ta se c6 cac nhiem vu khac nhau sau dav:

. . ~

• Qua trlnh thiet ke he thong: Tong hop h~ thong de vci mot kicb thicb da

cho thu diroc mot phdn lrng xac dinh:

• Qua trinh phan tich he thong: Xac dinh phdn flng cua mQth~ th6'ng da cho voi mot kicb thicb nhat dinh nham xac dinh cac d~c tfnh ky thuat ding nhu ban ch~t cua h~ thong;

• Qua trinh danh gia chat hrong he thong: Danh gia .chat hrong he thong thong qua tfnh toan cac chi tieu chat hrong can en tren phdn ting loi ra.

Kich thfch va phan img cua he thong duqc xem lacac tin hieu. Nhir da trinh bay a chtrong mot, mo phong cac he thong thong tin Ia viec bieu dien he thong va tin hieu a dang thich hop xu ly bang may tfnh va cho tin hieu "di" qua he thong. Do vay, trong mo phong cac he thong thong tin, bieu di~n he: thong va tin hieu a dang xir ly diroc bang may tfnh dong mot vai tro d~c biet quan trong.

Trong chirong hai nay clning ta se xem xet nhiing van d~ co ban nhat trong bieu dien he thong va tin hieu, bao gam viec bieu dien cac tin hieu (ngaunhien hay tien dinh) va cac loai he thong khac nhau (tuyen tfnh hay phi tuyen, c6 hay

khong bien d6i thee thai gian ... ). rH!JVI~HO~ ~I~~ Kf 1ilUi.TG~';IIS~

Chuang 2: BlEU DIEN TiN HreUVA He THONG 11 -----

!I:.-.----

--11-

I

t - _! _ .. == .. ,

TS N guyln QulJc Binh: MO PHONG cAc ~ THONG THONG TIN s6

2.1. Brfu DItN TiN H~U 2.1.1. cAc LOAI TiN HI~U

Cac loai tin hieu trong h~ thong thong tin bao g6m tin hieu htru Ich va can

nhieu. Co th~ phan chia cac tin hieu thanh:

• Tin hieu tat dinh;

• Tin hieu ngdu nhien.

Cac tin hieu co th~ co dang lien tuc (thirc te') hoac dang da diroc roi rae hoa (diroc sir dung trong mo phong may tfnh),

a. Tin hi~u tat d#nh: Trong thuc t~, tin hieu tat dinh xuat hien dum dang cac tin hieu thir (test) da biet tnroc a phan thu. Tin hieu ~t dinh duqc bi~u dien bang cac ham theo thm gian bao gom ca. ham .thirc Ian ham phtrc. Trong qua trlnh mo phong, mot s6 tin hieu dang song cling thirong diroc bieu dien dum dang tat dinh va cling diroc bieu dien bang cac ham thoi gian.

Cac tin hieu thuong xuat hien trong cac h~ thong.thong tin co the diroc . bieu dien nhir la dan xuat cua mot s6 httu han cac tin hieu co so, Sau day la mot s6 loai tin hieu co so d~c biet quan trong tro~g cac he thong thongtin,

• Ham bac thang dan vi:

{OJ

u(t) =

1,

t<O t~O

(2.1)

• Ham xung dan vi (ham delta):

{I .

c5(t) = '

. .0,

(2.2)

Dinh nghia:

00

jx(t).c5(t).dt =;(0)

(2.3)

-00

, .• Ham sine:

...... ",- .. .,. .. - - ........... '~~;-~ ," .,;".,

, ,il ~ ~ ... ,' .. ' .'

___ .•.. _ ...• ,I

..: ., > sin sr

smc(t)=-- 1Zt

(2.4)

ChrttJng2:BI:l3UD~NTfN HI$U vA ~ THONG

_ _ .

18 i

L '.'

t ... :;; .... ·;.._"" .. _ ..... , ..... _;... ..- .... :

TS Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc H$THONG THONG TIN SO

Dac di~m ella ham sinc(t) la no nhan gia tri bang khong tai cac gia tri ella t la cac so nguyen khac khong va bang 1 khi t = 0 .

• Tin hieu mil phirc:

x(t) == exp(j2;ift) == cos 21ift + j sin 2;ift

(2.5)

Chu y 1: Do la ham phtrc nen viec ve do thi x(t) thuong diroc phan thanh ve do thi phan thirc va phan ao,

D~ mo phong diroc bang may tinh so, cac tin hieu tren can diroc bieu dien a dang roi rae tuong duong. Cac tin hieu rei rae nrong trng nhan duoc bang each Uiy mau cac tin hieu lien We voi khoang each lay mau T; thong tlnrong T, la mot hang so. Tire la:

Tin hieu rai rae = Tin hieu thuc (nTs) (2.6)

Khi bo qua gia tri thirc (la hang so) ella T; ta co th~ viet:

Tin hieu rai rae == Tin hieu thuc (n) (2.7)

• Ham bac thang dan vi rro rae:

u(n) = {I, n20

0, n <0

(2.8)

• Ham xung dan vi roi rae:

{I,

8(n-k)=

0,

n=k n;t:.k

(2.9)

va

00

x(n) = Lx(k).8(n - k)

k=-«>

(2.10)

• Ham mil phirc roi rae:

ej2,yo" = cos2;ifon + j sin2;ifon

(2.11)

V 6i ham mil phirc roi rae, ta co cac chti y sau:

Chu y 2: Do exp(j2n!on)=exp[j2n(!o+1)n] nen!o khong duy nhat. Thong thirong, d~ bao dam tfnh duy nhat thl!oduqe chuan hoa trong khoang [0,1]. Di~u nay lien quan t6i tan so lay mau!s=l([s'

Chuang 2: BlEU DIEN TIN HI$U v A H$ THONG

19

TS NguylnQu6c Binh: MO PH6NG cAe H$ THONGTH6NG TIN SO

Vl ej2Jif/I/=IIT. = ej2JifIlT, , d~ bao dam tfnh duynhat thl/e[O,ll, tUc 1afT;;1, hay ~lrrs' WC la giill tin hieu nghien cUunh~t thi~t phainhohon ilin s61~y mAuls· Thuc ra, theo dinh 1y lay mau, yeu cau v~ tan s6 f so v6'i Is con ch~t h~ nila(j5, l/2Ts).'

Chu j 3 (tfnh chu ky): Debao dam tinh tudn hoan cua tin hieu mu plnrc roi rae thl s6 mau 'trong khoang lifo pli~ti nguyen.

h. Tin hi~u ngdu nhien:

• Cdc qua trinh ngau nhien:

Cac tin hieu ngau nhien ducc bieu dien brmg cacqua tr~ngaUnhle~:,MQt qua trlnh ngAu nhien x(t) la mot he thong gdm khong gian l~y mAu, t~p ca~"d~g song va dQ do xac suat, MQt dang song rieng Ie cuax(t) ~uqc goila mot ham mau.

"' .. I

V6'i mot tap hiiu han tuy y (th t2, ... , tk), bang each quan sat x(t) tai moi t,

, . . '_ '- -_ . .~: , . . : - ~ ', ;- _) ~ "} .,"

(i=l, 2, ... , k) ta thu diroc mot tap k bien ngAu nhien ~(t} Met qua trlnh ngAu

nhien duoc xem la xac dinhkhi va chi khi ta chi ra duqc quy uk xac dinh ham mat dQ xac suat cung nhau (joint probability density function) pIt) cho tap htru han bat ky (x(tl), x(t2), ••• , x(tt)} .

• Qua trinh ngau nhien dimg;

Qua trinh ngau nhien dirng la qua trinh ngau nhien rna voi moi tap hiiu han

{ti} va vOi moi hang s6 T deu co: plt+ n = pIt)

tuc la pIt) doc lap vm g6c thoi gian.

" .r"

(2.12)

Trong thirc t~ xem xet cac he thong thong tin, ffiQt qua trlnh ngau nhien co the va thuong diroc bieu thi thong qua cac bien ngAu nhi!n;t~j3 ithttng~thm diem quan trac va dircc th~ hien bang cac ham mat dQ xac suat pdf (probability density function) cua cac bien ngau nhien d6~ D6i voi qua tr1nh;,n~ nbi~Ddi'rng thl cac pdf cua cac bien ~gAu nhien th~ dl(qc nho qUaT,l,tr~c ~.cac thOidieI1l khacnhau la nhir nhau va dovay viec bi~ll fbi qua,t:rl$;ngfitt,nhi.,e,Q" ~ngqU;a ~c bi~nmgaunhien nhu th~ kha thuan tien va co the the hien thong quC;\ pdfcila cac \Ji~n ngAu nhiendo.

". _" ",' '" -,

20

TS Nguyln Qu6c:Binh:'M6 PRONG cAe~:TII6NGTHONGTIN 86

• Cae gia try trung binh:

.'.

• Ham ky vong: Ham ky vong flit) cua qua trinh ngau nhien x(t) Ia st;r phu thuoc vao thai gian t cua gi4Ui kyvQflg <cilw CJ\:c" mtn ;ngAu nhien thuduoc nho quan tracqua trlnh ngdunhien .x{t) tai thmdi&ll1t, ·tac la,:'

~ A

J.ljt) =E[x(t)]

(2.13)

t:- .! s) ~ I' ~. '

• Ham tu nrong quan: Ham tt;r nrongquan /?xitl• t2) cua qua trinh ngau

" ,,' i .., \ ''t'l "'/' n~'_} j:'~,':" ~'. -,' " ",_'-; ."

nhien x(t) diroc dinh nghia theo: .' "

i', "i ',:.1 t,,')"_

A

' .. Rxih, tz) == E[x(t1).x(h)1· ,,(;y ."/ .

(1.14).

,

Vm qua trinh ngau nhien dirng thi J.lit) la hang s6 va Rxx(tlt t2)=Rxx(tl-t2, 0)

, i 1 < -" " '\. 1 ~l

hay Rxx(th t2)=Rxx(tl-t2), trrc la ham tu nrong quan chi phu thuoc vao khoang each

gitra cac thoi di~rn t1, t2 rna khong phu thuoc g6c thoi gian .

• Qua trinb ngdu nhien dimg theo ngJ('ui~ti(:\Y~:, ; t;.,

Quatrmh ngAunhi~il x(t)duqc'gQi ladUrig'theothgbiat(>ng neuJ.lit) Ia hang s6 va Rxx(th t2)=Rxx(tIJt2,O) hay Rxx(tl' tz)=Rl(t~~r2iJdR:X(?).'~0ir=tct2.Hien

. ~ " .-.- _' "r "", '. - Ii, . \-~ ,_, .-<-i·: \ _' ',~':' : .', _': .

nhien, mot qua trlrih ngau nhieti dlttig thicungla dltttg'ttre6-ngffia't()tig.'

;.. Qutftnnh :ngdu nhiin e11JoiJie':' ,; .. \ >. ',i

Qua trinh ngau nhien dimg x(t) duqdgQi III ~tg~dic' ldlfffuit~bhili theo thm

gian ciia x(t) h(>i W toi J.llt). Ta c6'tJ')lhietidi~tinay rihu ~~li:in ,u ' -

',; Vi x(t) la mot qua trinh ngau nhien dUng n~h\ ham mat d(> xac suW~ leua cac bien ngArituuen x(t;) la nhu hllauv6i IliQit;, k9 hieu 1a/X(t)(x). Khi d6 ; ',\,,'

co ",

J.l1.t)::: Ix.fx(t)(x).dx:;::.J.tx1= const.

lim <flx>r = u,

T-+co

: , - ~ . ':

trong d6 <u; >r la trung blnh thoi gian trong khOang T ciia x( t), duQc tfnh theo

T2

TS Nguyen Qu6c Binh: MC) PHONG cAc Hl; rnONG THONG TIN SO

1 TI2

<u, >r = - f x(t).dt

T -T12 . .

(2.17)

* Cac ham phon b{).va m~t d~ xac suOJ thuO'ng g~p:

Viec nghien ciru cac qua trlnh ngau nhien, nhu da noi 0 tren, co th~ va thuong diroc thirc hien thong qua cac bien ngau nhien, 0i7 bien ngau nhien duoc

"

xern la da biet (xac dinh) khi biet diroc cac ham phan b6 xac sufft cdf (cumulative

. .',

density function) hay ham mat d¢ xac su~t pdf cua n6. D6i voi 'bien ngau nhien X,

cdf tlnrong diroc ky hieu la Fix) con pdf thi thirong diroc ky hieu la fix). Thea dinh nghia, lien h¢ gitra cdf ve pdf cua mot bien ngau nhien XduQ'c xac dinh thea

x

Fix) = ffx(x).dx

(2.18)

-co

va

fix) = d[F i..x)]/dx·

(2.19)

Thirc ra, d~ xac dinh bien ngaunhien X thi viec biet.E,X<x) ~ dieu kien can thiet con viec bietfix) thl rong hon va la du nhung khongphai la nhfft thiet. Tuy nhien, trong thuc te viec nghien cuu vmfix) tlnrong thuan tien.hon. Mot s6 cdf vi: pdf thirong gap trong khi nghien ciru cac h¢ th6ng thong tin se d~9'c liet ke dum day rna khong di vao chirng rninh chi tiet,

• Bien ngau nhien phan b6 deu (uniform):

'. , '.

Pdf: fi~) = 1/(b-a), acxcb

Cdf:

F£x) = (x-a)/(b-a), acxcb u, = (b+a)/2,

": = tb> a)2 /12

(2.20a) " ,(2.20b)

, "

Ky vong:

Phuong sai:

(2.20c) (2.20d)

• Bien ngau nhien phan b6 mtl:

Pdf:

Cdf:

fix) = ,1e-A.X, Fix) = 1- e-A.X, to

x>O x>O

(2.21a) (2.21b) (2.21c)

Ky vong:

22

Chuang 2:BIEUDIEN11N~u V Al$ THONG

TS Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

Phuong sai:

(2.21d)

• Bien ngau nhien phan b6 chuan (Gao-xo):

Pdf:

fix) = ~ exp[ -(x - ,u J2 / 20'~], -oo<x<oo (2.22)

2TC·O'x

trong d6: ,ux=E[X] Ut ky vong, a}=E[(X- ,uxP] la phuong sai. • Bien ngau nhien phan b6 Gamma:

Pdf:

I' (x) = 1 xa-I.e-xlp 0 R-...O

J X\ ' <x<oo, a, p'" ,

r(a).{Ja

(2.23a)

trong d6:

t;.'"

rea) = Jya-I .e? .dy = (a -l).r(a -1).

o

(2.23b)

Khi a la so nguyen thi I'( a)=( a-I)!

(2.23c)

• Bien ngau nhien phan bo Rayleigh: Gia sir Xl> X2 la cac bien ngau nhien doc lap thong ke c6 phan bo Gao-xo, ky vong bang khong va chung plnrong sai d, khi d6 bien ngau nhien X=(X12+XlY/2 se c6 phan bo Rayleigh voi pdf:

x>O,

(2.24)

Tirong irng voi bien ngau nhien mot chien lien tuc c6 cac bien ngau nhien mot chieu roi rae hoa voi cac hamphan bo xac suat va ham mat d<) xac suat roi rae [17].

~ ~ ~ .......... ~ ~ ~

2.1.2. BIEU DIEN TIN HII;:U TREN MIEN TAN SO

a. su« diin tin hieu tren mien tan so-Biln d6i Fourier:

Bieu dien tin hieu tren mien thoi gian nrong doi bat tien trong mot s6 tnrong hop. Hon the ntra, han het cac he thong thong tin thuong duoc xem la cac he thong c6 phd tan han che, Do vay viec xem xet, phan tfch va tinh toan v6i cac tin hieu nho bieu dien tin hieu tren mien tAn s6 thirong thuan IQ'i hon.

Bien dien tin hieu tren mien tAn so lien quan toi viec khai trien chuoi Fourier cac ham tin hieu va dan den khai niem phd cua tin hieu,

" ~ ~ A ..._ ..... ,.."

Chuang 2: BlED DIEN TIN HII;:D V A HI;: THONG

23

TSN grzyln Qu6c Binh: M6 PHONG cAc H:e rn6NG THONG-TIN so

• C hu6i Fourier:

Mot tin hieu x(t) tuan hOM vm chu ky To co th¢~~i.tri~n duqe dum dang tdng ella cac ham mu:

, \.

00

x(t) = L anexp (j2ntifot)

(2.25)

n=-OQ

Trong do cac he s6 a; thuong la s6 phtrc dUQ'e nnh theo:

, '-.1

1 To 12

an = ~ J x(t). exp (-j2ntifot) dt

To -T .

(2.26)

V 6i fo = 1 rr o- Sii dung e~~g thtrc Fourier ta dUQ'e:

00

x(t) = L [aneos2n7ifot + j ansin2n7ifot]

(2.27)

n=-cO

Ve phai cua (2.25) chi hoi ~l;l trong mot s~ dieu kien nhat dinh, mot trong nhtrng dieu kien nhir the la b~· x(t) phai kha tfch binh phtrong trong ehu ky ella

;' _. '. . ,

no, noi mot each khac khai trien Fouriercua tin hieu x(t) chi hoi tu neu nang

t . ,; :

hrong trong mot chu ky ella no la htru han, C&1 chu y la neu x(t) khong lien we tai

to tht chuoi Fourier ella no hoi W toi 1/2[x(to+)+x(to-)].

• Bil" d6i Fourier:

Bieu"di~n cua tin hieu x(t) theotructan s6 dtrocgoi Hiph6 Xif) eua tin hieu, Neu x(t) la mot dao dong hinh sin (tin hieu don sac) thl phd ella nola mot vach tai t~n s6 ella dao dong, Khi x(t) tuan hoanvei chu ky T=llfo thtphd 6ua no gomcac vach phd bieu thi cac thanh-phan dab d<)ng hinh sin cua tin hieu: cocac Utn s6 !bAng nguyen Ian t~n s6 fo. Khi x(t~kh6ng tllful hoanthlphd ella no l~ mot ham ella ta.n s6 va dUQ'e goi III phd d~e.Tfnhi~ux(t) (khong nh~t thiet tuanhoan) lien li~;v6i X(j) thong qua cap bienddi Fourier.

Bien ddi thuanFourier:

00 '

Xif) = F[x(t)] = J.x(t).e-j21ffi dt

-co

(2.28a)

24

C huang 2: BlEU D~N TtNm:eu v): ~ rn6NG

TS N guyln Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

Bien d6i ngiroc Fourier:

'"

x(t) = Fl[X(f)] = fX(f).ej2t;fidf

(2.28b)

-co

Cap bien d6i Fourier ton tai neu x(t) kha tfch binh phirong, tile la:

ec

flx( t )12 dt < 00

(2.29)

Bien d6i Fourier diroe dung de bien d6i qua lai mot each duy nhat tin hieu giira mien tan so va mien thai gian, vi vay bien d6i Fourier la mot cong cu khong the thieu trong phan tfch, danh gia va thiet ke cac he thong thong tin. Mot so cap bien d6i Fourier thirong g~p diroc cho trong bang 2.1.

Bang 2.1. MQt s6 cap bien d6i Fourier thuong gl)p

Tin hieu Bien d6i Fourier
8..t) 1
t' t<O 1 1
u(t) ::;: t ~ 0 j27if + 28(f)
1,
8..t-to) exp( -j27ifto)
u(t).exp( -ca) a>O 1/( a+i2Jrjto)
(l.u(t).exp( -at) a>O n!/(a+j21if'l+1
exp(j21l/0t) 8/-/0)
1
cos27ifot - [8/-fo)+8/+fo)]
2
1
sin27ifot 2j [8/-/0)-8/+/0)]
1 8J)
co 1 co k
L 8..t-nT) - L8(f--)
n=-<D T k=-co T
{I, It I s T
Pr(t)= It I > T 2T.sinc(2Tf)
0,
{I, Ifl~W
2Wsinc(2Wt) pJ/)= 0, Ifl>W ~ :i'{', A"" A K

Chuang 2: BIEU DIEN TIN H~U V A HI;: THONG

25

TS NguyinQuot Binh: M6 PHONG cAc IfflmON9 TlI6NG TIN SO

• Cac tinh ehiit ella bien d6i Fourier:

• Tinh tuyen tinh:

Neu F[Xl(t)] = X1if) va F[X2(t)] = X2if)

thl

(2.30)

• Tinh d6i ngau:

Neu x(t) va Xif) la mot cap bien ddi Fourier thi:

,

F[X(t)] = x(-f)

(2.31)

• Dich true thoi gian:

F[x(t-to)] =X(j).exp(-j2nJto)

(2.32)

nrc la dich true v~ mat thoi gian dan den dich pha tren mien tfuJ. s6, hrong dich pha nay tuyen tfnh voi f

• Dich true tan s6:

F[x(t).exp(j2nJot)] = Xif-fo)

(2.33)

Mot thf du v~ irng dung cua dich true tfuJ. s,6la dieu che bien d¢:

. 1

F[X(t)cos2nJot1 = ~[Xif+fo)+Xif-fo)]

'. ". 2

• Ddi thang thC1i, gian:

. l'

F[x(at)] = lal X(fla)

(2.34)

(2.35)

• Dao ham:

dx

F[-] = j2nJX(j) dt

Tire la viec !tfy daoham tin hieu tren mien thoi gian dan t6i viec nhan phd cua no voi mot hrong j21T{

• Tfch phan:

• Tich chap:

TS NguyEn Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

va

F[x(t) * X2(t)] = X(j),X2 (j) F[x1(t).X2(t)] = X1(j)*X2 (j)

(2.38) (2.39)

nrc la tfch thuong tren mien thoi gian qua bien d6i Fourier se dan den tich chap tren mien tan so va ngiroc lai,

* Bien d6i thuan-nguac Fourier nhanh (FFT va IFFT):

Viec bieu dien qua lai tin hieu tren cac mien t&1 so va thoi gian trong mo phong may tinh so diroc thuc hien thong qua cac phep bien d6i FFf va IFFf. Viec ap dung bien d6i nao va a dau trong mo phong h¢ thong thong tin tuy thuoc vao tirng tnrong hop cu the rna chung ta se xet den trong cac chirong sau. V ~ ban chat, cac phep bien d6i nay dua tren viec lay miiu tin hieu tren mien thoi gian, do d6 cac tich phan cua bien d6i Fourier tra thanh cac tong rm we (bien d6i Fourier roi rae DFf-Discrete Fourier Transform). Tren co sa nh6m mot each thich hop cac man se tiet kiem duoc s6 cac phep tinh trong viec tinh cac tOng roi rae bang may tinh, tire la ton it thoi gian tinh toan han. Cac chuang trmh FFf va IFFf da duoc soan thao bang nhieu ngon ngu khac nhau va da diroc cong bo r~t rong rai, De c6 diroc cac hieu biet sau han ve FFf va IFFT cling nhu c6 diroc cac chirong trmh

;; . ""t 1_" A T P 1 h1 h . ban doc th kha the r,..,,, ,.., 1 1

mau VIe. oang ngon ngu ~ ascai c ... ang an, xm oan \,IyC I am T lao em LkV,k.lj.

b. Cong suat va m(it d9 phd cong suat ciia tin hi~u:

Cong suat trung binh cua mot tin hieu diroc xac dinh theo dinh ly Parseval phat bieu nhu sau: Cong suat trung bmh cua tin hieu x(t) bang tong cong suat cua cac thanh phan chuoi Fourier cua n6, tuc la:

(2.40)

Mat dQ phd Sx(j) cua mot tin hieu ngau nhien x(t) dirng theo .nghia rong va ham W nrong quan RxX< r) cua no lien h¢ voi nhau thong qua cap bien dOi Fourier:

co

Sx(j) = F[Rxx( r)] = JR.\X (r).e-j2n['dr (2.41 a)

-co

va

co

Rxx( r) ::: pl[Sx(f)] = JS x (f)·ej2n[, df

(2.41b)

-00

Chuang 2: BlEU DIEN TIN H$U vA H$ THONG

27

TS Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc H:e THONG THONG TIN SO

Viec danh gia mat d¢ pho hay mat d¢ phd cong suat cua tin hieu thong qua bien d6i FFf bang may tfnh so xin tham khao trong [20].

