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The LM324 series are low–cost, quad operational amplifiers with true QUAD DIFFERENTIAL INPUT
differential inputs. They have several distinct advantages over standard OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
operational amplifier types in single supply applications. The quad amplifier
can operate at supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V with
quiescent currents about one–fifth of those associated with the MC1741 (on SEMICONDUCTOR
a per amplifier basis). The common mode input range includes the negative TECHNICAL DATA
supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing components in
many applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative
power supply voltage.
• Short Circuited Protected Outputs
• True Differential Input Stage N SUFFIX
• Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 646
• Low Input Bias Currents: 100 nA Maximum (LM324A) 14
(LM224, LM324,
• Four Amplifiers Per Package 1 LM2902 Only)
• Internally Compensated
• Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply
• Industry Standard Pinouts D SUFFIX
• 14 PLASTIC PACKAGE
ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Ruggedness without Affecting CASE 751A
1
Device Operation (SO–14)

PIN CONNECTIONS

Out 1 1 14 Out 4
2
*1 * 13
Inputs 1
3 ) 4
) 12
Inputs 4
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = + 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
LM224 LM2902, VCC 4 11 VEE, Gnd
LM324, LM324A LM2902V
Rating Symbol Unit 5
)2 ) 10

Power Supply Voltages Vdc

Inputs 2
6
* 3
* 9
Inputs 3
Single Supply VCC 32 26
Out 2 7 8 Out 3
Split Supplies VCC, VEE ±16 ±13
Input Differential VIDR ±32 ±26 Vdc (Top View)
Voltage Range (See
Note 1)
ORDERING INFORMATION
Input Common Mode VICR –0.3 to 32 –0.3 to 26 Vdc
Voltage Range Operating
Device Temperature Range Package
Output Short Circuit tSC Continuous LM2902D SO–14
Duration TA = –40° to +105°C
LM2902N Plastic DIP
Junction Temperature TJ 150 °C LM2902VD
TA = –40° to +125°C
SO–14
LM2902VN Plastic DIP
Storage Temperature Tstg –65 to +150 °C
Range LM224D SO–14
TA = –25° to +85°C
LM224N Plastic DIP
Operating Ambient TA –25 to +85 –40 to +105 °C
LM324AD SO–14
Temperature Range 0 to +70 –40 to +125
LM324AN Plastic DIP
NOTE: 1. Split Power Supplies. TA = 0° to +70°C
LM324D SO–14
LM324N Plastic DIP

 Motorola, Inc. 1996 Rev 3

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 1
 LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902, LM2902V
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 5.0 V, VEE = Gnd, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
LM224 LM324A LM324 LM2902 LM2902V

Characteristics Symbol Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit

Input Offset Voltage VIO mV

VCC = 5.0 V to 30 V
(26 V for LM2902,
V), VICR = 0 V to
VCC –1.7 V, VO =
1.4 V, RS = 0 Ω
TA = 25°C – 2.0 5.0 – 2.0 3.0 – 2.0 7.0 – 2.0 7.0 – 2.0 7.0
TA = Thigh(1) – – 7.0 – – 5.0 – – 9.0 – – 10 – – 13
TA = Tlow(1) – – 7.0 – – 5.0 – – 9.0 – – 10 – – 10

Average Temperature ∆VIO/∆T – 7.0 – – 7.0 30 – 7.0 – – 7.0 – – 7.0 – µV/°C

Coefficient of Input
Offset Voltage
TA = Thigh to Tlow(1)
Input Offset Current IIO – 3.0 30 – 5.0 30 – 5.0 50 – 5.0 50 – 5.0 50 nA
TA = Thigh to Tlow(1) – – 100 – – 75 – – 150 – – 200 – – 200

Average Temperature ∆IIO/∆T – 10 – – 10 300 – 10 – – 10 – – 10 – pA/°C

Coefficient of Input
Offset Current
TA = Thigh to Tlow(1)
Input Bias Current IIB – –90 –150 – –45 –100 – –90 –250 – –90 –250 – –90 –250 nA
TA = Thigh to Tlow(1) – – –300 – – –200 – – –500 – – –500 – – –500

Input Common Mode VICR V

Voltage Range(2)
VCC = 30 V (26 V for 0 – 28.3 0 – 28.3 0 – 28.3 0 – 24.3 0 – 24.3
LM2902, V)
VCC = 30 V (26 V for 0 – 28 0 – 28 0 – 28 0 – 24 0 – 24
LM2902, V),
TA = Thigh to Tlow
Differential Input VIDR – – VCC – – VCC – – VCC – – VCC – – VCC V
Voltage Range

Large Signal Open AVOL V/mV

Loop Voltage Gain
RL = 2.0 kΩ, VCC = 50 100 – 25 100 – 25 100 – 25 100 – 25 100 –
15 V, for Large VO 25 – – 15 – – 15 – – 15 – – 15 – –
Swing, TA = Thigh
to Tlow(1)
Channel Separation CS – –120 – – –120 – – –120 – – –120 – – –120 – dB
10 kHz ≤ f ≤ 20 kHz,
Input Referenced