2.2. BlEU DlEN H~ TH6NG 2.2.1. KHAI QUAT CHUNG

a. Dinh nghia h~ thong:

Mot he thong la mot tap hop cac phan ti'r va moi quan he nrong tac giira chung thirc hien bien d6i mot tap ham d~u vao {x;(t)} cho tnroc thanh mot tap ham dan ra {y(t)}. Nhu vay, mot he thong th~ hien mot phep toan hay mot thuat toan, ky hieu la 1. Tirong tv nhir doi voi cac tin hieu, co th~ co cac loai he thong nrong tv hay cac he thong diroc roi rae hoa,

Doi voi cac he thong nrong nr, cac phep toan hay thuat toan mo ta he thong lam viec voi cac ham mo ta cac tin hieu lien tuc. Cac phep toan hay thuat toan do th~ hien chirc nang thirc te cua he thong va co thebieu dien theo bieu thtrc

y(t) = 1 [Xl(t), X2(t), ... , xit)]

(2.42)

Doi voi he thong roi rae, cac phep toan hay thuat toan mo ta he thong lam viec voi cac ham mo ta cac tin hieu da diroc roi rae hoa va du<;>,c bi~u dien theo bi~u thirc

y(n) = 1 [x1(n), xz(n), ... , xln)]

(2.43)

Trong mo phong bang may tinh so, cac tin hieu va phan irng duoc roi rae hoa va do do cac he thong dtroc mo ta cling diroc "roi rae hoa" mot each thfch irng.

b. su« diin sa do khor ella h~ thong:

Mot he thong co the dUQ'C mo ta bang mot t~p cac thuat toan tren mot t~p ham tin hieu d~u vao do do co the dien ta bang mot khoi co mot so dan vao va mot dau ra. M6i dau vao irng voi mot ham dau vao bieu thi mot tin hieu vao. Thuat toan mo ta h~ thong ding co the phan tich thanh mot t6 hop cac thuat toan con va moi thuat toancon nay lai cling co the xemnhir dien ta mot he thong con. Nhu vay, mot he thong noi chung co the bieu dien bang mot tap cac he thong con

28

Chuang 2: BlEU DIEN TIN HI:eU V A H:e THONG

TS Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc HI; THONG THONG TIN SO

va thirong diroc mo tft thea sa do ket noi tin hieu, trong do moi he thong con Cling duoc bieu dien bang mot khoi v6i mot hoac vai 16i vao, mot phep toan va thong thirong la mot 16i ra. Sa do mo tft h¢ thong nhu vay la sa do khoi cua he thong.

MQt s6 dang ket noi bieu dien sa do kh6i he thong thong tin thong thirong trong mo phong diroc cho tren cac hinh 2.1, 2.2 va 2.3.

x,(t) -1 r, I x,(t) i r, ) x,(t)

Hinh 2.1. Ket noi noi tiep,

Hlnh 2.2. Ket noi song song.

Hinh 2.3. Ket noi h6n hop.

D6i v6i ket noi noi tiep nhu h.2.1, tin hieu 16i ra diroc xac dinh thea

(2.44)

D6i v6i ket noi song song nhu h.2.2, tin hieu 16i ra diroc xac dinh thea

(2.45)

Tin hieu 16i ra d6i v6i sa do kh6i ket n6i h6n hop nhu h.2.3 diroc xac dinh thea

(2.46)

MQt he thong thong tin co the mo tft bang mot sa do kh6i va co the mo tft duoc chi tiet han ntra bang each mo tft rn6i mot khoi cua sa do khoi ban d~u nhu mot he thong con ... Nhu vay, mot he thong thong tin co the mo tft 0 dang sa do

~ ~ , A· , ".,... ...

Chuang 2: BIEU DIEN TIN HII;:U V A HI;: THONG

29

TS Nguyen Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc H? THONG THONG TIN SO

khoi co tinh phan lap. Viec bien dien sa do khoi cua he thong nhir the nao (sau toi lap nao) hoan toan phu thuoc VaG muc tieu cua bai roan mo phong,

2.2.2. cAc TfNH CHAT CVA HI;: THONG a. H¢ thong co va khong nho:

* H¢ thong khong nho:

Neu phan tmg 16i ra cua mot he thong tai b~t ky thoi diem nao chi phu thuoc VaG tin hieu 16i VaG tai thai di~rn do thi he thong diroc goi la khong nho.

* H¢ thong co nhti:

Neu phan irng 16i ra cua mot he thong tai bat ky thai di~rn nao d6u phu thuoc khong chi VaG tin hieu 16i VaG tai thoi diem do rna ca tin hieu 16i VaG tai thai diem tnroc (va sau) do thl he thong diroc goi la co nho. Thf du h~ thong co phan irng 16i ra xac dinh thea

n

yen) = Lx(k)

(2.47)

la he thong co nho, Noi chung he thong thong tin so la co nho. b. Tinh nhtin qua:

H~ thong diroc goi la co tfnh nhan qua neu phan irng 16i ra tai b~t ky thoi diem nao chi phu thuoc tin hieu 16i VaG tai thai do va trong qua khtr (tnroc thai di~rn do). Ngiroc lai thl he thong diroc goi la khong co tfnh nhan qua.

Thi du, he thong diroc bieu dien boi phep toan y(n)=x(n-l) la mot he thong co tinh nhan qua, trong khi do h~ thong duoc bieu dien bOi phep toan y(n)=x(n+ 1) la mot he thong khong co tinh nhan qua.

c. Tinh tin dinh:

M9t he thong diroc goi la 6n dinh neu Ix(t)1 < ko thl ly(t)1 < k, , trong d6 ko, k, htru han con x(t) va y(t) Ian hrot la kfch thfch 16i VaG va phan img 16i ra cua he thong. Tuc la, mot he thong diroc goi la 6n dinhneu voi moi kfch thfch 16i VaG co gia tri htru han, phan irng cua he thong cling c6 gia tri hiru han.

~ " , A , A A"

Chuang 2: BIEU DIEN TIN HI~U VA H~ THONG

30

TS Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

d. H¢ thong khong bien d6i thea thoi gian va bien d6i thea thai gian: * H¢ thong khong bien d6i theo thOi gian:

H¢ thong diroc goi la khong bien d6i thea thei gian khi thuat toan I' bieu dien he thong khong thay d6i thea thai gian, nrc la neu y(t)=[[x(t)] thl y(t-to)=[[x(t-to)] voi moi to. Doi voi he thong rbi rae, neu y(n)=[[x(n)] thl y(n-no)= [[x(n-no)] voi moi no.

* H¢ thong bien d6i theo thoi gian:

H¢ thong diroc goi la bien d6i thea thoi gian khi thuat toan bien dien h¢ thong I' thay d6i thea thoi gian, nrc la y(t)=[[x(t)] sang y(t-to):;tT[x(t-to)]' khong nhat thiet la voi moi to. Doi voi he thong roi rae bien d6i thea thoi gian thl y(n)=[[x(n)] song y(n-no):tT[x(n-no)]'

e. Tinh tuyen tinh:

TurA he 1.. A' d '1' A', 1.. A' hoi - , 1.. 1..« A' 1..->- ,

1VIyt 1 ~ tuong uqc g9l la tuyen tmu neu t loa man tillil Cua.t xep cuong, tire

la neu

Yl(t) = [[Xl(t)] va Y2(t) = [[X2(t)] thi he thong la tuyen tinh khi

[[a1·xl(t)+a2·x2(t)] = al.[[xl(t)]+a2.[[x2(t)]= al·Yl(t)+a2· Y2(t) (2.48b)

(2.48a)

Doi voi h¢ thong roi rae, he thong diroc goi Ia tuyen tfnh khi neu

Yl(n) = [[xl(n)] va yin) = [[x2(n)]

thl r[al.xl(n)+a2.x2(n)] = a1.r[xdn)]+a2.r[x2(n)] =al·Yl(n)+a2· yln)

(2.49a)

(2.49b)

M9t he thong diroc goi la phi tuyen khi khong thoa man tfnh chat xep chong, trrc la neu khong thoa man (2.48) doi VaI cac he thong lien tuc, hay khong thoa man (2.49) doi v6i he thong fbi rae. M9t he thong gom nhieu kh'6i se la phi tuyen neu co it nhat mot khoi phi tuyen. Thf du, he thong c6 sa d6 khoi nhu tren h.2.4 Ia mot he thong phi tuyen do khoi thirc hien thuat toan blnh phirong (.)2 la mot khoi phi tuyen va vi the thuat toan tong cong cua ca he thong y(t)=2.x(t)+~(t) la mot thuat toan phi tuyen,

Chuang 2: BlEU D.rEN TIN HI~U V A. ~ THONG

31

TS Nguyen Quo(; Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

x(t)

yet) =2.x(t)+r(t)

Hlnh 2.4. Thi du mot h~ thong phi thuyen.

2.2.3. PHAN LOAI cAc He THONG

Cac he thong (hoac he thong con) trong thong tin thirong dtroc phan thrum cac he thong tuyen tfnh va cac he thong phi tuyen. Cac he thong tuyen tinh, den hrot minh, lai diroc phan loai thrum cac h¢ thong tuyen tfnh bien d6i thea thoi gian va khong bien d6i thea thoi gian. Cac he thong phi tuyen, tuy thea tung tnrong hop cu th~ duoc phan loai thrum cac he thong phi tuyen khong nho va co nho, D~ lam vi du, doi vci mot so he thong thong tin hien tai, nhln chung co th~ tam xep loai nhu sau.

Doi voi cac he thong vi ba so co sir dung cac bo khuech dai cong suat tuyen tfnh thi he thong co th~ diroc xem nhu he thong tuyen tfnh va khi bo qua su thay d6i cham cua dirong truyen so voi toe d¢ bit thl cac he thong vi ba nhu the co the xem la loai he thong khong bien d6i thea thoi gian. Doi voi cac he thong vi ba so bang rong, sir dung dieu che bien d¢ nhu QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: Dieu che' bien d¢ vuong goc) thl he thong co th~ xem nhu h¢ thong phi tuyen khi bo khuech dai cong suat lam viec voi d¢ lui cong suat BO (BackOff) nho va bo mea tnroc khong hoan hao. Doi voi cac he thong thong tin di dong te bao, dirong truyen song thay d6i rat phirc tap do thue bao di dong, khi do h¢ thong diroc xem la he thong bien d6i thea thoi gian.

Doi voi cac he thong con nhir cac mach 19C hay bo khuech dai cong suat chang han thi nhln chung cac mach 19C co th~ xem nhu cac he thong tuyen tinh khong bien d6i thea thoi gian vi sir thay d6id~c tfnh 19C chu yeu gay boi hong hoc va su lao hoa linh kien xay ra hoac rat thua that hoac rat cham so voi toe d¢ luang thong tin. Cac bo khuech dai cong suat noi chung diroc xem la cac he thong

32

Chuang 2: BlEU DIEN TIN H~U vA. He THONG

TS N guyln Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc H:e THONG THONG TIN SO

phi tuyen song do nhin chung he so khuech dai cua chung hau nhu it phu thuoc Hin so trong suot cac bang tan tin hieu nen co the xern nhu he thong phi tuyen khong nho, ngay ca doi voi cac bo khuech dai cong suat trong cac he thong vi ba so bang rong M-QAM [19,23]. Tuy nhien, khi xet he thong gem bo khuech dai cong suat noi tiep voi mot hoac vai mach Ioc thi do dac tinh han che bang tan cua bo IQc, he thong tong cong Iai tn1 thanh he thong phi tuyen co nho.

Noi tom lai, trong qua trinh mo phong he thong thong tin, tuy theo yeu cau cu the cua nhiem vu mo phong chung ta co the xern cac he thong can mo phong thuoc IOC;li nao. Tren co so do se bieu dien cluing mot each thich hop. Sau day cluing ta se xern xet cac phuong phap bieu dien mot so IOC;li h¢ thong.

2.2.4. H~ THONG TUYEN TfNH KHONG BrEN DOl THEO THOI GIAN

...... _,...9 ::: .. A , •• , • ' •• ,_.. .. " ~ ? ~.'

a. meu men ne tnong tren mien tnoi gtan-rnan ung xung cua h~ thong:

Cac he thong tuyen tinh thoa man tfnh chat xep chong, vi the co the xern kich thich loi vao nhu mot t6ng vo han cac kfch thich dang xung delta voi cac trong so thfch hop va phan ling loi ra bang tong cac phan ling thanh phan cua he thong voi cac kich thich dang xung loi vao, Nhu vay, tren mien thoi gian, he thong tuyen tinh khong bien d6i theo thoi gian hoan toan co the bieu dien thong qua thuat roan T fin dinh phan ling cua he thong voi mot kich thfch xung delta a loi vao. Dieu nay lien quan toi khai niem phan ling xung cua h¢ thong tuyen tfnh,

* Phdn itng xung ella h¢ thong:

Phan ling xung h(t) cua mot he thong tuyen tfnh khong bien d6i thea thoi gian la phan ling cua he thong voi kfch thfch loi vao la mot xung delta:

h(t) = r[8(t)]

Doi voi he thong khong bien d6i thea thoi gian thi h(t-to)= r[8(t-to)]

(2.50)

(2.51)

Doi voi h¢ thong tuyen tinh khong bien d6i thea thoi gian, phan ling xung cua he thong bieu di~n day du va duy nhat he thong. Khi tin hieu loi vao la x(t) thl

~ " , '" ... ..... ,..,

Chuang 2: BlED DIEN TIN HI~D VA H~ THONG

33

TS N guyln Qu6c Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

phan trng loi fa yet) cua he thong tuyen tfnh khong bien d6i thea thoi gian co phan irng xung la h(t) diroc xac dinh thea

00

y(t) = Jx(t).h(t - r)dr

(2.52)

-00

Ve phai (2.52) diroc goi la tich chap cua x(t) va h(t) va diroc ky hieu la

yet) = x(t)*h(t)

(2.53)

• Cac tinh chat cua tich chap:

• Tfnh giao hoan:

x(t)*h(t)= h(t)*x(t) • Tfnh ket hop:

x(t)*[h1 (t)*h2(t)]= [x(t)*h1 (t)]* h2(t) • Tfnh phan phoi:

x(t)*[h1 (t)+h2(t)]= x(t)*h1(t)+x(t)*h2(t)

(2.54)

(2.55)

(2.56)

• Phdn ting xung rifi rae va tich chq.p rifi rae: .

Doi v6i he thong roi .rac thl phan img xung rbi rae h(n)=r[~n)] va v6i he

thong rill rae tuyen tfnh khong bien d6i thea thoi gian thl

(2.57)

Khi do, do tinh tuyen tinh va xern x(k) la hang so doi v6i bien n ta se e6

r[x(k).a_n-k)]=x(k).r[~n-k)]=x(k).h(n-k)

(2.58)

Do vay phan tmg loi ra yen) cua he thong v6i phan irng xung hen) doi v6i tin hieu vao x(n) diroc xac dinh thea:

00 00

y(n)=r[x(n)]=['[ Lx(k).8(n - k)]= Lx(k).h(n - k)

(2.59)

k=-oo

Tong ve phai cua bieu thirc (2.59) dirocgoi la tfch chap roi rae va ding duoc ky hieu thea

00 '"

y(n)=x(n)*h(n)= Lx(k).h(n - k) = Lx(n - k).h(k)

(2.60)

k=-oo

k=-oo

34

Chuang 2: BlED DIEN TiN H~D V A H~ THONG

TS Nguyln Quo(: Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

Tfch chap roi rae ding co day du cac tfnh chili giao hoan, phan phoi va ket hop nhu tich chap lien tuc.

b. Bie'u diin tren mien tan s(j' .. Phdn ung tdn srI:

Phan irng tan so cua mot he thong tuyen tinh khong bien d6i theo thoi gian, ky hieu la H(j), lien he co tinh duy nhat voi phan irng xung cua he thong thong qua cap bien d6i Fourier

00

H(j) = F[h(t)] = fh(t).e-j21fff dt

(2.61a)

-00

va

00

h(t) = p-l[H(j)] = f H(f)·ej21fft df

(2.61b)

Nhir vay H(j) cling mo ta day du va duy nhat mot he thong tuyen tmh khong bien d6i theo thoi gian.

Doi voi mot he thong tuyen tinh khong bien d6i theo thoi gian co ham phanirng xung h(t) va phan irng tan so H(j), neu Y(j) la ph6 cua phan irng loi ra y(t) doi voi kich thich 10i vao x(t) co pho X(j) thl do y(t)=x(t)*h(t) va theo tinh chat cua bien d6i Fourier (2.38) ta co

Y(j)=F[y(t)]=F[x(t)*h(t)]=F[x(t)].F[h(t)]=X(j).H(j)

(2.62)

Doi voi cac he thong va tin hieu roi rae thi bien d6i qua lai gitra bieu dien he thong tren mien thoi gian va mien tan so thong qua c~p bien d6i Fourier roi rae rna trong thirc te tinh toan thuong dtroc thirc hien bOi cac thuat toan FFT va IFFT. Tuc Ia Y(m)=FFT[y(n)]=FfT[x(n)*h(n)]

=FFT[x(n)].FFT[h(n)]=X(m).H(m)

(2.63)

trong do m, n tan hrot la bien tan so va bien thoi gian roi rae. c. Klt noi cdc h¢ thong tuyln tinh khong bien difi theo thai gian:

Do cac tinh chat giao hoan, phan phoi va ket hop d6i voi tich chap, viec ket noi cac khoi trong so do khoi cua he thong tuyen tinh khong bien d6i theo thoi gian rat don gian.

Chuang 2: BlEU DIEN TIN HI~U v A H~ THONG

35

TS Nguyin Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

• Ket noi song song: Bieu dien he thong tuyen tlnh khong bien d6i thea thoi gian g6m cac khoi song song diroc mo ta tren h.2.S. Do tinh chat phan phoi cua tich chap, ket noi song song (h.2.S.a) hoan toan tuong dirong v6i khoi diroc bieu dien tren h.2.S.b co phan ling xung bang tong cac phan ling xung cua cac khoi thanh phan. De dang suy ra duoc rang phan ling tan so cua he thong h.2.S.b dung bang tong cua cac phan ling tan so cua cac he thong thanh phan,

h,(t)
H,(j)
<=> x(t) h(t)= hl(t)+ h2(t) yet)
H(j)=H1(j)+Hif>
hit) X(j) Y(j)
H2(j) b) Hinh 2.5. Ket n6i song song cac he thong tuyen tfnh khong bien d6i theo thoi gian .

• Ket noi noi tiep: Do tfnh ch~t giao hoan cua tich chap, ket noi noi tiep cac he thong (khoi) tuyen tinh khong bien d6i thea thoi gian co tfnh giao hoan tuong dirong va co the ket hop lai thanh mot khoi duy nhat, co phan ling xung bang tich chap lien tiep cua cac phan ling xung cua cac khoi thanh phan va phan irng tfin so bang tich ella cac phan ling tan so cua cac khoi thanh phan (h.2.6).

x(t) yet) '<;
x(j) Y(j)
1 [h,(t)* hz(t)] *h3(t) yU)
-r: H,(j).Hz(j).H3(j)
Y(j)
x(t) yet)
x(j) Y(j) Hinh 2.6. Ket noi nci tiep cac he thong tuyen tfnh khong bien d6i theo thoi gian .

• Nhan xet: Bieu dien tren mien tan so doi v6i cac he thong tuyen tinh khong bien d6i theo thoi gian kha thuan loi do viec tfnh toan cac tfch chap nrongdoi ton bo nho. Viec bieu dien tren mien tan so cac he thong tuyen tfnh khong bien d6i thea thoi gian dan den chi can cac phep nhan thirong cac ham phd va cac phan ling tiin

36

~ x , A ... A ,..'

Chuang 2: BIEU DIEN TIN HI_eU VA H_e THONG

TS Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc Iffl THONG THONG TIN SO

s6 trong qua trinh cho tin hieu "chay" qua he thong. Han the nita, d6i voi cac he thong nay viec ghep nhieu kh6i n6i tiep hay song song lai thanh mot kh6i tnroc khi thuc su cho tin hieu "chay' qua he thong se cho phep giam bot diroc dang ke cac phep ttnh thuc hien bien d6i tin hieu cting nhu doi hoi v~ bo nho may tinh.

2.2.5. BlEU DrEN TlJONG DUONG rnONG TI-JAp cAc 1$ rnONG vA TiN ~u a. MiJdi1u:

Cac ham thoi gian tlnrong gap nhat trong phan tich cac h¢ thong thong tin HI. cac ham thai gian bien di~n cac tin hieu di~u che song mang rna cluing thirong la tin hieu giai thong tap trung quanh tan s6 song mang j; Tire la cluing phan b6 til !c-B/2 Wi !c + B/2, trong do B la d¢ rong phd tin hieu. De thuan tien eho viec phan tfch va danh gia chung thong qua tinh toan bang may tinh, cac tin hieu nay thuong ducc roi rae hoa. Th6 thicn nhat la ap dung tnrc tiep dinh ly lay mau, voi tan s6 lay mau khi do nhtft thiet khong nho han 2ife +B). Viec bieu dien va tfnh toan voi tan s61ay mau rat 100 nhu vay la het sire phirc tap. Tuy vay, voi mot 86 han che khong qua dang, cac tin hieu va h¢ thong giai thong nlnr the lai co th~ phan tfch diroc rat thuan tien nho viec dua chung v~ tan s6 thap, trrc la chi xet cac tin hieu va h¢ thong thong thap, Cac h¢ thong va tin hieu nhu the duoc goi la cac he thong va tin hieu nrong duang thong thap va viec nghien CUu chung dua tren ky thuat duong bao phirc. D6i voi viec nghien CUu va danh gia h¢ thong thong tin bang mo phong may tfnh chang han, phuang phap nay chiem vi tri trung tam. Ngoai ra, danh gia he thong dua tren kY thuat duong bao phirc se giam nhe va dan gian hoa rat nhieu cac tinh toan phirc tap, thf du nhir trong danh gia cac h¢ thong dieu che' nhieu mire, cac he thong voi can nhieu phtrc tap nhu cac h¢ thong thong tin v¢ tinh ...

Ban than phirong phap nay hoan toan co tfnh tnrc giac, Chang han, voi tin hieu giai thong x(t) ta co th~ viet:

x(t)=r(t).cos[27ifJ+ <IX.._t) ]=Re[r(t). ej[2nfct+<I>(t)] ]=Re[r(t).ei~t). ei2nfct] (2.64) Trong do Re(.) ky hieu phan thuc, ret) la tin hieu thirc hien dieu che bien dQ, con <IX.._t) la tin hieu thirc hien dieu che pha cua song mango Do ej2nfcl khong

37

TS Nguyen Qu6c Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

mang thong tin hfru Ich rna chi bi~u thi mot song mang khong dieu che, toan bo thong tin cua x(t) nam a thanh phan dieu bien ret) va dieu pha l!X.._t), nen thay vi xet v6i x(t), ta co th~ xet tin hieu:

XL (t) = r(t).exp U~t)]

(2.65)

Tin hieu nay hien nhien mang moi thong tin tcii boi tin hieu giai thong, mat khac no la tin hieu thong thap vi khong chua song mango XL (t) thea (2.65) thirong diroc goi la tin hieu nrong dirong thong thap hay dtrong bao phirc cua tin hieu giai thong x(t). Neu bang thong cua tin hieu laB thi d6i v6i cac h¢ thong thong tin

thong thuong B« t; thirong thoa man. Khi nay neu x(t) qua mach loc thl viec phan tich co th~ danh gia thong qua thuat toan IQc thong thap d6i v6i tin hieu vao la tin hieu duong bao phirc XL (t) .

D6i v6i cac he thong giai thong, thay vi nghien cuu he thong v6i dac tinh giai thong co tan s6 trung tim cua giai tlnrong rfft cao (trong cac he thong thong tin thong thirong, tan so nay trung v6i t~n s6 song mang cua he thong) ta co th~ xem xet he thong bang each qui dac tinh giai thong cua he thong v~ dac tinh thong thap nrong duong.

Viec qui he th6ng va tin hieu thong giai ve thong thap nrong dirong dira tren bien d6i Hilbert.

b. Bien d6i Hilbert:

Bien d6i Hilbert cho phep bieu dien toan hQC phep anh xa cac tin hieu song mang co dieu che thanh cac tin hieu nrong dirong thong thap, tren co sa do cho phep qui cac ham truyen giai thong v~ cac ham truyen nrong duong thong thap va cho phep su dung chiing trong tfch chap wang dirong thong thap. Dieu nay het sUC co loi trong xir ly, mo phong he thong tin hieu bang may tinh.

Xet ham x(t) co bien d6i' Fourier la X(j). Ta co th~ tao mot ham Zx(j) til X(j) nhu sau (h.2.7):

Zx(j) = 2.x(j).u(j)

trong do u(.) la ham bac thang dan vi.

(2.66)

38

Chuang 2: BlEU DIEN TIN HI~U vA ~ THONG

TS Nguyen Quoc Blnh: MO PHONG cAc H-e: THONG THONG TIN SO

Bien d6i ngiroc Fourier cua Zif) la:

00 00

zit) = f Z/J).exp(j27ift) df = 2 f X(j).exp(j27ift)df (2.67)

a

zxCt) la mot ham phtrc. Phan thuc va ao cua no co th~ xac dinh nhu sau.

Do

2u(j)= 1 +Signij)

Zx(j) = X(j).[l +Sign(j)] = X(j)+X(j)Sign(j)

(2.68) (2.69)

nen:

Bien d6i ngiroc P-l[X(j)]=X(t) va ky hieu bien d6i ngiroc cua X(j)sign(j):

1\

P-l[X(j)sign(j)] = jx(t) (2.70)

1\

Trong do x(t) = df [x(t)] diroc goi la bien d6i Hilbert cua x(t).

Vi p-l[sign(j)] = 1..

TCt

nen bien d6i Hilbert co th~ bieu dien dtroc bang tich chap sau: ~(t) = -jP-l[X(j)sign(j)] = x(t)*_}_

. TCt

(2.71)

(2.72)

Theo cong thirc tich chap ta diroc

" 1 "'fx(r)

x(t) = df [x(t)] = - -dr

1r t-r

-00

(2.73)

Ap dung bien d6i ngiroc Fourier cho ca hai ve (2.69), ta duoc

1\

zxCt) = x(t) + jx(t)

(2.74)

zit) dtroc goi la tin hieu giai tich cua x(t) hay con diroc goi la tien dirong bao cua x(t).

Z, U)

X(j)

(a)

(b)

Hinh 2.7. Tao phd ciia tin hieu dirong bao x(t}.

39

TS Nguyln Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc ~ THONG THONG TIN SO

• Cdc tinh chat ctia bien d6i Hilbert:

• Neu X(f) la bien d6i Fourier cua x(t), thl bien d6i Fourier ciia bien d6i Hilbert la:

A A

F[x(t)] =X(f) = -jX(f)sign(f)

(2.75)

B¢ IQc c6 ham truyen -jsign(f) se tao fa quay pha 'Ji/2 va duoc goi la bo bien d6i Hilbert.

A

• Bien d6i Hilbert cua x(t)=cos277/ot Ia x(t)=sin277/ot

(2.76)

Do tinh chat nay cua bo bien d6i Hilbert va d~ y cong thirc (2.72), ta thay bo bien d6i Hilbert c6 th~ xem nhu la mach IQc v6i phan img xung h(t)=..!... Mach m

IQc nay diroc goi la mach loc can phirong .

• Bien d6i Hilbert cua bien d6i Hilbert cua mot ham x(t) Ia ham -x(t):

/\

cH [x (t) ] = -x(t)

(2.77) (2.78)

A

nhu vay neu x(t)=sin277/ot thi theo (2.76) x(t)=-cos277/ot

• Neu mot tin hieu aCt) c6 phd han che:

IA(f)I=o V'1t1~B

(2.79)

thl bien d6i Hilbert cua x(t)=a(t).cos277/ot se la:

/\

X (t) = cH[a(t).cos277/ot] == a(t).sin277/ot

va bien d6i Hilbert cua x(t)=a(t).sin277/ot se la:

(2.80)

A

X (t) = cH [a(t).sin277/ot] = -a(t).cos277/ot

(2.81)

mien la/o ~ B.

c. Tin hieu tuong duong thong thdp:

Mot tin hieu da di€u che bien d¢ va pha luon c6 th~ bi~u dien dtroc dum dang:

V6i pho:

x(t) = p(t)cos277/ot - q(t)sin277/ot

X(f) =.!. [P(f-/o )+jQ(f-/o)+P(f+/o)-jQ(f+/o)] 2

(2.82a) (2.82b)

Chuang 2:BIEU nlEN TIN HI~U vA H~ THONG

40

TS Nguyen Quo(: Binh: MO PHONG cAc H$ THONG THONG TIN SO

Trang d6 P(j) va Q(j) Ian hrot la phd ella pet) va q(t). Neu d¢ rong bang B cua ca cac thanh phan dong pha va vuong pha pet) va q(t) thoa man B5,fo:

P(j) = 0, If I > fa

Q(j) = 0,

Ifl>fo

(2.83)

Tit (2.80) va (2.81) bien ddi Hilbert ella x(t) la:

1\

x(t) = p(t)sin2n/ot + q(t)eos2n/ot

Tin hieu tien dirong bao khi d6 la:

(2.84)

Vm:

1\

zit) = x(t) + jx(t) = [P(t)+jq(t)]exp(j2n/ot)

Zx(j) = 2X(j)u(j) = Pif-fo)+jQif-fo)

(2.85) (2.86)

Tin hieu da dieu che khi d6 la:

x(t) = Re[zit)] = Re[ XL (t). ej2nfot ]

(2.87)

Tin hieu nrong dirong thong thap hay dirong bao phtrc ella x(t) la XL (t) dtroc xac dinh thea:

V6'i phd:

XL (t) = zit). ej2nfot = pet) +jq(t) xL(j) = zxif+fo) = P(j) + jQ(j)

(2.88) (2.89)

Thong thuong, dirong bao plnrc diroc bieu dien dum dang:

XL (t) = a(t).e j¢(t)

trong d6 aCt) = [p2(t) + q2(t)r/2 la tin hieu dieu ch€ bien d¢,

c]J(t) = tan-1[q(t)/p(t)] la tin hieu dieu eh€ pha.

Ta c6 th~ thay rang doi vci cac tin hieu c6 phd han eh€ nhir trong (2.83) thi dirong baa plnrc hoan toan dong nhat voi dang tnrc giac (2.65), van de Ia 6 cho

(2.90)

khong nhat thiet can den dieu kien bang rat ht;pfo» B rna chi efinfo> B Ia duo d. H¢ thong tuang duong thong thdp:

Xet mot h~ thong thuc e6 phan trng xung h(t) va tin hieu loi vao thuc x(t).

Phan irng loi ra yet) dtrocxac dinh thea tich chap thong thirong sau:

1'3

A j(" ',,.. . .... ..... ","

Chuang 2: BIEU DIEN TIN HI~U V A ~ THONG

41

TS Nguyen Quo(; Binh: MO PHONGcAC H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

00

y(t)=h(t)*x(t)= Jh(t-r).x(r)dr

(2.91a)

-00

voi phd:

Y if) = H if) Xif)

(2.91b)

Ta se xay dung cac ham:

Zxif) = 2Xif) uif) Zhif) = 2Hif) uif) Zyif) = 2Yif) uif)

Tic (2.91b) va (2.92) ta co: 1

Z yif) = - Zhif)Zxif) 2

(2.92a) (2.92b) (2.92e)

(2.93)

Neu ta ky hieu cac ticn dirong bao cua x(t), yet) va h(t) Ifin hrot la zxCt), zy(t) va Zh(t) thi tic (2.93) ta dUQ'C:

i .

zit) = "2 Zh(t) * zit)

va theo dinh nghia tin hieu tien dirong bao (2.74), ta duoc: yet) = Re[zit)]

(2.94a)

(2.94b)

• Tuang duang thong thap cua h9 loc gidi:

D6i voi cac he th6ng giai thong, do he thong co d~c tinh tfin s6 gioi han trong khoang if1, 12) nrong tu bo 19C giai thong nen ta co the xet nhu d6i voi mach 19C giai thong. Xet mot tin hieu dfiu van x(t) co phd gioi han thea (2.83) diroc truyen qua mot he thong giai thong co ham phan ling xung h(t) voi ham truyen Hif) tieu bieu nhu h.2.8.a, he thong se co phan ling 16i ra yet):

«J

yet) = h(t) *x(t) = Jh(t-r).x(r)dr

(2.95)

-«J

Ta bieu dien cac tin hieu 16i van va 16i ra cuahe thong bang cac dirong bao plurc cua chung (cac tin hieu nrong duong thong thap) XL (t) va YL (t). Chung ta se

chi fa rang viec 19C tuyen tinh co the bieu dien nrong duong diroi dang mot bo 19C hu diu voi phan ling xung s. (t), sao cho:

42

Chuang 2: BlEU DrnN TIN HI~U vA H~ THONG

TS N guyln Qu6'c Binh: MO PHONG cAc ~ THONG THONG TIN SO

CI)

YL (t) = fhL (t - r).xL (r)dr = XL (t) * hL (t)

(2.96)

Chung ta dang mong muon hinh thanh cac tin hieu va bo lQC nrong duong thong thap bang each lam hien ra trong (2.92) tan s610. Dieu nay se co tac dong dich phd cua cac tin hieu giai tfch (tien dirong bao) va bo IQC ve gee toa dQ. Viec chon t~n s610 la tuy y, mien la B-:;,to voi B la max(al,a2) nhu ve tren hinh 2.8.a.

Hinh 2.8. B¢ loc nrong duong thong thap. a. Phd H(j) cua bo IQc giai;

b. Phd H L(j) cua b¢ IQc urong dirong thong thap;

c. Phd thanh phan dong pha HLp(j) cua HL(j);

d. Phd thanh phan vuong pha HLq(j) cua HL(j).

Chuang 2: BlED DIEN TIN HI$D vA. He THONG

43

TS Nguytn Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

Khi nay:

XL(j) = Zif+fo) = 2X(j+.fo).u(j+fo) 1

HL(j) = -Zh(j+fo) = H(j+fo)·u(j+fo) 2

YL(j) = Zy(j+fo) = 2Y(j+fo)·u(j+fo)

(2.97a) (2.97b)

(2.97c)

Phd cua bo IQc tirong dirong thong thap HL(j) diroc ve tren h.2.8.b. H~ s6 1/2 trong bieu thtrc d6i v61 HL(j) trong (2.97) diroc dua ra nham don gian hoa bieu thirc s£tp t61 d6i v61 tich chap nrong duong thong thap.

Cac dirong bao phirc cua cac tin hieu vao, ra la XL (t) va YL (t), con ~_ (t) la

phan trng xung urong dirong thong thap:

XL (t) = zxCt). e - j2nfot

hL (t) =_!_ Zh(t). e-j21Cfol =_!_[h(t) + jh(t)].e-j2nfot (2.98)

2 2

YL (t) = zit). e-j21Cfol Thay (2.97) vao (2.93) ta duoc:

YL(j-fo) = HL(j-fo)·~(j-fo)

Tin hieu tien dirong bao cua yet) khi nay la

(2.99)

0»

zit)= YL (t). ej2nfot = J HL(j-fo)·~(j-fo). ej211ft df (2.100)

-0»

thay f-fo=e; ta duoc:

0»

YL (t). ei2nfot = ej2nfot J HL(c;)'~(c;)' eI27r~t de;

(2.101)

-a)

Phan irng nrong dirong thong thap cua bo loc giai khi do la

a)

YL (t)=P-l[HL(c;)'~(c;)]= ilL (t)* XL (t)= JhL (t - r)xL (r)dr

(2.102)

-00

Tin hieu (thuc) 16i ra cua he thong gild thong khi do co th~ tinh tu tin hieu thong thap nrong dirong thea:

yet) = Re [YL(t). ej2nfot ] (2.103)

44

Chuang 2: BlEU DlEN TIN HI~U V A. H~ THONG

TS NguyEn Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc f$ THONG THONG TIN SO

can chii y rang ham truyen nrong dirong thong thap HLif) co th~ phan giai thanh cac thanh phan dong pha H Lpif) (la mot ham chan) va vuong pha H Lqif) (la mot ham Ie) cua no (h.2.8.c va d):

H Lif) = Hlpif) + jH Lqif)

H if) = H L (f) + H~ (- f)

Lp 2

(2.104a)

(2.104b)

H if) = H L (f) - H ~ (-f)

Lq 2j

Phan trng xung tirong duong thong thap cua bo IQc giai khi nay Ia

(2.104c)

hL(t) = hLP(t) + jhLq(t) (2.105)

va phan img xung thuc te cua mach IQc co th~ bieu dien thea:

h(t) = Re{[hLP(t)+ /iiLq(t) ].ej2;ifot} (2.106)

Mach loc hL (t) noi chung la mot mach loc phrrc va khong th~ thirc hien b dang vat ly diroc, tuy the lai co th~ mo phong diroc. Khi Zhif) doi xirng quanh fo thi H Lif) doi xirng quanh 0 va do do hL (t) = hLp (t) , la ham thuc,

D~ torn tAt phan nay, chung ta co cac ket luan sau day:

* Bang sir dung bien d6i Hilbert, cac tin hieu va cac he thong giai thong co th~ bieu dien ttrong duong diroi dang thong thap;

* Thay cho viec nghien coo he thong b tan so caocua song mang, ta co th~ nghien coo, phan tich he thong bang sa dO nrong duong thong thap, trong do tin hieu da dieu che b tan so song mang duoc bieu dien bang dirong baa phirc cua cluing va cac khoi cua he thong diroc qui ve thong thap nrong dirong. Viec mo phong mot he thong tuyen tinh giai thong co phan tmg xung h(t) v6i kich thich x(t) co th~ chuyen thanh mo phong he thong nrong dirong thong thap voi kich

thich XL (t), phan img xung hL (t) = ~[h(t) + jh(t)].e-j2;ifot • Phan trng thuc loi ra co th~ xac dinh thea (2.103) voi yet) xac dinh thea (2.96).

Chuang 2: BlEU DIEN TiN HI~U V A H~ THONG

45

TS N guyln Quo(; Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

2.2.6. H.e THONG TUYEN TfNH BIEN DOl THEO THOI GIAN a. Phdn ung xung:

Phan img xung cua h¢ thong tuyen tinh bien d6i thea thci gian cling diroc dinh nghia la phan img cua h¢ thong d6i vOi kich thich delta al6i vao va dUQ'C xac dinh thea

h(t, r) = i[O(t-r)]

(2.107)

Phan trng xung cua he thong tuyen tinh bien d6i thea thoi gian phu thuoc vao thai diem kich thich xung delta a 16i vao. Tire la phan irng xung cua h¢ thong tuyen tmh bien d6i thea thoi gian khong chi phu thuoc vao bien t la thoi gian xet a 16i ra rna con phu thuoc thoi di~rn r kich thich xung delta al6i vao. Do vay, phan irng xung cua he thong tuyen tinh bien d6i theo thai gian la mot ham hai bien, viec ve do thi cua n6 din t61 khong gian ba chieu.

Khi kfch thfch loi vao la tin hieu x(t) thl phan iing loi ra yet) cua he thong diroc xac dinh thea phirong phap tich phan xep chong:

00

yet) = fh(t, r).x(r)dr

(2.108)

Tich phan ve phai (2.108) dtroc goi la tich phan xep chong va cling duoc ky hieu 00i x(t)*h(t, z), Trang twang hop d6i vci he thong khong bien d6i thea thoi gian, do h(t, r)=h(t-r) nen tich phan xep chong (2.108) tra thanh tich chap thong thirong.

D6i vOi he thong c6 tfnh nhan qua, do h(t, r) = 0, V t:» t, tich phan (2.108) tra thanh

I

yet) = fh(t, r)x(r)dr (2.109)

D6i voi cac h¢ thong va tin hieu rei rae hoa, cac bieu tlnrc (2.107) va (2.109) c6 dang

hem, n) = i[O(m-n)]

(2.110) (2.111)

m

y(m) = I,h(m,n)x(n)

n=-oo

Cling nhu d6i v61 he thong tuyen tfnh khong bien d6i thea thoi gian, phan rrng xung cua he thong tuyen tinh bien d6i thea thoi gian mo ta day dll he thong,

46

Chuang 2: BlEU DIEN TiN HI~U v): ~ THONG

TS N guyen Qu{/c Binh: MO PHONG cAe H:g THONG THONG TIN SO

b. Biiu diin tren mien tdn so h~ thong tuyln tinh bien d6i theo thOi gian:

* Phdn ting tan so:

Khai niem phan irng tan so cua he thong tuyen tfnh bien d6i thea thoi gian lien quan t61 ham he thong Bello. Phan img tan so cua he thong tuyen tfnh bien d6i thea thoi gian phu thuoc bien thoi gian, ky hieu la H(j, t) va duoc xac dinh thea bien d6i

00

Hif, t) = fh(t,r).e-J2Jif(t--T)dr

(2.112)

-00

can hru y rang (2.112) co dang gfu giong bien d6i Fourier nhtrng khong phai la bien d6i Fourier. Chi trong tnrong hop cua he thong khong bien d6i thea thoi gian, h(t, r)=h(t-r), thi (2.112) m61 tra thanh bien d6i thuan Fourier.

Phan irng xung cua he thong dirco xac dinh thea bien d6i ngiroc cua (2.112)

00

h(t,r) = fH(f,t).ej2Jif(H)df

(2.113)

-00

Ta co the nhan xet tit (2.112) va (2.113) rang cap bien doi ngjiu qua bien d6i thuan nguoc tren day lajva r, clnr khong pheiijva t nhu trong he thong kh6ng bien d6i thea thoi gian.

Phan irng loi ra cua he thong tuyen tfnh bien d6i thea thoi gian v61 kfch thich x(t) dtroc xac dinh thea

00

yet) = fH(f,t)X(f).ej21if1 df , voi X(f)=F[x(t)].

(2.114)

-00

Tit (2.114) ta thay rang Hif, t) cling m6 tei day du h¢ thong nhu h(t, r).

* Phil cua tin hieu lOi ra:

Ph6 cua tin hieu 10i ra cua he thong tuyen tinh bien d6i thea thoi gian lien quan t61 ham mien tan so Kailath, xac dinh thea

00 0000

HI (f,u)= f H(f,t).e-j27tUt dt = f fh(t, r).e-j2Jif(I-r) .e" jTnut dtdt

(2.115)

-00

-00-00

A ~ ... ,.. , ,.. ,..;-

Chuang 2: BIEU DIEN TIN HI~U VA HI;! THONG

47

TS NguylnQuoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc ~ THONG THONG TIN SO

Tit (2.115) ta thay mot cap bien doi ngau nita la t va u. co th~ thay rangtan so u lien quan tm toe dq thay ddi cua he thong con tfin so flien quan toi tan so kich thich.

Phan img tan so cua tin hieu loi ra feu) duoc xac dinh theo tich phan xep chong tren mien Hrn so

'"

Y(u) = JH1(f,u-f).X(f)df

(2.116)

Tit (2.116) ta co th~ thay rang, ve mat tan so h~ thong tuyen tinh bien ddi thea thoi gian bieu hien cac tac dong trai phd hay dich phd hoac ca trai Ian dich phd tin hieu Ioi ra so v6i tin hieu Ioi vao. Trong thirc te, chang han khi khoang each gitra may phat vt: tuyen va may thu thay ddi trong qua trinh lien lac thi xay fa hieu irng Doppler lam bien ddi tan so tin hieu thu diroc so v6i tan so tin hieu diroc phat, Phan irng cua mot he thong tuyen tinh bien ddi thea thoi gian doi v6i mot tan so dan fo co th~ la mot giai tan nao do hoac la mot giai tan tap trung quanh mot tan so fo * 7= fo. Mire do trai rong ve tan so la do do toe dq thay ddi cua h~ thong. Mire dq·triii tan so nhu vay cling con phu thuoc ca vao fo, do do khi tin hieu loi vao khong phai la mot tan so dan rna la mot tin hieu co phd htru han nao do thi aloi ra cua he thong S\! trai phd co th~ khac nhau v6i cac thanh phantan so khac nhau trong tin hieu loi vao. GQi Ws la dq trai phd C\!C dai doi v6i cac thanh phan tan so tin hieu vao. Khai niem nay diroc sir dung trong cac mo hinh kenh truyen da dirong (multipath) va cling tlnrong diroc goi la dq trai Doppler. Neu tin hieu 16i vao co phd Wi' he thong co trai DopplerW, thi tin hieu loi ra se co be rong phd B s Ws + Wj'

c. Tan s{/ lay mdu doi vOi h~ thong tuyln tinh bien d6i theo thai gian:

Trong mo phong cac he thong tuyen tfnh bien ddi thea thoi gian v6i trai Doppler Ws' tin hieu loi vao co phd han che Wi co th~ lay mau v6i toe dq lay mau khong nho han 2Wj, song d~ tranh mea g~p phd do qua trmh l~y mau nham roi rae hoa, tin hieu loi ra lai phai lay mau v6i tan so lay mau Is khong nho han

48

~ ;:( ~ A ... ..... A"

Chuang 2: BIEU DIEN TIN HII;':U V A HI;': THONG

TS Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc ~ THONG THONG TIN SO

2(Ws+ Wi). Thong thuong, Wi» Ws do d6 t~n so H1Y mau chi can 100 han 2Wi mot chtit la duo Tuy vay, d6i voi cac he thong co toe d¢ bit rat thap song bien d6i theo thai gian manh thl phai tinh den anh huong cua hieu rmg trai tan s6 va t~n s6 la'y mau phai chon du 100.

d. Ket noi cdc h~ thong bien d6i theo thOi gian:

* Cdc tinh chatcua tich phdn xe'p chong:

Tfch phan xep chong co tinh ket hop va phan phoi, nrc la

x*[h*z] = [x*h]*z va x*[z+h] = x=z+x=b

(2.117)

Tuy nhien, can hru y rang tich phan xep chong noi chung khong co tinh giao hoan, trrc la

(2.118)

Dieu nay co ~ tMy ngay tU bi~u thU'c dinh nghia cua tich ph~ xep chang (2.108).

* Ke't noi song song:

Do tfnh chat phan phoi cua tich phan xep chong, cac h¢ thong tuyen tinh bien d6i theo thoi gian gam nhieu kh6i song song co th~ hop 1~ thanh mot khoi tuong dirong co phan img xung tcng cong bang tong cua cac phan trng xung cua cac khoi thanh phan nhu h.2.9.

x(t)

Hinh 2.9. Ket n6i song song cac he thong tuyen tfnh bien d6i theo thoi gian.

* Ke't nOl noi tiep:

Do tinh chat ket hop cua tich phan xep chong, cac he thong tuyen tinh bien d6i theo thai gian gam nhieu kh6i n6i tiep co th~ hop lai thanh mot khoi nrong duong nhu h.2.10 c6 phan img xung t6ng cong h(t;r) diroc xacdinh nhu sau. GQi phan img 16i ra cua khoi rl co phan irng xung hl(t,r) d6i voi kfch thfch x(t) la z(t), theo (2.109) ta co

Chuang 2: BI-gU nI:EN TiN HIeU v): ~ THONG 49

TS Nguyen Quae Blnh: MO PRONG cAc ~ TRONG THONG TIN SO

t

z(t) = fhl (t, r)x(r)dr

(2.119a)

-00

t

yet) = fh2(t,0)z(0)dr

(2.119b)

-00

Ket hop (2.119.a) va (2.119.b) ta diroc

t 8 t t

yet) = fdOhz(t,O) fh1(0, r)x(r)dr= fdn:(r) fh2(t,0)hl(0,r)dO (2.119c)

-00

-00

Nhu vay, he thong tuong duong r c6 phan img xung tong cong la

.

h(t, r) = h1(t, r)*h2(t, r) = Jh2 (t,O)hl (0, r)dO

(2.120)

x(t)

yet) f----t x(t)

ht(t, r)*hit, r) yet)

r

Hinh 2.10. Ket noi noi tiep cac he thong tuyen tfnh bien d6i thee thoi gian.

Tuy nhien, do tich phan xep chong n6i chung khong c6 tinh giao hoan nen viec thay d6i thu tv ket n6i noi tiep cac khoi tuyen tfnh bien d6i theo thai gian nhtn chung khong nrong duang (h.2.11).

x(t)

yet) 00 x(t

hz(t, r)

y'(t)

hzCt, r)

Hlnh 2.11. Giao hoan khong nrong duong cac khoi tuyen tfnh bien d6i thee thoi gian.

z(t)=t z(t)=t

X(t)=t~ y(t)=t'/2 ~ x(t)=t ~ /(t)=t'/3

a) b)

Hinh 2.12. Thf du ve giao hoan khong tuong dirong cac khoi tuyen tfnh bien d6i thee thoi gian mile noi tiep.

50

TS Nguyen QuoC Binh: MO PHONG cAc ~ THONG THONG TIN SO

De lam thf du, ta co the xet hai he thong nhu h.2.12.a va h.2.12.b. Mach nhan trong ca hai he thong co mot d~u vao voi kfch thich z(t)=t, do do no nrong dirong mot khau nhan co he so nhan bang t (he so nhan bien d6i thea bien thoi gian t). Tren h.2.12 co the thay f6 rang hai he thong co phan irng 10i ra khong nhu nhau voi cung mot kfch thfch loi vao x(t)=t.

2.2.7. cAc H~ THONG PHI TUYEN a. Dan nhdp:

Cac he thong phi tuyen la cac he thong bao gam trong no it nhat mot khoi phi tuyen diroc bieu dien bCri. mot thuat toan phi tuyen, noi mot each khac la co d~c tfnh phi tuyen. Cac phan nr co dac tfnh phi tuyen tieu bi~u trong cac he thong thong tin la cac bo khuech dai cong suat, cac mach han bien, cac phan tit bien dien ... Co Ie trong viec phan tfch va danh gia cac he thong thong tin thl sir co mat ella cac phan tit phi tuyen la nguyen nhan chfnh nhat dfin t6'i gild phap mo phong, V~ nguyen tac, viec phan tich, danh gia cac he thong tuyen tinh hoan toan co the d~ cap bang cac cong cu giai tfch, Viec nghien crru cac he thong phi tuyen, tuy vay, lai tlnrong rat kho van dung cac cong cu giai tfch nhir the. Mac dau trong mot s6 nam gan day hang loat nghien CUu va n6 lire da dtroc thuc hien thea huang d~ cap mot each gild tfch cac he thong thong tin bao gam ca cac phan tit phi tuyen, song cac nghien ciru nay tnroc sau deu dan gian hoa hoac ly nrong hoa mot khfa canh nao do trong phan irng cua tuyen thong tin. Hen the nita, cac cong thirc tfnh toan giai tich lai thuong qua phirc tap den n6i thuc te thuong can den cac phep tinh toan so, do vay lam mat di tfnh tong quat cling nhir kha nang xem xet sau vao ban chat ky thuat cua cac phan irng cua he thong, muc dfch toi thuong rna viec phan tfch he thong phai dat tci. Chfnh vi the rna mo phong la cong cu httu dung nhat de nghien CUu cac h¢ thong phi tuyen.

Trong mo phong cac he thong thong tin cac phan tit phi tuyen diroc phan loai thanh cac phan tit phi tuyen co va khong nho. Doi vci cac phan tit phi tuyen

Chuang.Z: BI-EU DrEN TIN HIeU VAHe THONG

51

TS Nguyen. QuO<: Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

khong nho, phan img 10i ra hi mot ham cua pharr img 16i vao chi tai thoi di~rn tire thoi, dieu nay dan den d~c tfnh cua cac phan tu phi tuyen khong nho khong phu thuoc vao tan so, nrc la r(j)=const. voi moi tan so trong bang tan tin hieu. Thf du, cac b¢ khuech dai cong suat trong cac he thong vi ba so, bao g6rn cac bo khuech dai dung den song chay TWT (Traveling Wave Tube) hay bo khuech dai ban dan SSPA (Solid-State Power Amplifier), deu c6 dac tinh khuech dai phu thuoc rat it vao tan so va do do chung thirong diroc xern la phan tit phi tuyen khong nho.

Cac phan tir phi tuyen c6 nho la cac phan tu rna d~c tinh cua chiing c6 tfnh chon loc thea tan so, tire la dac tinh cua chung phu thuoc tan so. Thong thuong, cac he thong co phan nr phi tuyen rna tin hieu lai co bang tan eire rong thl thuong duoc xem nhu he thong c6 nho. Ngoai ra mot phan nr phi tuyen khong nho (bo khuech dai cong suat chang han) nhirng dirocmac noi tiep voi mot mach lee thl he thong gom mach lQC va bo khuech dai do lai tra thanh he thong phi tuyen c6 nho do d~c tinh tong cong ca h¢ thong lai phu thuoc t~n so.

Trong mo phong cac he thong thong tin, mo hlnh phi tuyen khong nho rat thong dung va du chfnh xac. Mo hlnh phi tuyen c6 nho n6i chung rat it dtroc ap dung do cac phan tit phi tuyen cong tac voi tin hieu bang t~n eire rona it gap trona

.. - - - - ," _. '. .. - ._...... -

thirc te, hon nita mot phan tu phi tuyen co nho hoan roan c6 th~ mo hinh hoa bang

mot he thong g6rn mot phan tU phi tuyen khong nho noi tiep voi mot hoac hai b9 loc. b. Biiu diln phdn tit phi tuye'n khong nho:

... Cac kh6i phi tuyln khong nh« bang gife:

Phan tu phi tuyen khong nho bang gee diroc d~c tnrng bOi mot quan he ham phi tuyen gitta pharr irng d~u ra va kfch thfch loi vao, cling thuong diroc goi la dac tinh vao-ra, c6 dang

)/(t) == r[Jr(t)]

(2.121)

Trong thuc te, mot so dac tfnh vao-ra phi tuyen co th~ cho diroc 6 dang giai tich. Mot thf du tieu bieu la dac tinh vao-ra phi tuyen cua di-ot ban dan. D~c tinh von-ampe cua mot di-ot ban dan c6 dang

52

Chuang 2: BlED DIEN TiN HIED vA HE THONG

. .

1'S Nguyin Quae Blnh: MO PHONG cAc H$ THONG THONG TIN SO

1 = Ix(eAv-1) (2.122)

trong d6 I, Hi mot tham s6 phu thuoc loai di-et, N=q/kT v6i q la dien tich cua dien til, k la hang s6 Boltzmann va T la nhiet d(> tuyet d6i, I la dong dien chay qua di-ot con V la dien ap d(tt tren hai eire cua di-6t.

Ngoai mot s6 rat it cac phan til c6 th~ bieu dien mot each giai tich nhu

I tren, c6 rat nhieu ph tin til phi tuyen khac trong cac trng dung thirc te rna d(tc tfnh vao-ra cua cluing rat kh6 bien dien thfch dang bang cac bieu thirc giai tich. Trong nhtrng twang hop d6, cac d(tc tinh vao-ra thtrong dtroc cho 6 dang bang va khi can, cac s6 lieu nam giira cac s6 lieu dll cho trong bang c6 th~ nhan diroc nho sil dung phep noi suy mot each thfch hop .

• Cdc khoi phi tuyen khong nhu thong gidi:

Trong cac he thong thong tin, cac phan til phi tuyen thong giai thuong la cac dung cu dien tiT nhir cac bo khuech dai phi tuyen trong cac h~ thong c6 dieu che s6ng mango Cac dung cu nay hau het mo hlnh hoa diroc nhir mot pharr til phi tuyen khong nho v6i d(tc tuyen tang Ich va d(tc tuyen bien-pha phi tuyen. S6 di phan img I6i ra cua cac dung cu nay lien he mot each nrc thai (khong nho) v6'i kich thfch I6i VaG thong qua cac d(te tuyen vao-ra nhir the la do trong thuc t€ cac tin hieu giai thong I6i VaG thirong c6 d(> rong phd du hep den nbi cac dac tinh vaora thuc sv khong phu thuoc tan s6 trong su6t giai tan cua tin hieu,

F[x(t)] B

f

o 10

Hinh 2.13. Cac thanh pharr phd cua .x"(t) (F[.] la bien d6i Fourier).

Chuang 2: BlEU DIEN TIN HI$U vA H$ THONG

53

TS Nguyln Quo(: Binh: M6 PHONG cAc He THONG TH6NG·TIN SO

Phan img Ioira yet) cua mot he thong phi tuyen voi kich thich I6i vao x(t) co th~ bieu dien dum dang chuoi Iuy thira. Khi lam gan dung bang each bo qua cac s6 hang bac rat cao ta diroc

N

y(t) = r[x(t)] ~ :L>nxn(t)

(2.123)

n=O

Ph6 cua phan ung l6i ra khi kfch thfch l6i vao co pho han che tap trung quanh tttn s6 ±fo se gom cac thanh phan t~p trung quanh ±nfo, n=l, 2, 3 ... (h.2.13).

Gia thiet he thong khong nho la thong giai co nghia la chi cac thanh phan ph6 quanh tttn s6 ±fo duoc xu 19 bci he thong, L6i ra cua mot he thong nhu vay diroc goi la 16i ra giai bac mot (first-zone output). Do v~y 16i ra cua mot phan nr phi tuyen khong nho trong mot he thong giai thong co th~ hieu nhir diroc tiep n6i bang mot bo loc lay giai bac mot 1.

f)~c tfnh tang Ich cua phan tir phi tuyen khong nho gay ra bien dieu ve bien dQ (AM/AM conversion) con d~c tfnh bien-pha gay nen bien dieu ve pha (AM/PM conversion) d6i voi tin hieu qua no. Do vay chung thirong diroc goi la cac dac tinh AM/AM va AM/PM. Cac d~c tfnh nay thuong duoc choo dang d6 thi hay dang bang.

Y' A h~ ? h' A'lrt..A ·t..'hA .? ri ktcb thfch Ioi vt

~ ... et mot P an nr pru tuyen .. cnong I1110' thong giai VO'l ocn true 61 vao

x(t) = Acos(27ifot+tjJ)

Phan img 16i ra khi nay co the viet diroc thea yet) = f(A)cos [27ifot+ tjJ+g(A)]

(2.124)

(2.125)

trong do f(.) bieu thi bien dieu AM/AM con g(.) bieu thi bien dieu AM/PM. Bay gio ta hay xet tnrong hop t6ng quat hon khi x(t) la mot tin hieu duoc dieu che ca bien dQ Ian pha, bang hep, co ph6 tap trung quanh tttn s6 fa. Tin hieu x(t) co th~ viet diroc dum dang:

1) ThlJC te'lo thuong kha cao nen cac thanh phan pM l6i ra tap trung quanh cac tan s6 nlo (n'?2) thuong co tiin s6 rat Ion, nam hoan toan ngoai giai tan tin hieu. Rieng thanh phan pM quanh fo gay bbi cac s6 hang luy thita bac Ie (chii yeu la bac 3) trum bang Hin tin hieu va co tac dong me rong phd cua tin hieu I6i ra, do do S;;tU phan tit phi tuyen can phai loc nham han che can nhieu tci cac he th6ng khac. Viec loc nhir vay duong nhien cling co tac dung loai bo cac thanh phan phd l6i ra voi cac tan s6 trung tam nlo (n,?2) n6i tren,

54

TSNguyln Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc H:e THONG THONG TIN SO

x(t) = A(t)cos[2Jifot+¢(t)]

(2.126)

Thuc te, cac d~c tinh cua phan tir phi tuyen thong giai thirong diroc xac dinh thong qua cac phep do v6i kfch thfch hlnh sin dan tan. Tuy vay, thea ket qua do trong hau het cac tnrong hop, (2.126) co th~ tong quat hoa diroc va tin hieu ra eo th~ viet dUQ'C thea

yet) = j[A(t)].cos{2Jifot+¢(t)+g[A(t)]}

(2.127)

Quan he co dang nhu (2.127) dac tnrng cho dac tinh dtroc goi la phi tuyen duong bao, trong do phan phi tuyen cua phan ung 10i ra chi phu thuoc vao me-dun cua A(t) cua tin hieu 10i vao, Cac quan he phi tuyen nhu tren cling co th~ bieu thi diroc thea 10i bieu dien cau phirong thong qua sir dung cac tin hieu tien dirong bao. Tin hieu 10i vao khi nay co th~ bieu dien bang tin hieu tien duong bao

zit) = A(t). ej[21!fot+,(t)]

(2.128)

va tit (2.127) tin hieu tien dirong bao cua tin hieu 10i fa se co dang

zlt) = j[A(t)]. ej{21ifot+,(t)+g[A(t)]1

Tin hieu tlnrc 10i fa khi nay co th~ xac dinh theo

yet) = Re[zlt)]= Sit).cos[2Jifot+¢(t)] - Sq(t).sin[2Jifot+¢(t)]

trongdo Sit) = j[A(t)].cos{g[A(t)]}

va Sit) = j[A(t)].sin {g[A(t)]}

(2.129)

(2.130) (2.131a) (2.131b)

Cac bieu dien thea (2.128) va (2.129) diroc goi Ia each bieu dien thea toa d¢ eire con each bieu dien thea (2; 130) diroc goi la each bieu dien cau plnrong .

• Bilu diin tuangduang thong thap phdn til phi tuye'n khong nh6' thong gidi:

Trong mo phong cac he thong thong tin thong gild, nhu ta da bier viec sir dung bi~u dien nrong dirong thong thap thl hieu qua han nhieu ve mat tinh toano Doi v6i phi tuyen dtrong bao the hien bm cac dactinh AM/AM va AMIPM, bieu dien nrong duong thong thap rat dan gian. Tin hieu dirong bao phtrc cua x( t) la

XL (t) = Zx (t).e- j21ifol= A(t). eN(t)

con dirong bao phirc cua tin hieu 10i fa y( t) la

(2.132)

Chuang 2: BlEU DrnN TIN H$U V A H:e THONG

55

TS Nguyen Quoc Binh: M6 PHONG cAc HI;: THONG TH6NG TIN SO

YL (t) = zy(t).e-j2:(ot = f[A(t)].ej{~(t)+g[A(t)l}

(2.133.a) (2. 133.b)

= S/t).expU¢(t)] + Sit).expU¢(t)]

Bi~u dien theo (2.132) va (2.133.a) dUQ'C goi la bien dien theo toa d¢ eire con theo (2.133.b) la each bieu dien cau phirong.

Can chu y rang dirong bao plnrc cua tin hieu 16i ra cua mot he thong phi tuyen khong nho thong gild chi co nghia cho I6i ra gild bac mot rna thoi.

• Toe di) my mdu trong mo phong h~ thong phi tuyln:

Mot khia canh quan trong trong mo phong cac he thong phi tuyen la toe d(> lay mau roi rae hoa. Theo dinh ly lay mau, d~ tai tao tin hieu trung thirc, tranh meo g~p phd, thl tin hieu phai dUQ'C lay mau v61 t6c d¢ la:y mAu!s>2B, trong do B la b~ rong phd tin hieu, Phd cua tin hieu 16i ra mot h~ thong phi tuyen tuy vay nhm chung lai khong co cling cac thanh phan phd nhu tin hieu 16i vao. Nhu da thay (; phan tren, viec xu ly tin hieu qua mot phan tir phi tuyen lam tang be rong phd cua tin hieu 16i ra so v61 tin hieu 16i vao. Tir (2.123) va (h.2.13) co th~ thay rang neu tin hieu 16i vao x(t) co phd tan-han che' v61 d¢ rong B thi, noi mot each chat che, thanh phan X'(t) cua tin hieu loi.ra se co b~ rong phd t61 nB. Nhir vay tin hieu 16i ra theo (2.123) phai diroc roi rae hoa voi t6c d¢ lay mfiufsout> 2NB. Dieu nay co Ie khong th~ chap nhan dUQ'C do no se dan t61 nhtrng doi hoi qua mire ve t6e d¢ xu If Ian b¢ nho cua may tinh. Tuy nhien, d6i v61 ra:t nhieu he thong thirc te thl cac he s6 an giam kha nhanh khi n tang. VI vay, phan dong gop cua a~(t) trong nang hrong cua yet) se chi la w¢t phan ra:t be nho khi n kha Ian den nbi meo gap phd do rieng cac thanh phan v61 n kha 100 se chi dong mot vai tro kha nho trong meo tin hieu tong cong. M~t khac, dt? 100 phd cua X'(t) lai khong phan b6 deu tren toan gild tan nB rna co xu huang tap trung v~ phia thap tan (cac thanh phan phd tan s6 cang gan 0 cang co xu huong Ian hon cac thanh phan phd each xa tan s6 0). Do vay neu co roi rae hoa v61 t6c d¢ Ia:y mAu nho hon 2NB thl chi cac phan duoi cua do thi phd v61 do 100 nrong d6i nho bi gap rna thoi va rneo gay boi sl! gap phd nho nhu vay noi chung la khong quan trong. Nhu vay, toe d¢ lay mau

56

ChU01lg 2: BIEU DI~N TIN HII;:U vA HI;: THONG

TS Nguyen Quae Binh: ~O PHONG cAe He THONG THONG TIN SO

tin hieu loi ra trong rna phong cac he thong phi tuyen khong nhat thiet phai N Ian i Ian hon toe d¢ lay mau tin hieu loi vao rna chi can tang toe d¢ lay mau loi ra mot chut sao cho meo do g~p phd tin hieu du nho a mire c6 the chap nhan diroc.

De chon diroc toe do lay mau dung thi pho tin hieu loi ra cua h~ thong phi tuyen phai diroc danh gia thong qua khai tridn chuoi (2.123). Dang tiec la moi quan he dinh hrong gitra toe d¢ lay mau can thiet, meo gap phd pham phai va ty trong meo g~p pho do lay mau voi toe d¢ khong du 1611 trong meo tong cong lai khong chi phu thuoc vao rieng phan tu phi tuyen va den nay vAn con chua xac dinh duoc. C6 Ie giai phap hien thuc va thirc dung hon ca nham xac dinh toe d¢ lay mau thfch hop la thir rna phong voi cac toc d¢ lay mau khac nhau, tang tirng buoc tir gia tri ban dau 2B. Toe do lay mau diroc chon se la toe d¢ rna sai lech ket qua mo phong nhan duoc so voi ket qua mo phong thu duoc voi toe d¢ lay mau tnroc d6 nho hon mot gia it! xac dinh, chap nhan duoc trong thuc ie thiet ke.

Chuang 2: BlEU nIEN TIN HIeU V A He THONG

57

TS. N guyln Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ TH6NG THONG TIN s6

CHudNG3

MO HINH HoA H~ TH6NG

3.1. MODAU

Dac trung co ban cua h~ thong thong tin s6 la cac tin hieu diroc truyen dira va xu 19 bci h~ thong nhan cac gia tri tu mot tap htru han cac phan tir, thirong diroc goi la bang chtt cai (alphabet). Cac phan tu tin hieu nay co dQ dai htru han xac dinh T va trong cac he thong thong tin s6 hien nay, noi chung dQ dai T la nhu nhau d6i voi moi phan tu tin hieu, Nhu da trinh bay trong chuang mot, trong tlnrc te co r~t nhieu loai he thong thong tin s6 khac nhau. Tuy theo loai h~ thong thong tin s6 thuc te, hang loat chirc nang xir 19 tin hieu s6 khac nhau co th~ diroc su dung !l..h~.m th~TC hi¢n vi~c truyen dna cac tin hieu s6 mot cach hieu qua v~ phuong dien bang tan cling nhu cong suat tin hieu. Cac chirc nang xu 19 tin hieu nhir the dtroc mo ta bOi cac kh6i trong sa d6 khoi cua he thong, M6i mot kh6i mo ta mot thuat toan xu 19 tin hieu, Sa d6 kh6i tieu bi~u cua mot he thong thong tin s6 diroc mo ta tren hlnh 3.1 [24], trong d6 th~ hien t~t ca cac chirc nang chinh nhat co the co cua cac he thong thong tin s6 hien nay.

Trong sa d6 kh6i hinh 3.1, cac thuat toan xu 19 tin hieu co so (song khong phai trong he thong thong tin s6 nao cling nhat thiet phai thuc hien ddy du cac thuat toan co sO nay) bao g6rn:

• Tao khuon dang tin hieu, rna hoa ngu6n va giai rna ngu6n tin hieu;

• Dieu che va giai dieu che s6;

• Ma va giai rna kenh (rna chong nhieu);

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA H:e TH6NG

58

TS. N guyln Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc H$ THONG THONG TIN SO

• Ghep-phan kenh va da truy nhap;

• Trai va giai trai phd;

• Ma va giai rna mat;

• Dong bo (bao gam dong bo nhip va dong bo song mang);

• L9C (bao gam I9C c6 dinh va I9C thich nghi);

• Tac dong cua kenh truyen analog, bao gam tac dong cua cac thiet bi thu phat cling nhu tac dong cua moi tnrong truyen .

....................... ~.~.:~r~~N KIL<C

Tit, e' ~LfHOfbJMA~O"A·bJ~fIHOI·.i.,rGiiEl D~U IfrRAi-[jAiiin1

nguon ti NGu6N f7l M~T f7l IffiNH f7l KENH i, cIffi : PH6 VI NH~ I

, * 1 * : - 1 :jt ••••••••••.••.•.•• : *' - .J , "x : Li-···_···········I ,t--.---'

\ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• rI'

*: CHU6IBIT

v : cHU61 D~NG S6NG

TOI cAc DICH NH~N TIN KHAc

Hinh 3.1. Sa do khoi tieu bieu h~ thong thong tin so.

Viec di sau vao giai thich hoat dong cua tirng kh6i va cua so do kh6i h.3.1 nam ngoai pham vi ly thuyet ve mo phong cac he thong thong tin nen a day cluing ta se khong de cap toi mot each chi tiet, Viec phan tich cac thuat toan cua cac kh6i quan tam trong noi dung cua tai lieu nay se duoc xet den trong cac muc sau khi de cap tm van de mo hinh hoa cac bo phan cua he thong thong tin s6. Trong so cac thuat toan co sa n6i tren chi cac thuat toan tao khuon dang tin hieu, dieu che, giai dieu che va dong bo la c6t yeu nhat d6i voi moi loai he th6ng thong tin so. Trong so do khoi hlnh 3.1, cac kh6i dili net la nhttng chirc nang tuy chon, phu thuoc loai he thong cu th~.

Chuang 3: MO HINH HoAH$ THONG

59

TS. Nguyln Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

D~ mo phong bang may tinh mot he thong thong tin, can phai mo ta diroc he thong 0 dang co th~ th~ hien diroc bang phan memo M6 ta tieu chuan ella he thong thong tin trong mo phong la sa d6 khoi mo phong ella he thong v61 cac khoi thuc hien cac thuat toan xu 19 tin hieu. Sa d6 khoi nhu the thirc su la mot sa d6 th~ hien hru d6 tin hieu theo nghia no chi ra loai t6ng quat cua cac thuat toan rna thea do tin hieu va tap nhieu tac dong t61 he thong. Nhu vay, d~ mo phong duoc he thong thong tin (so) sa d6 khoi he thong thong tin phai diroc bien thanh mot mo hlnh mo phong hoan toan, nrc la phai me> hinh hoa diroc he thong thong qua mo hlnh hoa cac khoi. Cac khoi phai diroc mo hinh hoa ra rang boi cac phuong trinh hay cac thuat toan (algorithm) mo ta khoi.

Can phai noi them 0 day la mei khci ella he thong co th~ Ia mot h¢ thong con v61 sa d6 khoi rieng, tao nen sa d6 khoi phan cap (rmrc) ella he thong. Tuy thea viec can xem xet tac dong ella cac yeu to khac nhau trong he thong chi tiet t61 rmrc nao rna nguoi ta mo hinh hoa cac khoi ella he thong thong tin chi tier t61 mire d6. Viec mo ta, mo hinh hoa he thong thong tin la mo hlnh hoa cac khoi t61 diroi mire he thong can mo phong mot mire.

Viec mo hlnh hoa cac khoi trong mo phong cac he thong thong tin so tuan thu theo cac nguyen tic sau:

• N6i chung chi mo ta va xu ly v61 cac he thong nrong dirong bang goc;

• M6 ta he thong bao gom sa d6 khoi, tham so cac khoi va cac Iva chon ella qua trinh mo phong nhu phirong phap danh gia eh~t hrong he thong duqe ap dung trong qua trinh tfnh toan, so symbol diroc su dung cho mo phong.; diroc xem la 10i vao cua mo phong, 10i ra la ket qua mo phong bao gom cac d~e tinh chat hrong ella he thong va cua cac tac dong gay bOi cac yeu to khac nhau (can nhieu, meo ... ) hien thi diroi dang d6 thi hoac bang;

• Cac khoi diroc mo hinh hoa boi:

* Thuat toan tong quat xu 19 tin hieu;

* Cac thong so cu th~ cua thuat toan xu ly tin hieu (chang han nhir v61 kh6i

60

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA H~ THONG

TS. N guyen Qu6c Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

dieu che loai M-QAM thi thong so Cl:1 th~ Ut M, v61 mach san bang thfch nghi trong mien thoi gian A TDE (Adaptive Time Domain Equalizer) thi thong s6 cu th~ la so mat cua mach ... );

* Cac thong so th~ hien sai lech thirc te cua khoi, co th~ {hay d6i diroc bOi. ngtroi sir dung chirong trmh mo phong, cho phep danh gia tac dong cua cac sai lech nay a cac mire d¢ khac nhau t61 chat hrong cua he thong.

Do khuon khd co han, chirong nay se chi cung cap phuong phap mo hmh hoa va rno phong doi v61 cac he thong truyen dan so, nrc la cac khoi trong khoi dut net dam tren hinh 3.1 se dtroc gop chung thrum mot khoi goi chung Ia khoi nguon tin hieu (khoi nguon symbol trong cac he thong dieu che so nhieu rmrc hay nguon bit trong cac h¢ thong nhi phan), Cac khoi thirc hien trai phd va da truy nhap se khong duoc de cap t61 trong chirong nay do trong tlnrc te it ph6 cap hon va da truy nhap thl co Ie lien quan t61 mo phong mang thong tin nhieu hon la lien quan t61 h¢ thong truyen dan. Muc tieu cua chirong nay, nit lai chi cung cap phirong phap mo hinh hoa cac thrum phan chu yeu sau cua he thong truyen dan thong tin s6:

• Nguon symbol (hay ngurin hit d6i v6i. he thong nhi phan);

• B¢ dieu che va bo giai dieu che;

• May phat va may thu, trong do:

* May phat bao gom cac mach lQC va khuech dai cong suat (thirong diroc coi la nguon gay cac tacdong meo phi tuyen chu yeu) ...

* May thu bao gem cac bo IQc, b¢ san bang va bo tl! dong dieu chinh tang

Ich AGe (Automatic Gain Controller) ...

• Moi tnrong truyen dan;

• Tap am va xuyen nhieu cac loai;

• Cac thiet bi khoi phuc song mang va tin hieu dong ho.

T4

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HcA H~ THONG

61

TS. Nguyin Qu6C Binh:MO PHONG cAc H$ THONG THONG TIN SO

3.2. MO HiNH HoA MOT s6 BOPH~N eHU YEU 3.2.1. NGUON SYMBOL

a. Mo hinh hod ngudn symbol trong mo phong cdc h~ thong thong tin so:

Trong thuc te, trir tnrong hop tin hieu thir, 16i ra ella nguon symbol Hi mot chuoi cac symbol ngau nhien do nguon tin san sinh ra cac ban tin khong biet tnroc, Hon the nita, tai 16i ra ella nguon symbol, cac symbol nhan cac gia tri trong bang chu cai (alphabet) mot each hoan toan ngau nhien v6'i phan b6 noi chung khong biet tnroc, Do bang chtt cai trong thong tin so la mot tap hOO han, ta co thti danh s6 cac phan tir ella bang chtr cai bang cac s6 tv nhien va do vay ve ly thuyet nguon symbol trong mo phong mo ta diroc bang mot thudt todn tao cdc so' ngdu nhien.

Viec tao cac s6 ngau nhien da diroc nghien crru tir r~t lau tnroc day, lien quan tnroc het t6i viec giai mot s6 bai toan bang cac phirong phap Monte Carlo va trong thtrc te, cac s6 ngau nhien co thti tao ra diroc bang nhieu phuong phap r~t khac nhau [1]. Trong mo phong bang may tinh s6, cac s6 ngau nhien duoc tao ra nho sir dung cac cong thirc d¢ quy trong do dieu duy nhat ngjiu nhien la "hat gi6ng" diroc sir dung d~ khoi dong qua trinh tao s6 ngau nhien. "Hat gi6ng" nay duoc lua chon boi ngiroi sir dung va bang each thay d6i hat gi6ng, mot cong thtrc xac dinh co th~ diroc sir dung de tao ra cac t~p khac nhau ella cac sO gia ngau nhien. Mac du khong hoan toan ngau nhien, cac day s6 gia ngiiu nhien duoc tao ra nhu the co cac tinh chat nrongtu voi cac day s6 thuan tuy ngau nhien. Nhu vay, thirc te ta khong the tao ra duoc day cac s6 hoan toan ngjiu nhien rna chi tao diroc day cac s6 gia ngau nhien g~ giong voi day cac s6 thuan tuy ngau nhien. Do do, trong mo phong cac h¢ thong thong tin s6 nguon symbol dtroc mo hlnh hoa bang thuat toan tao cac s6 gia ngau nhien

V e mat phan b6, cac s6 gia ngau nhien duoc tao ra phai co diroc phan b6 cang gan gi6ng phan b6 ella chuoi symbol thuc te cang t6t. Tuy vay trong thuc te rilt kho co the noi chinh xac ve phan b6 ella chuoi symbol diroc tao ra tir cac loai ngu6n tin ling voi cac dich vu khac nhau. Trong nhieu he thong thong tin s6 thong

62

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA H$ THONG

TS. Nguyin Quo(: Binh: MO PHONG cAc Iffl THONG THONG TIN SO

thtrong, do tac dong cua mot so thuat toan xU ly tin hieu, nhu thuat toan xao tron (scrambling) chang han, phan bo cac symbol c6 dang gan d~u. Vi vay, trong nhieu twang hop mo phong nguon symbol diroc mo ta bang thuat roan tao cac so gia ngau nhien co phan bo deu.

Trong mot so tnrong hop d~c biet, nham danh gia he thong v61 chuoi symbol c6 phan bo dtroc xem la da. biet, hoac de danh gia cac tnrong hop cue doan cua h¢ thong, mot phan bo xac dinh c6 the gia dinh cho nguon symbol. Trong twang hop nay, phai c6 kha nang can thiep vao thuat toan tao cac so gia ngau nhien de co dUQ'C phan bo mong muon.

b. Phuong phap tao chu6i so gid ngdu nhien phon bd de'u:

Giai phap mong muon nham tao cac so ngiiu nhien lien quan t61 viec su dung cac cong thirc d¢ quy hieu qua v~ mat tfnh toano MQt ky thuat tuong doi phd bien nham tao cac bien so ngdu nhien la phirong phap d6ng du c6 th~ xac dinh thea thuat toan sau [27, tr. 58-66]:

x, = a. Xi-l + b (mod c), u, = xlc (3.1)

Thuat toan nay tao ra cac bien so gia ngau nhien u, nam trong khoang O<ui<l ve can ban co phan b6 den va ta noi rang qua trmh ngau nhien nrong irng la U(O,l). Thuat roan nay tfnh gia tri thtr i cua bien trung gian Xi ttr gia tri tnroc d6 cua n6 Xi-l bang each nhan Xi-l v61 mot so tLJ nhien a (lan), cong them vao d6 mot so tv nhien b (Ian) sau do trir lap di l~p lai cho mot so tv nhien (Ian) echo t61 khi nao ket qua la mot so nam gitra ° va (c-1). Viec chia ket qua cho c se cho ra bien mong muon u; Neu c du Ian thl (c-1)jc se rat g~ t61 1. Mac d~u mot each chat che rna noi thi chuoi u, la mot chuoi nhan cac gia tri roi rae song neu a, b, c du Ian thi chuoi so diroc tao ra se mo hinh hoa dtroc mot each thoa dang mot bien ngau nhien lien tuc doi voi may tfnh so. Khi nay bien U se co pdf:

{I,

f(u) =

0,

u E[O,l] u ~ [0,1]

(3.2)

Trong thuat toan (3.1), hang so b can phai nguyen to cimg nhau voi c. eel

Chuang 3: MO IDNHHOA Iffl THONG

63

TS. Nguyln Quae Rinh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

nhan tu a IAn hang s6 b can phai diroc chon mot each thich hop sao cho cac tinh chat thong ke cua day s6 Xi diroc tao ra Hl nhu mong muon, cu th~ la chu ky lap lai cua chuoi cang dai cang t6t, va sao cho t6c dO tao s6 cang nhanh cang tot. Viec Iva chon s6 c diroc xac dinh theo co s6 va giai so nguyen cua may tinh diroc sir dung, Tieu chuan nay ro rang cho tathay rang thuat toan (3.1) khong phai la mot thuat toan doc lap voi may. No hoan toan khong thich hop voi cac may tinh nho d~ ban hay cac may tram lam viec (workstation). Trong nhieu nam gan day, hang 10(;1t n6 hrc da duoc bo ra nham tao ra cac bo tao so gia ngau nhien thich hop voi cac may tfnh ca nhan, su dung c6ng thrrc truy toan hieu qua ve mat tinh toano MOt trong cac thuat toan tao s6 gia ngAu nhiennhuthe da dtroc de xuat nhir sau [17]:

X(k) = [a'x(k-1)] mod M, k=1,2,... (3.3)

trong do a la mot so nguyen nam gitta 1 va M, diroc hra chon can than; M la mot so nguyen to dt Ian hoac bang p", la mot Iuy thira cua mot so nguyen to. Hat giong diroc su dung la X(O):;t:O. Thuat toan (3.3) cling tao ra cac so nguyen co phan bo deu nam trong khoang til 1 den M. Bang viec ehia X(k) cho M ta nhan diroc cac gia tri trong khoang [0,1], nrc la

U(k) = X(k)/M

(3.4)

co phan bo deu trong khoang [0,1].

Neu M r~t Ian va a diroc chon hop Iy thl cac so trong day ket qua se xuat hien ngau nhien va co chu ky lap lai toi da la M-1 do (3.4) bieu dien mot bo may trang thai hiru han vci M-1 trang thai. Chu ky cua chuoi khong bi anh huong boi gia tri cua hat giong.

Cac tinh ch~t thong ke ciia cac day tao diroc theo (3.3) da diroc nghien ciru rong rai va chi mot so r~t it bo t(;10 so gia ngau nhien diroc xac dinh la co nhtrng d~c tinh thong ke tot con phan dong cac bO tao s6 gia ngau nhien thea thuat toan (3.3) voi M va a diroc chon khong thich hop deu co chu ky kha ngan. D~ t(;1O ra cac so ngau nhien tren cac may tinh 32 bit, cong thirc sau day da diroc de xuat :

64

Chuang 3: MO HINH HoAH~ THONG

TS. Nguyln Quae Binh: MOPHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

X(k) = 16807. X(k-1) mod (231_1) (3.5a)

va U(k) = X(k)/( 231_1) (3.5b)

Cong thrrc tren tao ra mot chuoi cac s6 d¢c lap phan b6 deu voi mot chu ky cue dai bang 231_1, noi mot each khac, chuoi se l~p lai sau quang mot ty (109) s6 hoac s6m hon.

Cac trinh bien dich trong cac may tfnh da diroc dat san cac bo tao s6 ngjiu nhien da diroc toi uu hoa ve d¢ dai tit cling nhu cac phep toan s6 hoc cua cac may tfnh. Nhin chung cac bo tao s6 ngau nhien nay thirong hoat dong tin cay song nhieu khi chung cling sai, dan den tao ra cac chuoi s6 khong co chu ky eire dai hoac khong co dtroc cac tfnh chat thong ke t6t. Trong thai gian gan day, hang loat cong trlnh da diroc trien khai nham tao ra cac bo tao s6 gia ngau nhien khong phu thuoc cau hinh may tfnh va co cac d~c tfnh thong ke t6t nhir chu ky dai va phan be mong muon. MQt trong cac bo tao s6 gia ngau nhien n6i tieng la bo tao s6 gia ngau nhien thea thuat to an Wichmann-Hill. Thuat toan nay da dUQ'C kidm tra rong rai va tao ra chuoi s6 co chu ky toi co 7.1012 •

c. Cac phuang phap tao cdc so ngdu nhien vOi phan b{1 tuy j: • PhUUTlg phdp diJi bien:

Phuong phap d6i bien nham tao cac s6 ngdu nhien voi phan b6 tuy y dira tren viec bien d6i cac bien ngau nhien va trong tnrong hop ciia mo phong bang may tfnh sola phep bien d6i cac s6 ngiiu nhien [1,17].

De dan giai toi thuat toan d6i bien tao cac s6 ngau nhien co phan b6 tuy y, ta se xet bai toan sau. Gia si':r Xla bien ngau nhien co cdf la Fix), khi do bien ngjiu

nhien Y = FiX) se co phan b6 d~u tren khoang [0,1]. That vay, vi Y = FiX) nen Ye [0,1]. Mat khac, ky hieu xac suat cua st;r kien A la PiA} va xet ham phan b6 xac suat Fy(y) ta thay: Fy(y)=P{Y<y}=P{FiX)<y} (theo dinh nghia cua cdj) va do cdfla mot ham don dieu tang nen ta co the viet P{FiX)<y }=P{X<Fi1(y) }=Fx{Fi1 (y) }=y.

Nhir vay Fy(y)=y vafy(y)= dF~;Y) =1, ttic la tren khoang [0,1] Y co phan b6 deu.

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA He THONG

65

r

TS. Nguyln Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAe ~ THONG THONG TIN SO

Bay gio ta quay trc lai viec tao cac songjiu nhien co phan bo tuy y. Gia sir ta cfin tao ra bien ngau nhien X voi ham mat d¢ xac suat pd/Ut/ix) va gia sir Y la so ngfiu nhien phan bo den trong khoang [0,1]. Theo [1], nghiem X cua phuong trlnh

x

Jfx(x)dx = Y

(3.6)

-<Xl

se la mot so ngdu nhien co ham mat do xac suAt/ix) thea yeu cau, Dieu nay co the thay ngay dUQ'C do ve trai ciia (3.6) chinh la FiX) va VI Y la so ngau nhien phan bo deu trong khoang [0,1] nen X se co pd/la/ix) thea bai toan tren. Bien ngau nhien can tao X co pdf la/ix) se tao diroc thong qua d6i bien

Y = FiX) (3.7a)

va diroc X= Fil[Y] (3.7b)

trong do Fix) la ham phan bo xac suAt cdf mong muon cua bien X

Nhu vay, bien X co phan bo mong muon se tao diroc thea thuat toan hai biroc sau:

1) Tao bien U co phan bo deu trong khoang [0,1] nhu da trlnh bay trong phan tnroc;

2) Tinh X = FX-I(U).

Neu Fix) va ham ngiroc F x-lex) cua no co dang nrong minh thl biroc 2) noi tren co the thuc hien diroc d~ dang, trai lai thl ca Fix) Ian F il(X) can phai tfnh toan thea phirong phap so nhu sau. Fix) diroc tfnh bang each tfch phfin/ix) thea phirong phap so va tm cac gia tri cua no trong mot bang, con gia tri ham ngiroc F i\X) diroc tim bang each tra va ap dung phep noi suy voi cac gia tri trong bang Fix) noi tren. Cling con co the ap dung phirong phap d6i bien thea thuat todn do tim kinh nghiem (empirical search algorithm) sau day, khi ham ngiroc FX-1(x) khong bieu dien duoc b dang nrong.

Neu x la mot bien ngau nhien lien tuc thi tnroc tien ham mat dQ xac suat / ix) cua no duoc hrong tir hoa (h.3.2). Neu Ph P2'"'' PN la cac xac suat cua N 6 co phan bo hrong tir hoa deu (cac xac suat do chinh la dien tfch cua cac 6 chfr nhat

66

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA H~ THONG

TS. N guyln QUDC Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

tren h.3.2) thl thuat toan 4 biroc sau day eo the sir dung de tao ra cac mau cua bien ngau nhien X tit bien ngau nhien U phan b6 deu trong khoang [0,1]:

1) Tao bien U phan b6 deu trong khoang [0,1];

i

2) D~t Fj= LP; , i=O, 1,2, ... , N, voi Fo=O;

j=1

3) Tim gia tri i nho nhat thea man

Fj_l<U~ Fj, i=l, 2, ... , N. 4) X = Xi_l+(U-Fi_1)ICj, sau d6 quay tr& lai biroc 1.

Neu X la mot bien ngau nhien rei rae voi cac gia tri Xl' X2,"" eo cac xac

(3.8)

i

suat P(X=Xi)=Pi va Fj= LPj , thl cac thuat toan sau day eo the sir dung diroc de tao j=1

cac mau cua X.

*) T hudt todn 1 (SO cac gia tri cua X htru han):

BUGe 0: D~t k= 1 ;

BUGe 1: Tao bien U phan b6 deu trong khoang [0,1];

BUGe 2: Neu U5. F k thl eho ra X=Xk va quay lai biroc 0. N giroc lai thl:

Buoc 3: Gia tang k=k+ 1 va quay lai btroc 2.

'----.L.._L.----l __ . _

"

I: t.

Hlnh 3.2. Tao cac s6 ngjiu nhien v6i phan b6 tuy y.

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA H~ THONG

67

TS. N guyen Qu6c Binh: MO PHONG cAc ~ THONG THONG TIN SO

Trong thuat toan 1 nay, cac gia tri Pi va F, (r=L, 2, ... , N), diroc tfnh tnroc va trii' trong mot bang va viec tra diroc han che trong N phan tir cua bang, khoi phat til mot dau bang. Thu tuc tra (biroc 3) e6 the lam nhanh hon diroc bang each khoi tra til gitra bang (biroc ° d;;it k bang gia tri thir tv gitra bang) va tra tiep len hay xu6ng (gan k=k+ 1 hay k=k-l) la tuy thee phep so sanh tnroc d6 (biroc 2).

*) Thuat loan 2 (So cac gia tri cua X khong dem diroc):

Biroc 0: D;;it C=Pl> B=C va k=l;

Biroc 1: Tao bien V phan bo deu trong khoang [0,1];

Biroc 2: Neu V-:; B (V-:; Fk) thl eho ra X=Xk va tr6' lai biroc 0. Ngiroc lai thi:

Biroc 3: Gia tang k=k+ 1;

BUGe 4: Gan eho C=Ak+1.C, trong d6 Ak+1=Pk+dpk> va gan eho B=B+C roi quay tr6' lai biroc 2.

Trong thuat toan 2, do X e6 mot so khong dem diroc cac gia tri nen khong th~ tinh tnroc va trfr moi gia tri Pi va F, eho moi gia tri Xi' Khi nay viec tfnh cac xac suat tfch luy F, se nhir la mot phan trong thu We tra. Doi voi cac phan bo nhu phan bo Poisson, Ak+dAk='A/(k+ 1) va biroc 4 rat d~ tinh va toan thu tuc tra se rat hieu qua ve mat tfnh toan.

* Phuong phap chap nhdnlloai bo:

Trong cac tnrong hop khi viec giro phuong trinh (3.6) kh6 khan, tile la khi ham ngiroc F il(X) khong bieu dien dircc diroi dang nrong, e6 the tao cac so ngau nhien X voi phan bo F Jx) cho tnroc bang phirong phap chap nhan/loai bo. Chang han, khif~x) bi chan bOi. mot so M va 0<X<1, thl ta e6 the tao hai so ngau nhien VI' V2 phan b6 deu trong khoang [0,1] va hoac la ta se vut bo cap s6 d6 neuf/....Vj)<MV2, hoac ta se chon X=V1 neufJVl)~ MV2 [1]. Trong nhttng tnrong hop khac ta e6 th~ xay dung cac thuat toan khon kheo hon, chang han nhir thuat toan dum day.

Gia sir ta can tao bien X trong khoang [0, a] voi pdf fJx). Xet thuat toan chap nhan/loai bo sau day (h.3.3):

68

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA ~ THONG

TS. N guytn QuO(: Binh: MO PHONG cAc H.e TH6NG THONG TIN s6

1) Tao bien UI phan b6 deu trong khoang [0, zz];

2) Tao bien U2 phan be deu trong khoang [0, b], voi b > maxfix);

3) Neu U2 <fiUI) thl cho ra X=Uh ngiroc lai thi loai UI va quay I~ biroc 1.

~ ------- ------- ---------_.-------_--_-- - ----- -

LO~i 1/

. ".\'

u,

Hlnh 3.3. Phuong phap chap nhan/loai b6 tao cac s6 ngau nhien.

Thuat toan nay cho ra mot bien ngau nhien voi pdff!..x) vi khi ky hieu slJ kien UI diroc chap nhan la UI* thi

P[ U diu *]= P[(x ~ UI < X + dx) n (Ul *)] (3.9)

xS 1<X+ x I p[UI *] ,

U i va U 2 diroc tao ra mot each dQc l~p nen cac s\T kien xs.U 1 «x+dx va U I *

la cac SlJ kien doc lap, do do P[(x s UI < X + dx) n (UI *)] =P[x~ Uj<x+dx],P[UI *]. Xac suat P[x~ UI<x+dx]=fix).dx. Mat khac, do UI va U2 co phan b6 deu nen xac su~t diem co toa d¢ (UhU2) roi vao mot vung nao do trong h.3.3 se bang dien tfch vung do chia cho tfch abo Nhu vay, xac suat P[U1 *] chfnh la dien tfch vung chap nhan (vimg gach cheo tren h.3.3) chia cho tfch abo Song dien tfch vung gach cheo lai dung bang 1 thea tfnh chat cua ham mat dQ xac suat, Do do ta co

P[x~ U1<x+dxl UI*]=fx(x)dxlab =fx(x)dx 11 ab

(3.10)

Nhir vay X co ham mat d¢ xac suatfix).

Phuong phap chap nhan/loai bo neu tren nay sinh hai van de. Thir nhat, neu hlnh vuong co cac canh a, b nhu h.3.3 khong bao khft quanhfix) (nghia la ab»l)

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA H.e THONG

69

TS. N guyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

thi so cac cap VI' V 2 rna ta phai tao ra tnroc khi chap nhan diroc mot IAn c6 th~ se rat 16n, do vsv toc dQ tao so ngau nhien X se khong 6n dinh va c6 the rfft thap. Thu hai, neu giai gia tri cua X lai v6 han thl phirong phap n6i tren khong th~ ap dung diroc neu khong cai bien di doi chiit.

Phuong phap chap nhan/loai be, cai bien sau day se khac phuc diroc ca hai van de noi tren.

Gia si'r ta can tao bien X vci pdffix). Cho W la mot bien ngau nhien c6 pdf fw(w) tao diroc d~ dang voi dicu kien doi voi mot so k nao do Ion han 1 thi

fix) s kfw(x),

'\Ix

(3.11)

ttic la kfw(x) la mot ham bao chan tren cllafix) nhir c6 th~ thay mot thi du

tren h.3.4. Thuat toan sau day se cho ra cac mau cua X nhir yeu cau.

1) Chon kfw(x) va tim ham FW-1C.);

2) T~o VI va tirnX= FW-1CU1);

3) T~o V2 phan bo deu trong khoang [0, kfwCx)];

4) Neu V2<fiX) thi eho raX Ngiroc lai thi loai Xva quay tro lai biroc 2. Hieu qua tfnh toan ella thuat toan nay tuy thuoc VaG viec kfwCx) bao chat

den mire nao quanhfix). Phirong phap nay e6 th~ si'r dung diroc d~ tao ra cac so gia ngau nhien voi cac phan b6 g~p phai trong mo phong cac he thong thong tin quang [17].

f ------------------=-_::-:~:::_

__ _..-.-- I" (,J

I', ---------_...---,.."..

_.../'

!fill"

--.-----, .-.- _-, --.----".- •. -- .. ,-~--- ----_" -- ----·--·· .. ·.,.---------··.f

n r

Hlnh 3.4. Phuong phap chap nhan/loai b6 cai bien.

70

Chuang 3: MO HINH HoA He THONG

TS. N guyln Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

d. Tao cac so gid ngdu nhien phan b6 chudn:

Do cac bien ngau nhien phan bo chuan co mot vai tro dac biet trong phan tfch cac h¢ thong thong tin nen a day viec tao cac so ngau nhien phan b6 chuan dtroc trmh bay thanh mot muc rieng,

Phuong phap ndi tieng tao cac so gia ngau nhien co phan bo chuan co ten goi la phirong phap sine-cosine Box-Muller. Noi dung phuong phap nay nhu sau. Ta da biet ding neu X va Y la cac bien ngau nhien doc lap co phan bo chuan v6i ky vong bang khong thl R=(Jf'+ yz)1/2 se co phan bo Rayleigh va B=arctg[YIXJ se c6

phan bo deu, Nhu vay, neu VI va V2 Ia hai bien ngau nhien phan bo deu trong khoang [0,1] thl cac so

X1=[ -2In(Ul)]1/2.cos(2nU2) X2=[-2In(U1)] 1/2. sin(2 nU2)

va

(3.12a) (3.12b)

se la cac bien ngau nhien phan bo chuan chuan hoa (phuong sai bang 1, ky vong bang 0).

Ngoai phirong phap chfnh xac Box-Muller n6i tren, d~ tao cac so gia ngau nhien co phan bo chuan cling con co nhieu phirong phap gan dung, chang han phuong phap lam gan dung sir dung xap xi ham lamda duoc d6 xuat bOi R. F. W. Coates va cac cong su [27, tr.58-66] v6i cong thtrc:

X=c{ UA.-(1-Ull

(3.13)

trong d6 c=4.91 va A.=0.14 cho phep tao mot each gan dung cac so ngiu nhien c6 phan bo chuan tieu chudn. Phuong phap co Ie don gian nhat nham tao mot each gan dung cac so gia ngjiu nhien phan bo chuan tieu chuan la phuong phap dua tren dinh Iy gioi hantrung tam voi cong thuc gan dung truyen thong

12

y= IUk -6.0

k~1

(3.14)

trong d6 cac s6 Uk (k=1,2, ... , 12) la cac bien s6 ngan nhien doc lap, phan b6 deu trong khoang [0,1]. Do Uk phan bo d6u trong khoang [0,1] nen chung co

Chuang 3:. MO HINH HoA He THONG

71

TS. NguyEn Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

ky vong bang 1/2 va phirong sai bang 1/12. Do d6 e6 the kiem tra duoc ngay fling ve phai ella (3.14) e6 phuong sai bang 1 va ky vong bang O.

an phai chii Y rang trong khi mot bien ngau nhien phan bo chuan thl e6

giai gia tri til -00 den 00, bieu thirc (3.14) chi sinh fa cac so Y trong khoang [-6,6]. Can ella tong ve phai (3.14) duoc chon bang 12 la e6 tfnh truyen thong va nham dung hoa giita toe dO tao so va dO chinh xac ve tfnh chat thong ke ella chuoi so duoc tao. Ngoai fa, khong e6 mot ly do nao khac han che giai gia tri ciia cac so giii ngau nhien duoc tao, nrc la khong mot ly do nao khac han che k chi t61 12.

3.2.2. DIEU CH~ V A GIAI DIEU CH~ s6

a. Thudt toan dUu chl s6:

Chirc nang ella bo dieu che la nhan cac symbol til nguon symbol va bien chting thanh cac dang s6ng thfch hop nrong tmg. N6i mot each khac, ve mat thuat toan, bo dieu che thirc hien phep anh xa 1-1 tu t~p cac phan tir ella bang chtt cai (tire la tap cac gia tri cua cac symbol) thanh cac phan tir ella tap cac dang s6ng dung de truyen tid di. Cac he thong thong tin thong tlnrong hien nay, do muc dich

sir dung mot tful so s6ng mango Cac he thong sir dung cac tin hieu v61 so chien 100 han tlurong chiem be rong phd rong, nhu cac h~ thong dieu che' tful so chang han, do d6 it diroc sir dung hon eho cac he thong dung hrong eao (e6 toe d¢ bit tdng cong eao) rna chi thirong sir dung v61 cac he thong dung hrong thap, thf du nhu tnrong hop cac he thong vi ba so it kenh, Doi v61 cac he thong sir dung cac sa do dieu che v6i so chien khong vuot qua 2, tin hieu fa ella bO dieu che' e6 dang t6ng quat:

(3.15)

trong d6 Ie la tful so s6ng mang, () la pha dau ella song mango

Bieu dien thong thap ella tin hieu 10i ra bo dieu che gom hai tfn hieu bang goc Xdt) va Xlt), Ian hrot la cac tfn hieu dieu che dong pha (in-phase) va vuong pha (quadrature) mot each nrong irng:

72

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA He THONG

TS. Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc ~ THONG THONG TIN SO

Xl(t) = L Ak ,PI (t - kI; - DJ

k

(3.16a)

X2(t) = LBk ,P2 (t - kI; - Dz)

k

(3.16b)

trong d6 P1(')' P2(') la cac ham dang xung c6 nang hrong htru han, lrrl va lrr2 la toe dQ cua cac day Ab B, con D, va D2 la cac gift cham xu ly c6 th~ c6 cua b¢ dieu che,

Trong thirc te, thong thuong Tl=T2=Ts la dQ rong cua mot symbol con Dl=D2=O va Bc6 th~ d~t bang 0 cho muc dich mo phong rna khong lam giam tfnh tong quat. Dang cua Pl(')' pl.) d6i v6i mot s6 loai dieu che nhieu mire thong thtrong, bieu dien diroc bang (3.15) va (3.16) diroc cho trong bang 3.1.

Bang 3.1. MC)t s6 loai dieu che' thong thuong.

Sa d6 dieu che Ak.Bk Pl{')' P2{')
Dieu che bien do M mire Ak= ±n.d, n =1. 3 ..... (M-l) PI(t) = 1. o s t ~T,.
(M-ASK) Bk=O pit) = 0
Dieu che pha M muc Ak+ jBk= exp(jlPk) Pl(t)=P2(t)=p(t)=I, 0 s t s T,
(M-PSK) lPk = 2nn/M. n=O, 1,2 ..... M-l
Dieu che O-QPSK Ak, Bk = ±l Pl(t) = 1, o ~ t ~Ts
pit) = 1, 0.5T,.~ t s 1.5Ts
•• ___ •• ____ ·_"··_·· __ ""_. __ L"~
Dieu che dich pha eire tieu Ak.BJc=±l PI(l) = sin(m/2Ts), 0 ~ t s T,.
(MSK) P2(t) = sin(m/2T,.-T )2),
0.5T,. s t ~ 1.5Ts
Dieu eh€ bien d¢ vuong g6e At> Bk = ±l, ±3, ... , ±(.fM -1) Gi6ng nhu cua M-PSK
(M-QAM) Tir (3.15), (3.16) va bang 3.1 chung ta c6 th~ thay rang trong r~t nhieu twang hop, ve mat nrong dtrong thong thap, cac bQ dieu che c6 th~ mo ta trong mo phong bang thuat roan bien d6i cac day Ako B, 16i vao (ttr dau ra cua nguon symbol) thanh (cac) day nrong duong thong thap (3.16) cua tin hieu da diroc dieu

Chuang 3: MO HINH HoA H~ THONG

73

TS. N guyln Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

che, D~ thay ro hon, chung ta se xet lam thf du mo hlnh thuat toan cua bo dieu ch€ bien d¢ vuong goc M rmrc (M-QAM).

B¢ dieu ch€ M-QAM nhan cac symbol C, (moi symbol hlnh thanh tir n=10g2M bit) tir 16i ra cua nguon symbol va anh xa chung thanh cac tin hieu urong irng trong tap M diem tin hieu tren bieu do tin hieu (constellation) duoc bieu dien nhtr thf du tren h.3.S (v61 M=16).

lpl

I I I 16QMt

• I • I. I •

----1-- ~--I-----

e I • I. I •

--:==~=r--f- =--

• I e I. I e 1P,

----i-- t--'-----

• I • I "-tf eel

I I )~

Hinh 3.5. Bieu d6 tin hieu (constellation) 16-QAM.

Day symbol C k 16i vao bo dieu ch€ M -QAM co th~ bieu dien duoc thee:

Ck=Ak+jBk (3.17)

B9 dieu ch€ M-QAM tach day symbol16i vao thanh hai luong dong pha I (In-phase) Ak, vuong pha Q (Quadrature) B, va thuc hien dieu che cluing thee hai luong L-ASK doc lap (L=MI/2). Nhu vay, ve mat mo hlnh thuat toan trong mo phong, b¢ dieu ch€ M-QAM co th~ mo tii bang thuat toan sau:

• L6i vao: Day cac s6 ngau nhien Ak, B, nhan cac gia tri tit tap {-L+ 1, -L +3, ... , -3, -1,1,3, ... , L-3, L-l};

• L6i ra: Day cac xung khong ve khong NRZ (NonReturn to Zero) cua luong dong pha Ak·p(t-kTs) va cua luong vuong pha Bk.p(t-kTs), trong do pC) la ham dang xung diroc cho trong bang 3.1 (PI(') hoac P2('))'

Tham s6 d6i v61 bo dieu ch€ la loai dieu ch€ va s6 mire dieu ch€ M. Ngoai ra khi can nghien CUll chi ti€t hon ntta ve anh huong cua dieu ch€ s6 t61 chat luong

74

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA He THONG

TS. Nguyen Qu{fc Einh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

he thong thi cac sai lech ve tinh doi xiing dieu che (gifra luong dong pha va vuong pha) nhir Dl, D2 hay suy hao khong deu doi vai cac thanh phan s6ng mang

U1cos(2rcfi) va U2sin(2rcfct) hoac sai lech trong quay pha 90° gitta song mang luong dong pha va lucng vuong pha ... c6 the d6ng vai tro cac tham s6 mo ta khoi dieu che trong mo phong he thong thong tin.

b. Thudt todn gidi diiu che:

BI) giai dieu che s6 thirc hien thuat toan ngiroc vci thuat toan dieu che s6, nrc la bien (anh xa) dang song tin hieu nhan diroc (bao gom tin hieu da phat va tap nhieu) thanh symbol khoi phuc. Symbol diroc khoi phuc lai CJ may thu co the dung la symbol da diroc phat di (tnrong hop thu dung) hoac khac voi symbol da diroc phat di (thu sai). Cac bo giai dieu che, ve ban chat la cac may thu toi Uti, c6 nhiem vu so sanh tin hieu nhan diroc voi cac tin hieu da biet diroc sir dung de truyen cac symbol (cac tin hieu dieu che) nham chon ra tin hieu nao gan voi tin hieu nhan diroc nhat theo sa do may thu nrong quan hoac thu 19C phoi hop. Ttrc la ve ban chat, cac bo giai dieu che thuc hien tinh nrong quan gitra tin hieu nhan duoc voi cac tin hieu da diroc su dung trong chinh qua trinh dieu che' va so sanh M quyet dinh chon lay symbol c6 gia tri tinh nrong quan eire dai. Tuy theo viec co can khoi phuc song mang & may thu haykhong, co the chia cac bo giai dieu che thanh hai loai CCI ban la giai dieu cheket hop (coherent) va giai dieu che khong ket hop (noncoherent). Do khuon kho cua tai lieu, & day chi trinh bay van de mo hinh hoa trong mo phong thuat toan giai dieu che' ket hop, Ngiroi d9C co the tim thay mo ta chi tiet cac thuat toan giai dieu che khong ket hop trong [17]. Trong thirc te, doi voi cac SCI do giai dieu che thea nguyen tilc thu 19C phoi hop, viec so sanh va quyet dinh diroc thuc hien bang each so sanh gia tri mau loi ra cua thiet bi lay mau voi cac ngirong quyet dinh tin hieu. Nhu vay, bo giai dieu che nhan cac tin hieu bi meo va co tap nhieu tit loi ra may thu dau cuoi (front-end receiver) va khoi phuc cac symbol thong qua cac biroc: 1) Nhan tin hieunhan dircc vai (cac) s6ng mang thu; 2) LQc Ioai bo san pham bac cao tao ra bOi .m(;lch nhan va giam

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA He THONG

75

TS. Nguyen QuO(: Binh: MO PHONG cAc HI;: THONG THONG TIN SO

tap am theo quan diem thu IQc phoi hop; 3) Lay mau tai cac thoi diem l~y mau tk=kTs; 4) So ngirong logic. So do thuat toan giai dieu che nhu the dtrcc trinh bay tren h.3.6. Thuat toan giai dieu che ket hop thea nguyen t&c thu IQc phoi hop trong mo phong rut lai chi la:

1) Tinh gia tri tin hieu thu diroc tai 16i ra mach l~y mau (tai thoi diem lay

mau):

2) So sanh ngirong (v6i cac gia tri bien quyet dinh) d~ quyet dinh symbol khoi phuc.

Tu 16i ra may thu d~u cu6i

S6ngmang

tu bo khoi phuc song mang

Tin hieu dong h6 tir

b<> khoi phuc tin hieu dong h6

Hinh 3.6. SO' d6 thuat toan bo giAi di~u che (may thu IQc phoi hop).

Song mang thu, diroc tao ra til mach khoi phuc song mang, co dang:

e(t) = 2cos(2r(ct + B) (3.18)

trong do i: va B do bo khoi phuc song mang quyet dinh. Th1Jc te bQ khoi phuc song mang thuong dtroc thuc hien bang cac mach vong khoa pha PLL (Phase-Locked Loop) co nhiem Vl;1 dieu chinh pha ttrc thoi cua song mang thu tao ra til bo dao dong noi bam thea pha song mang phat. Do vay trong mo phong,

hoan toan co th~ xem rang Jc =t: va sai lech tful s6 va pha diroc quy ca vao sai lech pha du gitra song mang thu va phat B rna khong lam giam tinh t6ng quat.

o day chung ta lai tiep tuc han che chi phan tfch cac mach giro dieu che d6i v6i cac loai dieu che bieu dien diroc thea (3.15) va (3.16), va nrong nr vci phan dieu che, chung ta se chi xet lam thf du giai dieu che M-QAM. M6 hlnh hoa d6i v6i bQ dieu che va giai dieu che d6i v6i cac loai dieu che khac diroc trlnh bay can ke hon trong [17].

76

Chuang 3: MO mNH HoA He THONG

TS. Nguyin Quo(; Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

Tap am cua he thong diroc quy d~t tai d~u vao may thu 17(t) c6 the va thuong gia sir·· diroc la tap am cong tinh trang chuan A WGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise).

Tin hieu 16i ra may thu d~u cu6i cua cac he thong M-QAM c6 dang Vet) = LAk.p(t -kT)*hc(t) .cos 2rifct

k

- LBk .p(t - kT)*hc(t) .sin2Jifct + net)

k

(3.19)

trong d6 n(t) la tap am tai 16i ra may thu dau cu6i va do may thudau cu6i diroc xem la tuyen tfnh nen net) cling Ia mot qua trlnh ngau nhien chuan, he(t) la phan irng xung nrong dirong thong thap cua kenh truyen tfnh tir dau ra bo dieu che tm d~u ra may thu d~u cu6i.

Cac s6ng mang trong giai dieu che M-QAM la

cl(t) = 2cos(27ifi + e).

(3.20a)

d6i voi luang dong pha va

cQ(t) = -2sin(27ifct+e) d6i voi luang vuong pha.

Dang s6ng tai d~u vao cac mach lay mau d6ivmcac luang dong pha I va vuong pha Q (sau khi dff IQc bo thanh phan t~ s6 21e) c6 the bieu dien thea

s, (t)= L Ak .cose. pet - kT.)*[hc (t)*hm (t)]

k

(3.20b)

(3.21a)

k

va

S2(t) = L e, .cose.p(t - n; )*[hc (t)*hm (t)]

k

- LAk.sine.p(t-kT.)*[hc(t)*hm(t)] + n2(t)

k

(3.2Ib)

trong d6 hm(t) la phan trng xung cua b¢19C ph6i hop sau mach nhan, nl(t) va n2(t) Ian hrot Ia cac thanh phan tap am tai 16i ra mach IQc ph6i hop sau mach nhan, nrong hop (relevant) voi cac thanh phan tin hieu dong pha va vuong pha.

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA H~ THONG

77

TS. Nguyln Qut5C Rinh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

Cac thrum phan tap run nay cling la cac qua trlnh ngau nhien chuan, Thoi diem l~y mau tin hieu la tk=KF sf" b diroc xac dinh bOi mach khoi phuc tin hieu dong he, thirong cling la mot PLL. Sai lech tin hieu dong h6 gitra phAn thu va phan phat la b.

Ket qua Iffy mau se cho cac gia tri S, (t) va Slt) tai thoi diem I~y rnau tk• So sanh cac gia tri Sl(tk) va Sltk) voi cac ngirong (bien quyet dinh) se dtroc cac gia tri

Ak va Bk va tit d6 diroc symbol khoi phuc c, = Ak +l Bk·

Nhu vay, mo hinh thuat toan giai dieu che trong mo phong d6i voi he

thong M-QAM c6 the nit lai thanh:

• Tinh Sl(tk) va S2(tk);

• So ngtrong va xac dinh symbol khoi phuc c, tit cac gia tri Ak va B k •

o day clio phai nhan manh rang tin hieu 16i vao mach Iffy mau dtroc xac dinh theo cac cong thirc (3.21a) va (3.21b) do d6 viec tinh toan giai tich nhu the khong d~ dang gi. Tuy nhien, trong mo phong viec tinh gia tri Sl(tk) va Sitk) don gian hon nhieu. 06 la do trong mo phong bo giai dieu che, may tfnh khong phai thuc st;r tfnh toan theo cac cong thrrc phirc tap nhir tren rna chi phai tfnh tich chap cuoi cimg giira tin hieu a I6i ra mach nhan, c6 diroc nho cho chuoi tfnhieu "chay" qua he thong, voi phan irng xung mach loc ph6i hop va xac dinh gia tri cua n6 tai thoi diem lay mau, Trong thuc te, d6i voi cac phan tu tuyen tinh thi viec bieu dien tin hieu va he thong tren mien tim s6 thuan IQ'i hon. Khi d6 tin hieu 16i vao mach loc ph6i hop diroc bieu dien tren mien tan s6 se chi phai nhan thuong voi phan img tan s6 cua mach Ioc, sau d6 ket qua phd tin hieu I6i ra se dUQ'c bien ddi tra lai mien thoi gian nho thuat toan IFFf de xac dinh cac gia tri tai cac thci diem Iffy mau.

Chit j: Cac bidu thtrc

s.. (t) = L Ak .cos8.p(t)*[hc(t)*hm(t)]+ LBk .sin8.p(t)*[hc (t)*hm (t)]

k k

va

S2(t) = LBk.cos8.p(t)*[hc(t)*hm(t)] - LAk.cos8.p(t)*[hc(t)*hm(t)]

k k

78

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA He THONG

TS. Nguyln Quae Einh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

diroc su dung cho viec ve phan trng xung cua he thong va phuc vu viec ve bieu do mau mat (eye-pattern) nham danh gia t11:Tc quan he thong M-QAM. Khi nay se c6 hai do thi img voi hai luang dong pha va vuong pha. Viec ve chung tren cimg mot do thi se c6 the thuan loi han va cho phep thay ro dtroc xuyen nhieu gitra cac thanh phan dong pha va vuong pha cua he thong. Cling can liru y rang, de ve dang phan img xung cua he thong thi chi can ve cac ham chuan hoa

cosO .p(t)*[hcCt)*hm(t)] + sinO .p(t)*[hcCt)*hm(t)]. De quan sat mau mat he thong thi ve chong Ak.cos B .p(t)*[hc(t)*hm(t)] + Bk.sinB .p(t) * [hcCt)*hm(t)] tren cung mot khoang [0, Ts] doi voi cac gia tri k khac nhau, rieng hoac chung do thi voi Bk.cos B .p(t)*[hc(t)*hm(t)] - Ak.sin B .p(t)*[hc(t)*hm(t)]. Dieu nay mo phong chfnh viec quet trong thuc te tfn hieu loi ra cac mach IQc phoi hop cua bQ giai dieu che bang may hien s6ng voi tan so quet bang nguyen Ian toc d<) symbol d~ hien thi mau mat cua he thong.

3.2.3. cAc MACH LQC

Cac trng dung co ban cua thuat toan IQC trong cac he thong thong tin bao gam chon IQc tin hieu mong muon, toi thieu hoa tac dong cua tap am va can nhieu, bien d6i ph6 cua tin hieu va tao ra cac tfnh chat mong muon cua dang s6ng tin hieu so trong mien thai gian, chang han nhu dang s6ng phan trng 10i ra cua he thong c6 gia tri bang khong tai cac di~m t=kTs (k:AJ) nham trier tieu xuyen nhieu gitra cac symbol lSI (InterSymbol Interference) ... Cac mach IQc tlnrc hien cac nhiem vu ke tren c6 the phan thanh cac mach IQc co dinh c6 cac tham so ducc xem la khong d6i va cac mach IQc thich nghi c6 tham so bien d6i diroc thea thai gian. Cac mach IQc thich nghi hay gap nhat trong cac he thong thong tin so hien nay lit cac mach san bang thfch nghi tren mien thai gian A IDE (Adaptive Time Domain Equalizer) diroc thtrc hien bang mot tuyen gam cac mat giu cham vci cac he so bien d6i thfch nghi, do vay trong phan mo ta thuat toan IQC thfch nghi dum day cluing ta se chi de cap toi cac mach san bang nhu vay.

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA H~ THONG

79

TS. Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc H$ THONG THONG TIN SO

a. Cac mach loc co dinh:

Cac mach loc e6 dinh la cac kh6i tuyen tfnh khong bien d6i theo thai. gian, do vay co the mo ta duy nhat thuat toan loc bang ham phan ling xung h(t) hay phan ling tan so H(j). Tin hieu 16i ra co the tfnh tI1!C tiep bang each sir dung cac bien thtrc tich chap (2.52), (2.59) hay (2.60). Tuy nhien cac bieu thirc tich chap thuong doi hoi cac chuang trlnh tfnh urong d6i phirc tap, t6n bo nho va thoi gian xir lY. Do vay trong mo phong nguoi ta thuong sir dung cac cong thtrc thuan loi hon bieu dien tin hieu va bo loc tren mien tan s6 voi viec sir dung cac thuat toan bien d6i FFT va IFFT tieu chuan. Khi do phd tin hieu 16i ra Y(j) la tich thtrong cua pho tin hieu 16i vao X(j) va phan ling tan s6 H(j) cua bo 19C, tfnh diroc theo cac cong tlurc (2.62) hay (2.63).

Cac bo 19C trong thuc te, do che tao khong the hoan toan chinh xac nen se gay mea (tuyen tfnh) tin hieu, Chang han, cac b¢ loc co nhiem vu tao dang xung thong thuong trong cac he thong co phd han che co the thirc hien bang cac mach loc can bac hai cosine nang (square root raised cosine) nham triet tieu lSI. Khi do cac sai lech do che tao se dan den ISla 16i ra va vi vay mot trong nhtmg nhiem vu thong thtrong trona m6 phong he thonz thonz tin la danh eia anh hirons cua cac

- - - - _. - - - '-'

mea tuyen tfnh gAy boi che tao khong hOM hao bo loc, Meo tuyen tinh t6ng cong cua cac mach 19C diroc dinh nghia nhu sai lech cua phan ling tan s6 t6ng cong cua tuyen truyen v~ ca bien dQ va pha so voi phan ling tan s6 ly nrong diroc xac dinh khi thiet ke he thong, MQt each gan dung, cac mea bien d¢ va pha cua phan img tan s6 nhu the co th~ dinh hrong diroc bang cac sai s6 (tuyen tinh, bac hai va cac gon song v~ ca bien d¢ va pha) nhu la ham cua tan s6. Cac h~ s6 tuyen tinh va bac hai d6i voi suy giam va dap tuyen giu cham nhom thea tan s6 diroc xac dinh bOi d¢ lech eve dai ve dap tuyen suy giam va gitt cham nhom trong ca giai thong Nyquist. Cac gon song dtroc xac dinh hOi s6 chu ky gon song, pha va bien d¢ gon s6ng trong su6t bang tan Nyquist [10,14]. Cac meo bien dQ va pha gay bOi che tao cac mach 19C kh6ng chinh xac co the bieu dien thea cac bieu thirc dum day.

80

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA He THONG

TS. Nguyen Qu6C Binh: MO PHONG cAc H:e; THONG THONG TIN SO

(3.22)

trong d6 Ho(j) la d~c tinh ly nrong, H(j) la d~c tmh thuc te cua mach 19C diroc che tao. MQt each gan dung, c6 th~ bi~u dien £Ji/) thea:

£JA(j)= Al! + A2f + A3sin(27Tffl'A + BA)

(3.23)

trong d6 AI la he s6 bac mot (tuyen tfnh), A21a he s6 bac hai va A3 la bien d¢ gon s6ng cua d~c tuyen mea bien dQ cua mach 19C; TA la chu ky cua gon s6ng (do d6 Ofl's)/(lITA)=TAfl's se la s6 chu ky gon song co trong bang tan Nyquist) va eA la pha dilu cua gon s6ng (h.3.7.a).

* Mea pha L1rtfJ):

(3~24)

trong d6 (/Jo(j) la d~c tfnh pha-tan cua bQ 19C ly nrong can thiet ke (la mot ham tuyen tfnh thea tan so) con (/Xj) Ia d~c tfnh pha-tan thirc teo MQt each giln dung, cling c6 th~ bieu dien mea pha thong qua bi~u dien sai s6 tre nh6m:

(3.25)

d¢ gon s6ng cua d~c tuyen mea tre nh6m cua mach 19C; T D la chu ky gon s6ng (do d6 (lfl's)/(lfl' D)=T Dfl's se la s6 chu ky gon s6ng c6 trong bang tful Nyquist) va eD la pha dilu cua gon song (h.3.7.b).

Nhu vay trong tnrong hop can danh gia chi tiet cac anh htrong cua che tao khong chfnh xac thl mach 19C c6 dinh c6 cac mea bien dQ va pha (hay tre nh6m), co th~ va can dtroc bi~u dien bang so d6 kh6i ky hieu hinh 3.8.

Mac dau so d6 khoi. ky hieu co dang nhu h.3.8 thuan tien cho mo ta so d6 kh6i mo phong song bQ 19C bi meo do che tao dtroc tfnh toan trong qua trinh mo phong thea so d6 thuat toan h.3.9, trong d6 tin hieu cling nhir phan trng tan s6 cua mach 19C deu la nrong duong thong thap nhu da trinh bay a chuang hai.

T5

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA H:e; THONG

81

TS. Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

A, r------~:,~> 7--- A,

-------_---- . I

.:>" .>: I

(~-- ---------1---

I I

I I

, I

I I

I I

I I

__ -' . J .~ 1

r.,.~T I, r.l~

a)

M'~f;J (~!Iff.

("'If", vi: t , ""I. rl. OIl'

.---- I

I . -/~--.-.

b /_::--.-: -- - '"'\ .. - -

--- -->_ ----~~_ 1 J1

~ .. ---

b)

Hmh 3.7. Cac thi du v~: a) Meo bien de> va b) Meo tn~ nh6m.

~ D~c tinh ly nrong ~ Meo bien d¢ ~ Meo pha ~
I Hoif) I t1Aif) I t1D(f) Xif)

Yif)

Hmh 3.8. SO' do kh6i mo phong 19C c6 dinh c6 tfnh den sai s6 che tao.

Cac tham so trong mo phong mach loc co dinh, nhu vay, bao gom tham so cua t6i ba khoi. Cac tham so chfnh bao gdm loai va bac mach loc (doi v6i cac Ioai

82

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA H$ THONG

TS. Nguyen Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cxc H:e: THONG THONG TIN SO

mach 19C nhir Butterworth hay Chebyshev), dQ rong bang HID 19C hoac he s6 uon (trong tnrong hop 19C can bac haicosine nang), dQ lech dieu hirong (neu co) va neu can danh gia meo tuyen tfnh gay bOi che tao 19C khong chfnh xac thi cac tham so b6 sung se la cac gia tri Ai' TA (hay s6 chu ky gon song mea bien) va eD' d.; T D (hay so chu ky gon song mea tn~ nhom) va eD (r=l , 2, 3).

Y(j)

Hinh 3.9. M6 hinh thuat toan Ioc co sai lech do che tao.

Ngoai viec mo tei bo loc c6 dinh thea cac cong thirc bieu dien phan ling uin s6 can thiet ke Um sai lech mac phai trong che tao nhu dii trinh bay tren day chung ta hoan toan co th~ mo tei mach 19C thong qua viec cho phan ling tan s6 cua mach IQc du6i dang bang. Cach bien di~n hang bang nhu the thirong diroc sir dung trong cac tnrong hop khi cac bieu thirc mo tei d~c tfnh 19C qua phtrc tap dAn den khong hieu qua trong tfnh toan, hay trong tnrong hop ngiroi mo phong muon tao dang mach 19C thea y muon nham kiem tra phan ling cua he thong d6i v6i dang gia dinh nhu vay cua d~c tinh loc, Nhln chung, each bieu dien nay kho khan hon d6i v6i nguoi si'r dung vi phai cho d~c tfnh loc (bao gom d~c tfnh bien do-tan s6 IAn d~c tinh gill' cham nhom) thea timg di~m rna khong th~ cho d~c tinh IQc du6i dang cho cac tham s6 thea menu nhu d6i v6i mo tei thea cac cong thirc song lai cho phep mo ta d~c tfnh 19C co dang tuy y.

b. Mach' san bang thicb nghi tren mien thili gian (ATDE):

Mach san bang thfch nghi tren mien thoi gian AIDE la phan nr IQc co ham truyen phu thuoc thoi gian, co nhiem vu chu yeu Ia bit dap cac bien d6i thea thoi gian cua dac tfnh dirong truyen song. AIDE do vay la mot he thong tuyen tfnh

Chuang 3: MO HINH HoA H:e; THONG

83

TS. Nguyen Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc H:e THONG THONG TIN SO

bien d6i theo thoi gian co th~ mo ta day du diroc bci ham phan irng xung h(t, r) hay boi ham phan irng tan so H(j, t) (xem chirong hai). Tuy nhien, do la he thong bien d6i theo thoi gian nen viec bien dien A TDE se thuan loi hem tren mien thai gian va vi the viec phan tfch no tren mien thai gian se d~ dang hem.

MQt A TOE co th~ va thirong diroc thuc hien bang mot tuyen gam cac mat gift cham voi thoi gian gift cham cua moi mat la T, diroc goi la mach 19c gian (transversal filters, (h.3.10). Thong thirong, T= Ts.

vet)

T(t)

Hinh 3.10. BQ IQC gian ngang dung lam AIDE.

Trong h.3.10, vet) la phan trng loi ra cua kenh phia tnroc ATDE. Do co meo, vCt) cM qua 0 tai cac thoi diem t;f:.kTs va v(t);f:.O tai t=kTs (k;t{) vi vay dan den lSI. Xet phan ung xung roi rae nrong dirong chuan hoa cua vet), ky hieu lai la h(nTs)=hn- Luong meo eire dai ~max cua kenh truyen diroc danh gia theo

(3.26)

trong do dan phay sau ky hieu L co nghia la t6ng bo qua so hang co chi so k=O. Sau san bang, phanimg xung TCt) co dang

L

T (t) =L Ck vet - k1's)

-L

(3.27)

trong do 2L+ 1 dUQ'C goi la so mat (khau) cua ATDE. Ta cling xet phan img

L

roi rae nrong dirong chuan hoa cua ti«. ky hieu la qn= Lckhn-k. Meo toi da a loi

-L

ra 7]max diroc XaC dinh theo

7]max = L ilq k I

k

(3.28)

84

Chuong.S: MO IDNH HoA H:e THONG

TS. Nguyen QUo'c Binh: MOPHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

Cac he SO Ck phirc cua moi mat g6m cac phan thirc va ao can diroc lam cho phil hop theo thuat toan thich nghi, nho vay lSI tit cac symbol tnroc va sau toi symbol dang xu ly se giam bot, Tire la nho chon dung cac Ck thl T/max< ~max'

Trong thirc te, cac thuat toan san bang thfch nghi thirong g~p la thudt todn cuiing ep khong ZF (Zero Forcing) va thudt todn sai sotrung binb binn phuang cue tie"u LMSE (Least Mean Square Error) [10,14 ... ]. Do khuon kh6 cua tai lieu, a day ta se Uti tien de cap toi viec mo hlnh hoa thuat toan cua AIDE theo thuat toan ZF. M6 hlnh hoa thuat toan LMSE mot each chi tiet co th~ tim thay trong [17].

Nhiem vu cua thuat toan ZF la bien d6i cac he so Ck nham "cirong ep" cac diem di qua khong cua phan irng xung tong cong cua ca he thong dung vao cac thai diem t=kTs (k;t:O), nho vay loai be lSI. Tire la, doi v6i thuat roan ZP, cac h~ so duoc chon (dieu chinh) sao cho

Inl~ L

(3.29)

trong do O;J la delta Kronecker:

8. .. = { 1,

lJ 0

,

(3.30)

Cac h~ so Ck co th~ xac dinh theo cong trrc truy toan hoi tu dan t6i trang thai cirong ep khong (ZP) cua bo san bang nhu sau [14]:

C (n+l)= C (n) _ A C' I

k k LJ. "'n' n-k

(3.31)

trong do:

- Ck(n) la gia tri he so Ck tai nhip thu n;

- en= In- Tn' voi In=i(nTs) la gia tri cua tin hieu thu (diroc roi rae hoa) trong

tnrong hop ly nrong, nrc chinh la cac gia tri roi rae cua tin hieu i(t) dfi dtroc phat di a phan phat, con I, = T (nT's) ;

- L11a he so ty 1~, anh huang toi toc d¢ hoi tu cua phep tinh truy toan (3.29). In co gia tri phu thuoc vao symbol dUQ'c phat di a phan phat nen khong biet tnroc, Thuc te, voi h~ thong co BER th~p thl co the su dung in thay cho In. trong do

Chuang 3: MO HINH HcA He THONG

85

TS. Nguyen Qudc Binh: MO PHONG cAc H:e THONG THONG TIN SO

in la gia tri khoi phuc thirc te cua In-

Mo hinh thuat toan san bang ZF (loc thichnghi) nit gon lai thanh xac dinh cac Ck theo (3.29) va v61 nhimg gia tri tfnh diroc cua chung img v61 trang thai ZF, lSI tir L symbol tnroc va L symbol sau t61 symbol dang xet se hi loai trir, tire la

n= ±l, ±2, ... , ±L

(3.32)

Tham s6 mo ta d6i v61 AIDE thirong la s6 mat L cua mach loc gian ngang.

Tham s6 xac dinh t6c d¢ hoi W L1 diroc chon hra cfut than, co th~ va thirong dircc cho duoi dang tham s6 mac dinh cua chirong trinh mo phong,

3.2.4. cAc TH[ET Bl PHl) TRQ

Cac thiet hi phu tro chu yeu trong he thong truyen dan tin hieu s6 diroc d~ cap toi trong phan nay gom bo khoi phuc song mang, bo khoi phuc tin hieu dong ho va mach nr dong dieu khien tang Ich AGC. Tnroc khi di van trmh hay thuat toan mo hlnh hoa cac thiet hi nay cluing ta se han luan doi chiit v~ van d~ dong bo nham han che pham vi d~ cap cua phan nay.

Trong cac he thong thong tin s6 ket hop (coherent), bo giai dieu che can co mot song mang noi co pha xap xi (ly nrong Ia hang) v61 pha cua song mang t61. Ngoai ra may thu cling can phai tao lai tin hieu dong ho d~ dieu khien viec lay mau tin hieu 16i ra cua bo loc ph6i hop. Qua trinh tai tao song mang thu va tin hieu dong ho thu duoc goi la dong bo va diroc thirc hien hOi cac mach khoi phuc song mang va khoi phuc tin hieu dong ho. S6ng mang thu va dong ho thu co the tai tao bang each sir dung tin hieu dong bo diroc truyen thea mot duong rieng chiem mot phan cua dung hrong he th6ng hoac co th~ tai tao thea phuong thtrc tv dong bo (khong sir dung cac tin hieu dong bo diroc truyen di tir phan phat thea mot dtrong rieng), Chung ta se chi tap trung a day su chii y d6i v61 cac he thong tv dong bo, trong do song mang thu va tin hieu dong ho thu nit ra dtroc tir chuoi dang song nhan diroc rna chuoi dang s6ng d6 khong h~ duoc ghep them mot each co chu y cac thong tin dong h¢.

86

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA H:e THONG

TS. Nguyin Quo'c Binh: MO PHONG cAc H$ THONG THONG TIN s6

Viec mo phong he thong truyen dan so lien quan t61 mot he thong 100, trong do cac khoi khoi phuc song mang va khoi phuc tin hieu dong ho dong vai tro nhu cac he thong con. Nhu da thong nhat a dau chuang nay, viec mo ta he thong can mo phong se chi dtroc thuc hien t61 diroi rmrc he thong mot mire. Ttrc la, mac dau cac mach thuc hien dong bo Co th~ co rilt nhieu dang loai khac nhau va co th~ mo phong rieng chung nhu mot he thong con thea cac thuat roan rat khac nhau, trong mo phong he thong truyen dan so, cac mach dong bo se chi diroc mo ta bang chtrc nang cua chung (khoi phuc song mang hay khoi phuc tin hieu dong hd) va cac tham so chung nhat (doi v61 moi loai mach dong bQ khac nhau) tac dong t61 chat hrong cua he thong thong tin. Theo quan di~m nay, trong khi mo hlnh hoa cac khoi dong bo, chung ta se xem xet tac dong cua khoi phuc song mang va khoi phuc tin hieu dong ho t61 chat luong h¢ thong. MQt Ian ntta chung ta se lai gioi han viec xem xet doi v61 cac he thong dieu che tin hieu mo ta dtroc bang cac cong tlnrc (3.15) va (3.16). M6 hlnh hoa doi v61 dong bQ song mang va tin hieu dong ho v61 cac loai dieu che khac co th~ tim thay trong [17 ... ].

a. Khoi phuc song mang:

D~ xet anh huang cua sai lech pha s6ng mang, ta se gia thiet rang moi khoi khac trong he thong d~u ly nrong. Tire la trong tnrong hop gia thiet nay sai lech

tin hieu dong ho D =0 va d~c tfnh cua ca he thong thl hoan toan Iy nrong. Thiet bi khoi phuc song mang thu tao ra mot s6ng mang sai lech v~ pha doi v61 s6ng mang

t61 mot g6c 0 :

e(t) = 2 cos(2,ifi + 0)

(3.33)

Trong tnrong hop nhu the tin hieu ra bo giai dieu che, xet thf du v61 h¢ thong dieu cheM-QAM, c6 dang:

00

St(t) = L Ak .cosO.p(t - kTJ * hc(t)

it=-«>

+ f B, .sinO.p(t - kTJ * hc(t) + n1 (t)

k=-oo

(3.34a)

Chuang 3: MO HINH HoA H$ TH6NG

87

TS. Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc HI;: THONG THONG TIN SO

va

co

S2(t)= LBk.cose.p(t-kTJ*hc(t)

k=-oo

co

- L Ak .sine.p(t - kI:) * hc(t) + n2(t)

k=-·",

(3.34b)

trong do he<.) la phan ung xung nrong dirong thong thap cua ca he thong tinh til dau ra mach dieu che tm dau vao mach lay mau.

Tai thai diem lay mau symbol thu 0 (k=O) la t=O, cac bieu thirc (3.34a) va (3.34b) co th6 viet lai dUQ'C thanh:

<r)

Sl(O) = Ao·cos e .s(O) + L / Ak .cose.s( -kT.)

k=-a:>

'"

+ Bo.sine + L / B, .sine.s(-kTs) + III

k=-a:>

(3.35a)

'"

S2(0) = Bo·cos 0 .s(O) + L / s, .cosO.s( -kT.)

k=-a:>

co

-Ao.sinO - L / Ak·sinO.s(-kTs) + n2

k=-a:>

(3.35b)

trong do s(t)=p(t-kTs)*hc(t) va dau phay sau ky hieu L eo nghia la tong bo qua so hang k=O.

Theo cac bieu tlnrc (3.35a) va (3.35b), vi diflC tfnh cua he thong diroc gia thiet la ly nrong (thoa man tieu chuan Nyquist thu nhat) nen s(O)=l va s(-kTs)=O (Vk::f:.O), do do tin hieu lay mau symbol thir 0 con lai:

Sl(O) = Ao·cosO + Bo.sinB + nl

(3.36a) (3.36b)

Nhir vay, do sai pha song mang, tin hieu sau lay mau so voi tnrong hop hoan toan ly nrong bi giam d¢ 16'0 voi he so cos 0 va co xuyen nhieu (crosstalk)

giira cac luong dong pha va vuong pha (thanh phan BosinO trong bieu thirc 3.36a va thanh phan -AosinO trong bi6u thirc 3.36b). Cac sai lech nay lam tang xac

suat thu 16i cua he thong.

88

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA HI;: THONG

TS. Nguyen Qu6C Binh: MOPH6NG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

Do tac dong cua tap nhieu, sai lech pha la mot qua trmh ngdu nhi~nO (t) .

Do do, mot each chfnh xac thi trong mo phong he thong thong tin thiet bi khoi ph1;1C song rnang phai diroc mo hinh hoa bci mot qua trinh ngau nhien va tac dong den viec quyet dinh tin hieu trong giai dieu che diroi dang mot bien ngau nhien

e v61 mot ham mat d¢ xac suat nao do [11...]. Trong thuc te, cac mach khoi phuc song rnang thirong diroc thuc hien bang cac mach vong khoa pha PLL (Phase Locked Loop) c6 th~ d~c trung bOi. sai s6 dinh pha tinh 00, rna trong che d¢ 6n dinh khong c6 tnrot chu ky (cycle slip) PLL se keo bam sao cho gia tri tuyet d6i sai pha t6i da gitra s6ng mang khoi ph1;1C va s6ng rnang t61 khong VUQ'1: qua 00, Khi d6 tac dong xau nhat cua sai lech pha song rnang se diroc xac dinh bOi. viec thay gia tri e bang 00 trong cac cong thirc (3.36a) va (3.36b). Nhu vay, thiet bi khoi

ph1;1C song mang co th~ mo hinh hoa mot each dan gian bang mot khoi c6 tharn s6 la 00 va cac cong thirc (3.36a) va (3.36b) duoc su dung trong danh gia xac suat 16i cua he thong. Hi~n nhien ket qua mo phong khi do khong chfnh xac va chi se ling v6i tnrong hop xau nhat, Bit lai, cac qua trinh tinh toan trong mo phong se don

gian va hieu qua hon nhieu.

h. Khoi phuc tin hieu dong ho:

D~ xet anh hirong cua rieng sai lech tin hieu dong h6, ta se gia thiet rang moi kh6i khac trong he thong deu ly nrong, Ttrc la trong tnrong hop gia thiet nay sai

lech pha song rnang e =0 va d~c tinh cua ca h¢ thong thi hoan toan ly nrong. Tin hieu sau bo 19C ph6i hop, xet thi du doi v61 h¢ thong M-QAM, khi d6 se co dang:

00

SI(t) = L Ak .s(t - kTs) + n1 (t)

k=-",

(3.37a)

eo

S2(t) = L B, .s(t - kTs) + n2 (t)

k=-oo

(3.37b)

Thiet bi khoi phuc tin hieu dong h6 tao ra tin hieu dong h6 co th~ sai lech doi v61 thai diem lay mau ly nrong mot lUQ'IlgD(D< Ts). Thai di~m l~y mau doi

Chuang 3: MO HINH HoA H~ THONG

89

TS. Nguyln Qu6c Binh: MO PHONG cAc Iffl THONG THONG TIN SO

voi symbol thu k khi d6 diroc xac dinh bci tk = kTs+.b. Xet cac gia tri (mau) cua tin hieu thu 51 va 52 tai thoi diem lfiy mau symbol thrr ° (t=to=O.Ts+.b =.b)

5) (to) =Ao.s(.o) +L1Ak·s(.o-kTJ +nl (3.38a)

k

5z{to) = Bo.s(.o) +L1Bk.s(.o-kTJ +n2

k

(3.38b)

S6 hang dau ben ve phai cua cac bieu thuc (3.38a) va (3.38b) chinh la tin hieu htru Ich, s6 hang thtr hai th~ hien lSI con s6 hang thu ba ru, n2 la cac gia tri cua cac thanh phan tap am nrong hop dong pha va vuong pha tai thoi diem lay man symbol thtr 0.

Neu mach khoi phuc tin hieu dong ho heat dong hoan toan Iy tuong (sai Iech tin hieu dong ho .0= 0), thi s(.o)=s(O)=l, s(.o-kTs)=s(-kTs)=O v6i moi k:t=O

do d~c tinh he thong dUQ'c gia thiet la 1y nrong. Cac so hang thii hai ben ve phai

cac bieu thirc (3.38a) va (3.38b) d6u bang 0, nrc Ia khong ton tai lSI.

Neu sai lech tin hieu dong ho khac khong (.0*0) thi s(.o)*l, s(.o-kTs)*O voi k*O. Do d6 cac s6 hang bieu thi lSI trong (3.38a) va (3.38b) deu khac 0. Tuc la, ngay ca khi dirong truyen hoan toan Iy nrong thi lSI van ton tai va c6 th~ c6 gia tri rfit Ian neu c6 sai lech tin hieu dong ho, dan den xac suat thu 16i cua he thong tang. Su tao thanh lSI trong tnrong hop nhu the diroc minh hoa tren h.3.11.

Diroi tac dong cua tap nhieu, cac bo khoi phuc tin hieu dong ho (thirong diroc thirc hien dum dang cac PLL - s6 hoac nrong tv - hoat dong khong hoan toan

chinh xac va sai lech tin hieu dong ho la mot qua trinh ngau nhien D (t). Do d6, mot each chinh xac thl trong mo phong he thong thong tin, thiet bi khoi phuc tin hieu dong ho cling phai diroc mo hinh hoa bOi mot qua trinh ngau nhien va tac dong den viec quyet dinh tin hieu trong giai dieu che duoi dang mot bien ngau nhien b v6i mot ham mat d¢ xac sufit nao d6. Trong thirc te, cac PLL dung lam mach khoi phuc tin hieu dong ho cling c6 th~ d~c tnrng boi sai s6 dinh pha tinh To, rna trong che d¢ 6n dinh (khong c6 tnrot chu ky) PLL se keo bam sao cho tri tuyet

90

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA He THONG

TS. NguyEn Qu6C Elnh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

d6i sai pha t6i da gitra tin hieu dong ho khoi phuc va tin hieu dong ho ham tln trong tin hieu toi khong virot qua 1"0' Khi do me dong xau nhat cua sai lech tin hieu dong h6 se diroc xac dinh boi viec thay gia tri D bang 1"0 trong cac cong thuc (3.38a) va (3.38b). Nhir vay, thiet bi khoi phuc tin hieu dong ho e6 th~ mo hlnh hoa dtroc mot each don gian bang mot khoi e6 tham s6 la 1"0' Hi~n nhien, ket qua mo phong khi d6 cling khong hoan toan chfnh xac va chi se irng v6i twang hop xau nhat song cac qua trlnh tfnh toan trong mo phong se don gian va hieu qua han nhieu.

1.5

o

1'14.'" r~ ",1(11 ~c'iL
. ;I.~ ,
I It I"~ r~
r- r-
V/ ;I~ I
~_ v- r
I
- I- I_" ~ ~ _/ / ~ ----_ - .. _
- ~ ~ ,-
I
~ ~
9.07.96.95.94.93.02.01.0 1.02.03. 4 5.06.07.09. 1.5

0.5

o.s

o

-0.5

-0. S o

a) Sg tao thanh lSI do sai lech tin hieu dong h6.

b) Constellation khi 'Z'o=3j3%Ts.

H'mh.3.11. Str tao thanh.Bl do sai lech tin hieu dong h6 trong he thong 64-QAM, 'Z'o=3,3%Ts:

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA H~ THONG

91

TS. Nguyln Quoc Binh: M6 PHONG cAc Ha TH6NG TH6NG TIN s6

c.AGC:

Nhiem vu cua kh6i AGe la thay d6i tang Ich ciia may thu khi tieu hao cua kenh bien thien, bao dam cong suat trung blnh tin hieu d~u VaG mach quyet dinh khong thay d6i. Trong mo phong, AGC thuc chat duoc mo ta bang thuat toan tv dong dieu chinh he s6 ty l¢ trongchuan hoa tin hieu thu (chuan hoa tin hieu la viec xem bien d¢ eire dai cua tin hieu, xet tai mot diem nao do, bang don vi).

Trong rat nhieu tnrong hop mo phong, ngiroi ta chi quan tam den thiet hai ty s6 tin/tap (SNRD: Signal to Noise Ratio Degradation) tinh tai mot gia tri cu the cua BER, gay boi mot tac dong nao do so v6i tnrong hop ly nrong hoac mot tnrong hop xac dinh, Khi do, ket qua 16i ra cua mo phong la cac duong cong BER theo ty s6 tin tren tap (thuong diroc tinh bang ty s6 EJNo hay CIN, v6i Eb la nang hrong cua mot bit, C la cong suat song mang, N hay No la cong suat tap am hay nang hrong cua tap am tinh tren mot bit) irng v6i cac tnrong hop va SNRD diroc xac dinh nhu hieu cac gia tri ty s6 tin/tl;lP v6i cling mot xac suat 16i bit d1l cho. Trong nhirng tnrong hop nhu vay, t6n hao thirc te cua toan h¢ thong khong can quan tam t6i. Khi nay, neu trong toan b¢ qua trlnh mo phong tin hieu deu ducc chuan hoa ve bien d¢ thi khoi AGC thuan tuy chi co tfnh hmh thirc.

3.2.5. TAP AM V A CAN NHI:@.U

Tap am va can nhieu la cac qua trlnh ngau nhien. Viec bieu dien va mo phong tap am va can nhieu diroc thuc hien thong qua cac ham pdf the hien mo hlnh cua chung. Tuy vay, viec ap dung mo hlnh tap am va can nhieu trong mo phong phu thuoc VaG phirong phap mo phong dtroc hra chon. V 6i phirong phap mo phong Monte-Carlo (se diroc trinh bay trong chirong sau), ca tap am va can nhieu deu phai dtroc tao ra tit mo hinh nguon tap am va nhieu v6i cac pharr b6 gia dinh, V 6i cac phtrong phap mo phong khac, chang han nhu phtrong phap can giai tich, tap am va pdf cua no dtroc gia thiet va duoc sir dung de tinh xac suat 16i cua he thong bang each xep chong tin hieu nhan diroc thong qua mo phong v6i tap am co

92

Chuang 3: M6 HlNH HoA Ha TH6NG

TS. Nguyin Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAe H$ THONG THONG TIN SO

pdf d5 biet. Khi nay khoi mo ta tap am chi c6 tinh hinh thtrc.

Can nhieu c6 th~ mo ta boi mat dQ phd cong suat psd (power spectral density) hoac c6 th~ mo ta bang nguon nhieu ngau nhien v6i pdfvatho~c psd gUt dinh thich hop. Trong nhieu tnrong hop, khi anh huong ella can nhieu khong 1&1 lam thi viec cho can nhieu boi cac pdf kha khac nhau c6 th~ cho cac tac dong khong khac nhau nhieu Him, do vay pdf cua can nhieu c6 th~ chon sao cho viec danh gia chat IUQ'Ilg (tfnh toan xac suat 16i) cua he thong thuan tien va hieu qua ve m~t thoi gian tinh toan cling nhu v~ dung IUQ'Ilg bo nho yeu cau.

3.2.6. PHAN TU PHI TUYEN

a. M6 phong cdc phdn til phi tuyen:

Nhu d5 trlnh bay trong cac phan truck, cac phan ti':r va he thong tuyen tinh khong bien d6i theo thoi gian tinh toan d~c biet thuan loi tren mien t~ so, trong do tin hieu l~n phan irng cua h~ thong deu diroc bieu dien tren mien t~n so thong qua bien d6i Fourier (trong tinh toan bang may tfnh tht thong qua FFf) va tin hieu 16i ra c6 phd don gian la tich thirong gitra phd tin hieu loi vao va d~c tfnh t~n so cua he thong. Doi v6i cac phan ti':r va -h~ thong phi tuyen, do moi phep bien ddi dua tren tfnh chat xep chong nhu bien ddi Fourier, bien ddi Laplace, bien ddi z ... deu khong hop le nen moi tinh toan trong mo phong doi v6i cac phan tii phi tuyen deu phai thuc hien tren mien thoi gian. Trong qua trtnh cho tin hieu "chay" qua h~ thong c~n mo phong, khi g~p phan tii phi. tuyen, tin hieu phai duoc chuyen ve mien thoi gian bang bien d6i nguoc Fourier (hay bang IFFT). Qua trinh xi':r ly nhir the dUQ'C minh hoa tren h.3.12.

Khoi tuyen tfnh Khci phi tuyen

Xfj) Y(j) X(j) H (j)

= • 1 =
~ H1(f) ...., F[y(t)] , HiJ) --7
y(l)=F1[Y(j)] I z(l)=F[y(t)] I Khoi tuyen tinh

Z(j) F[z(t)] W(j)=Z(j).H2(j)

Hinh 3.12. Xu ly tin hieu tren mien thoi gian voi kh6i phi tuyen,

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA HE THONG

93

TS. NguyEn Quo(; Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

b. Cdc mo hinb thuat toan:

Trong phan nay do khuon khO co han, mot Ian nita ta lai han che chi xet viec mo hlnh hoa cac phan tu phi tuyen khong nho. Cac phan tu phi tuyen khong nho thong tlnrong dang quan tam nhat trong mo phong cac he thong thong tin la cac bo khuech dai cong suat (KDCS).

Cac bo KDCS duoc ky hieu nhu hlnh 3.13.a, thuong co ~c tinh bien dQ va ~c tfnh pha nhu hmh 3. 13.b, bien 1<) bien di~u (meo) bien do-bien dQ (AM/AM conversion) va bien do-pha (AM/PM conversion).

Cac bQ KDCS tlurong diroc bieu dien bang cac mo hlnh cau phtrong, mo hlnh 4 tham s6 cua Saleh hoac bang da thtrc phirc bieu dien d~c tfnh vao-ra ... Cac mo hmh nay duoc irng dung nham phuc vu nhirng muc dfch cu the trong viec danh gia anh huang cua cac bo KDCS tm chat hrong h~ thong hoac phuc vv muc dfch cai thien d~c tinh cua cluing. Ta se Ian hrot xem xet cac mo hmh do nham thay ro nhtrng d~c diem cua cluing.

C>

i-+ yet)

X(/) a)

Hinh 3.13. B¢ KDCS va cac d~c tinh bien dO, pha.

* M (j hinh cdu phuang:

Gia su tin hieu l6i vao x(t) diroc cho bOi.: x(t) = B(t).cos[met+~t)]

(3.39)

trong do B(t), me va ~t) Ian hrot la bien dQ, tan s6 goc song mang va pha cua tin hieu vao, Khi do tin hieu 16i ra co the bieu dien 0 dang:

yet) = Zp(B).cos(mJ+B) - ZQ(B).sin(met+B)

(3.40)

Theo [11] ham s6 Z co the bieu dien diroc dum dang giai tfch:

Zp(B) = B. C I' e-C2B2 Io(C2B2) ZQ(B) = B. S; e-S2B2 II(S2B2)

(3.41a) (3.41b)

94

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA He THONG

yet)

TS. Nguyen Quae Sinh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

trong do 10 va Ilia cac ham Bessel bien nrong con C 1, C 2' SIVa S2 la cac hang s6 xac dinh til dlllc tfnh cua bo khuech dai [23].

Trong rna phong, bo KDCS co th~ bieu dien thee sa do cau phirong tren hinh 3.14.

Htnh 3.14. Mo hlnh cau plnrong cua be) KDCS.

* M6 hinh 4 tham so ella Saleh:

Tin hieu 16i ra cua be:> KDCS cling con co th~ viet diroi dang: yet) = A[B(t)].cos {av+ (Xt)+(/j(B(t)]}

(3.42)

trong do A(.) la mot ham Ie v6i s6 hang bac mot troi han han, bieu thi meo bien do con f/X...) la mot ham chan v6i s6 hang bac hai troi bieu thi meo pha. Saleh da dua ra cac cong thirc hai tham s6 sau [23]:

A(B) = aj3j(1+f3j32) f/X..B) = acrB2j(1 +f3crB2)

(3.43a) (3.43b)

trong do cac tharn s6 a.; f3a' a(/J va f3(/J diroc xac dinh bang each khop do thi A(B), f/X..B) v6i cac dlllc tfnh thuc t~ cua bo KDCS thee sai s6 trung binh can hai (rms) cue tieu.

Trong rna phong, rna hinh Saleh co the bieu dien theo sa do hinh 3.15 [17].

a)

'$(B) A(B)/

b)

Hinh 3.15. Sa do khol KDCS voi meo bien va pha .

a) Sa do ky hieu tai tan so song rnang; b) Sa do mo phong vai'duOng bao phirc,

Chuang 3: MO IDNH HoA H~ THONG

95

TS. N guyln Qu6c Binh: MO PH6NG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

Ngoai mo hinh tren, Saleh cling dua ra cac cong thirc 2 tham s6 dung cho mo hinh cau phuong [23]:

Zp(B) = apB/(1 +ppB2) (3.44a

ZQ(B) = a~/(1+PQB2)2 (3.44b)

trong d6 cac tham s6 ap, aQ' pp va PQ cling diroc xac dinh thee phirong phap xac dinh cac tham so a., Pa' arp va prp n6i tren .

• M6 hinh da thuc:

Phuc vu viec thiet ke cac mach mea tnroc nrong tu, dung de tuyen tinh hoa cac bo KDCS trong cac he thong vi ba M-QAM, Toshio Nojima va cac tac gia khac [19] da bieu dien bo KDCS thee da thirc.fheo d6 thl tin hieu loi ra:

3 A 5 A

yet) = AI.B. Re{(1+-B2 _3 +_B4 _5 + ... )exp[jwct + B(t)] }

4 Al 8 Al

= AI·B.R(B).cos{ aV+~t)+ Iff..B)} Khi be qua cac so hang bac cao han 3, thl

3 R

R(B) = (1 + '2 B2 A3 COS¢3 )1/2

1

(3.45)

(3.46a)

.. _'" ;_.. .... .

IUfB) L1CllJ)-lJtg¢>3 J. \ = arctg ---;:-------'-

R2(B) + 1

Tire la bo KDCS c6 the xac dinh thee cac tham s6 A I, R3 va g6c mea pha

(3.46b)

* M6 hinh dua tren s6' lieu clla hi) KDCS cho hOi cdc nha san xudr:

Tnroc khi trlnh bay mo hlnh mo phong bo KDCS dira tren cac s6 lieu tlnrc cho bm cac nha san xuat cluing ta se thao luan doi chut ve cac mo hlnh da neu tren. Thu nhat, viec tfnh toan cac tham s6 xac dinh cac d(tc tfnh cua bo KDCS deu kha phirc tap, Tnroc tien phai tien hanh do cac d(tc tfnh vao-ra cua bo KDCS bao gom d(tc tinh cong suat va d(tc tfnh pha, tren co sa d6 ap dung thuat toan lam khop nham xac dinh cac tham s6 cua mo hlnh roi moi dua VaG mo ta kh6i KDCS d~ mo phong, trong khi d6 qua trlnh mo phong thea cac mo hlnh da neu cling

96

Chuang 3: MO HINH HoA ~ THONG

TS. Nguyen Quoc Rinh: MO PHONG cAc ~ THONG THONG TIN SO

chang don gian hon qua trinh mo phong thea mo hinh diroc trlnh bay dum day, Tlnr hai, mot khi trong toan b¢ qua trmh mo phong tin hieu deu diroc chuan hoa thi cac ket qua dang quan tam trong mo phong cac he thong nhtr mau mat, constellation tin hieu 16i fa hay duong cong BER ... khong phu thuoc vao tang Ich thuc te cua b¢ KDCS. Do vay trong mo phong, cac bo tham s6 trong cac mo htnh neu tren deu thira tham s6 dien ta d¢ khuech dai cua b¢ KDCS. Thf du, trong mo hinh cau phirong thl bo tham s6 co th~ nit lai con C 2, S2 va thong s6 thay cho ty l~

CdS I trong bo tham s6 cit, trong mo hlnh 4 tham s6 cua Saleh thl a; khong diroc dung toi khi mo phong, con trong each bi~u dien da thirc thl Al chfnh la he s6 khuech dai dien ap tuyen tfnh cua bo KDCS.

Trong thirc te, tac dong cua bo KDCS cting thuong diroc danh gia thong qua SNRD gay brri mea phi tuyen, SNRD nay cting khong phu thuoc vao d¢ khuech dai cua bo KDCS rna chi phu thuoc vao cac mea bien va pha (cac mea AM/AM va AM/PM). Do vay, d~ danh gia bang mo phong tac dong cua mea phi tuyen gay bOi. bo KDCS, ta chi can t61 cac duong cong bieu thi sai lech giira cac d~c tinh vao-ra thirc te va cac d~c tfnh do trong tnrong hop hoan toan tuyen tinh rna thoi, Cac duong cong nhir the (L1Gp(Pin) va L1c/x'Pin), voi Pin la cong suat tin hieu 16i vao) r~t d~ do va thuong dtroc cho bOi cac nha san xuat.

AM/PM AM/AM
- L1cP(Uin) t-- I1GU(Uin) t-- K - b) MO hinh rut gon co chuan hoa tin hieu.

Hlnh 3.16. M6 hlnh KDCS thea so lieu dung cho mo phong.

Mo hlnh mo phong thirc te do vay nit lai chi con nhir tren hlnh 3.16.a, voi K la he s6 khuech dai dien ap tuyen tfnh, Trong tnrong hop co chuan hoa tin hieu thi sa do mo phong thirc te chi nhu hlnh ve 3.16b. Cac kh6i AM/PM va AM/AM duoc cho tnrc tiep thea cac dirong cong L1Gp(Pin), L1~Pin) va thuong cho dum dang bang. Do qua trinh mo phong diroc tien hanh a mac dang song, cac dirong

Chuang 3: MO HINH HoA H:e: THONG

97

TS. Nguyen Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

cong do d~u phai diroc quy d6i v~ dac tinh thea bien d¢ dien ap 16i vao Uin. Mot bien phap don gian co th~ ap dung trong mo phong la mo ta bo KDCS thea bang trong mot file g6m L1Gp(Pin) va L1rIX._Pin) thea tirng dit!m voi cac di~m lay each nhau 0.25 dB la du chinh xac v~ m~t thuc te [2]. Cong suat dinh Po cua tin hieu vao (irng voi dien ap vao eire dai) diroc danh dau. Khi do cac dirong cong L1GU(Uin) va L1ctX._Uin) duoc xac dinh tirng diem thea cac bieu tlnrc sau [2]:

-I1Gp;

L1Gu( Uin)i = 10 20

L1rIX._Uin)j =L1rIX._Pin)i

(3.47a) (3.47b)

Uini=lO

11,,; - Po + I1Gpt- I1Gpo

20

(3.47c)

voi i la thtr tv di~m cua d~c tfnh.

3.2.7. DVONG TRUYEN DAN

a. Cdc loai dltO'ng truye'n ddn thong thuong:

Cac duong truyen song thong thirong trong cac he thong thong tin, thea moi tnrong v~t ly, co th~ chia thanh dirong truyen trong khong gian tv do (diroc xem la moi tnrong truyen dan 1y nrong), trong bau khf quyen gan mat dat, thea day dan (day tran, cap xoan hay cap dong true), trong cac ong dan song va trong soi quang. Cac dirong truyen song, la mot bo phan cua kenh truyen dan tir ngu6n tin t6i bo nhan tin, co nhtmg tac dong toi qua trmh truyen dan tin hieu, do vay tac dong toi chat hrong lien laccua h¢ thong va mot trong cac nhiem vu cua mo phong la danh gla cac tac dong do. Noi chung, rae dong cua cac moi tnrong truyen dan den qua trinh truyen dan tin hieu khong chi phu thuoc vao loai moi tnrong vat ly rna con phu thuoc vao r~t nhieu cac dieu kien ve dia hlnh va cac dieu kien vat 1y khac nhir tan s6 song mang (bang song cong tac) hay do rong bang tan tin hieu, Thf du, b~t luan ban chat v~t 1y the nao kenh truyen dan cling co th~ la r~t t6t va khong gay ra cac mea dang k~ neu nhir be rong bang tan tin hieu truyen qua no du nho, Ngiroc lai, hau nhu b~t ky kenh truyen dan thuc te nao du t6t den

98

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA He THONG

TS. Nguyln Quae Binh: MO PHONG cAc He THONG THONG TIN SO

may cling se tro nen tai va gay ra cac meo neu nhu dO rong bang tin hieu qua 100. Chinh vi vay viec mo hinh hoa dirong truyen dan hay kenh truyen dan (0 day diroc hieu nhu phan nam tir 16i ra may phat toi 16i vao may thu d~u cu6i) trong mo phong dum dang mot khoi bieu dien diroc dum dang thuat toan hoac cong thirc toan h9C nhin chung khong dua tren cac hien nrong vat ly rna chu yeu dira tren cac quan trek nham thu duoc mot each kinh nghiem cac cong thirc hoac thuat toan bieu dien duong truyen dan,

Thong qua cac quan trac, cac kenh truyen dAn trong cac he thong thong tin s6 thirc te c6 th~ phan thanh cac loai chinh sau:

• Cac kenh gan nhu khong gian W do (gan nhu Iy tirong), thf du nhu cac kenh thong tin ve tinh;

• Cac kenh truyen Ian da dirong (multipath propagation) nhu trong cac he thong vi ba s6 mat dat, trong cac he thong thong tin di dong ... ;

• Cac kenh dAn huong va 6ng s6ng, nhtr trong cac he thong 6ng dAn s6ng, cac cap dang tn ic hoac cap xoan, cac soi da.n quang hoc,

D6i voi cac he thong thong tin ve tinh, kenh truyen dAn d6i vci he thong e6 aug-ten mat dat 100 va g6e ngang khong qua nho cong tac 0 giai tan s6 khong qua 1&1 (4-6 GHz) voi b6 rong cua bang t~n tfnhieu khong qua 100 co th~ lam gm dung rat t6t bang mo hinh kenh truyen dan ly nrong (khong gian W do). Tuy vay, khi tan s6 cong tac va bang tm tin hieu tang thi hieu irng chon loc d6i voi tin hieu cua kenh truyendan lai tro nen khong th~ bo qua diroc. Khi d6 kenh thong tin v¢ tinh e6 th~ rna hinh hoa duoc bOi mot hrong tap pha e6 phd rat hep rna ta sir bien thien theo thoi gian cua ham truyen cua kenh va bci cac tac dong cua hieu ling chon loc bao gam: a) hap thu phu thuoc theo t~n s6 ciia o-xy va hoi mroc trong b~u khf quyen sach; b) t6n hao do mua phu thuoc t~n s6 khi bang tan tin hieu rat rong va tm s6 cong me vuot qua eo 10 GHz; e) meo pha gay boi tang dien ly khi g6e ngang ang-ten qua thap hay khi e6 cac hoat dong di thuong cua mat troi hoac khi e6 cac sir kien hat nhan tren mat dat. D6i voi cac kenh da dirong, mo hinh

Chuang 3: MO HINH HoA He THONG

99

TS. Nguyln Qu6c Binh: MO PHONG cAc H~ TH6NG THONG TIN s6

kenh trong mo phong cting se ra:t khac nhau doi v6i cac he thong thong tin khac nhau. Chang han nhu doi v6i cac he thong vi ba so bang rong mat dat, kenh nhieu tia th~ hien pha-ding chon loc theo tful so thi bien d6i nrong doi cham theo thoi gian do qua trinh bien d6i ham truyen cua kenh kha cham so v6i toe d(> truyen tin hieu. Dei v6i cac he thong thong tin di dong te bao 1&1 va vi te bao (macrocell hay microcell) thi kenh truyen bien d6i rat that tlnrong tuy toe d(> va hirong di dong cua may di dong va su bien d6i nay diroc xem Ia nhanh do toe d¢ truyen nrong doi thap, hieu irng da dirong khi nay kha tram trong do ban kfnh te bao kha 1&1 dan den trai gift cham (delay spreading) 1&1. Doi v6i cac h¢ thong thong tin di dong trong nha, thirong diroc goi la cac he thong thong tin di dong sieu vi te bao (picocell) thi trai gift cham lai co th~ b6 qua do kich thuoc te bao kha nho. Tom lai, doi v6i cac Ioai kenh truyen dan noi tren, tuy thuoc vao rat nhieu dieu kien vat ly khac nhau trong cac he thong Cl;1 th~, co th~ diroc mo hinh hoa bang cac mo hinh rat khac.nhau.

Do khuon khd eo han, trong phan nay chung ta se khong de cap t6i viec mo hinh hoa moi loai kenh truyen dan eho moi loai he thong thong tin khac nhau rna se chi xet lam thf du ve mo hinh hoa mot Ioai kenh truyen dan cu th~. D~ phu hop v6i cac noi dung se dtroc trinh bay trong chirong cuoi khi xem xet mo phong Cl;1 th~ mot he thong thong tin vi ba so M-QAM bang goi phan mem mo phong ASTRAS, trong phan nay cluing ta se tim hieu viec mo hinh hoa trong mo phong kenh truyen nhieu tia eo pha-ding chon loc theo tful so trong cac h¢ thong vi ba so bang rong mat dat.

b. M6 hinh kenh' nhie'u tia trong cdc h~ thong v6 tuyln tiep see so mtJ.t ddt: • Cae mo hinh kenh. ba tia:

Doi v6i cac he thong vt: tuyen tiep sue so mat dat trong tdm nhin thang (LOS: Line Of Sight) qua trinh truyen song dien ra trong nhimg lap kha thap cua bau khf quyen, Tia song v6 tuyen diroc phat di ttr ang-ten phat bi lam cong do he so khiic xa ciia khong khf bien d6i theo d¢ cao va t6i ang-ten thu theo nhieu

100

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA H~ TH6NG

TS. Nguyen Quoc Binh: MO PHONG cAc ~ THONG THONG TIN SO

dirong khac nhau, trong do co ca thanh phan phan xa tit M mat trai d~t (h.3.17). Ham phan img xung cua kenh truyen nhu th€ co the bieu dien diroc bang mot tong trong s6 cac ham delta:

N

h(t) = La;.8(t - T)

;=1

(3.48)

trong do cac trong s6 a, the hien t6n hao va 'ri the hien giu cham truyen s6ng thea tia song thu i.

Hinh 3.17. Truyen song thea nhieu tia.

Phan irng tfu so nrongung cua kenh nhu vay diroc bieu dien thea:

N

H(m) = Ia;.e}(Ot'i

(3.49)

j=1

Hang loat ne; lire da duqc thuc hien bang each do dac cac s6 lieu ve kenh truyen nham dua ra mo hlnh thfch hop cua ham phan irng tan s6 (3.49). Cac mo hinh tieu bieu la mo hlnh kenh 3 tia tong quat [22] va mo hlnh kenh 3 tia dan gian hoa n6i tieng nhat va diroc chap nhan sir dung rong rai nhat trong thuc t€ do RummIer dua ra. Trong cac mo hlnh nay s6 tia thirc su diroc tfnh d€n trong bien thirc (3.49) Ia N=3.

Mo hinh kenh 3 tia t6ng quat mac nhan rang trong mot chang (hop) va tuyen tiep sire luon hien dien mot tia song co bien d¢ tin hieu thap phan xa tit be mat trai d~t. Anh huang cua tia nay co the bo qua diroc, tnr khi cac bat thuong cua bau khf quyen tao nen mot tia phu giao thoa voi tia tnrc tiep tit ang-ten phat t6i aug-ten thu. Mo hinh nay dac biet dien hinh d6i v6i viec truyen song qua vimg co

T6

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA He THONG

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TS. Nguyen Quo(; Blnh: MO PHONG cAc H~ THONG THONG TIN SO

be mat mroc [27]. M6 hinh ba tia tong quat, tuy vay, I~ khong cho ra mot dac tnrng toan hoc day du d6i voi pharr irng tan s6 cua kenh, do d6 theo muc dfch mo phong no kh6 ap dung diroc va vi the chung ta se khong de cap sau hon mta .

• M6 hinh Rummier:

M6 hlnh RummIer la mot mo hmh diroc xay dung tir rat nhieu s6 lieu quan trac tren mot chang vi ba LOS tieu bieu, cong tac a bang tan 6 GHz, c6 khoang each 26,4 dam Anh (khoang 42,5 krn) gitra Atlanta va Palmetto, bang Georgia, Hoa kyo Pharr trng tan s6 hay ham truyen cua kenh, theo Rummler, bieu dien diroc thea:

H(j) = 1 +a. e - j2;ifTJ +/3. e - j21Cfco (3.50)

Trong bieu thirc (3.50) s6 hang tlur nhat mo ta mot tia song, tlurong diroc hi~u la tia truyen dan tnrc tiep va d6ng vai tro tia tham chieu, cac s6 hang thrr hai va thir ba mo ta hai tia voi bien dQ bang a va /3 Ian bien dQ tia tharn chieu voi cac dQ tre T] va T2' Thuc te, chung ta chi quan tam t6i ham truyen H(j) tai cac gia tri tan s6 quanh tan s6 song mang j., Do vay, trong bieu thirc (3.50) tan s6 f c6 the xem nhu f-j~. Tien de cua mo hmh Rummler dlln denviec mo hmh nay diroc goi Ia mo hlnh 3 tia don gian hoa Ia mot trong hai tia mo ta bang cac s6 hang thir hai va thir ba trong (3.50), tia thir nhat chang han, rat gan v6i tia tnrc tiep. Ttrc la B. 'Z'i«1 , trong do B la be rong bang tan (phd) tin hieu, Khi do (3.50) suy bien thanh:

H(f) = 1+a+/3.e-j2;ifT (3.51)

GQi tan s6 fo rna tai do me-dun ham truyen eire tieu la tan s6 khe pha-ding (notch frequency) va lay do lam diem tham chieu, khi d6 dang cu6i cling cua mo hlnh tro thanh:

H(j) = a[1-b. e-j21C(f-!o)r] trong d6 a=1 +a va b=-(/3/1 +a).

Theo mo hinh RummIer (3.52), a la hrong t6n hao phang cua kenh va bieu

(3.52)

thirc trong moe vuong goi y ve su giao thoa gitra hai tia co dQ tre nrong d6i T gAy nen mot eve tieu me-dun ham truyen tai tan s6 fo.

Chuang 3: MO HlNH HoA H~ THONG

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