Common Mode CMR 70 85 – 65 70 – 65 70 – 50 70 – 50 70 – dB

Rejection, RS ≤ 10 kΩ

Power Supply PSR 65 100 – 65 100 – 65 100 – 50 100 – 50 100 – dB

Rejection

Output Voltage – High VOH V

Limit (TA = Thigh to
Tlow)(1)
VCC = 5.0 V, RL = 3.3 3.5 – 3.3 3.5 – 3.3 3.5 – 3.3 3.5 – 3.3 3.5 –
2.0 kΩ, TA = 25°C
VCC = 30 V (26 V for 26 – – 26 – – 26 – – 22 – – 22 – –
LM2902, V),
RL = 2.0 kΩ
VCC = 30 V (26 V for 27 28 – 27 28 – 27 28 – 23 24 – 23 24 –
LM2902, V),
RL = 10 kΩ

NOTES: 1. Tlow = –25°C for LM224 Thigh = +85°C for LM224

= 0°C for LM324, A = +70°C for LM324, A
= –40°C for LM2902 = +105°C for LM2902
= –40°C for LM2902V = +125°C for LM2902V
2. The input common mode voltage or either input signal voltage should not be allowed to go negative by more than 0.3 V. The upper end of the
common mode voltage range is VCC –1.7 V.

2 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902, LM2902V
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 5.0 V, VEE = Gnd, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
LM224 LM324A LM324 LM2902 LM2902V

Characteristics Symbol Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit

Output Voltage – Low VOL – 5.0 20 – 5.0 20 – 5.0 20 – 5.0 100 – 5.0 100 mV
Limit, VCC = 5.0 V, RL
= 10 kΩ, TA = Thigh to
Tlow(1)

Output Source Current IO + mA

(VID = +1.0 V, VCC =
15 V)
TA = 25°C 20 40 – 20 40 – 20 40 – 20 40 – 20 40 –
TA = Thigh to Tlow(1) 10 20 – 10 20 – 10 20 – 10 20 – 10 20 –

Output Sink Current IO – mA

(VID = –1.0 V, VCC = 10 20 – 10 20 – 10 20 – 10 20 – 10 20 –
15 V) TA = 25°C
TA = Thigh to Tlow(1) 5.0 8.0 – 5.0 8.0 – 5.0 8.0 – 5.0 8.0 – 5.0 8.0 –
(VID = –1.0 V, VO = 12 50 – 12 50 – 12 50 – – – – – – – µA
200 mV, TA = 25°C)

Output Short Circuit to ISC – 40 60 – 40 60 – 40 60 – 40 60 – 40 60 mA

Ground(3)

Power Supply Current ICC mA

(TA = Thigh to Tlow)(1)
VCC = 30 V (26 V for – – 3.0 – 1.4 3.0 – – 3.0 – – 3.0 – – 3.0
LM2902, V),
VO = 0 V, RL = ∞
VCC = 5.0 V, – – 1.2 – 0.7 1.2 – – 1.2 – – 1.2 – – 1.2
VO = 0 V, RL = ∞

NOTES: 1. Tlow = –25°C for LM224 Thigh = +85°C for LM224

= 0°C for LM324, A = +70°C for LM324, A
= –40°C for LM2902 = +105°C for LM2902
= –40°C for LM2902V = +125°C for LM2902V
2. The input common mode voltage or either input signal voltage should not be allowed to go negative by more than 0.3 V. The upper end of the
common mode voltage range is VCC –1.7 V.

Representative Circuit Diagram

(One–Fourth of Circuit Shown) Bias Circuitry
Common to Four
Output Amplifiers
VCC
Q15
Q16 Q14 Q22
Q13
40 k
Q19

5.0 pF Q12 Q24

25 Q23
+

Q18 Q20
Inputs
Q11
Q9
– Q17 Q21
Q6 Q7 Q25
Q2 Q5 Q1 2.4 k
Q8 Q10
Q3 Q4 Q26
2.0 k
VEE/Gnd

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 3

 LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902, LM2902V
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The LM324 series is made using four internally Large Signal Voltage Follower Response
compensated, two–stage operational amplifiers. The first
VCC = 15 Vdc
stage of each consists of differential input devices Q20 and RL = 2.0 kΩ
Q18 with input buffer transistors Q21 and Q17 and the TA = 25°C
differential to single ended converter Q3 and Q4. The first
stage performs not only the first stage gain function but also

1.0 V/DIV
performs the level shifting and transconductance reduction
functions. By reducing the transconductance, a smaller
compensation capacitor (only 5.0 pF) can be employed, thus
saving chip area. The transconductance reduction is
accomplished by splitting the collectors of Q20 and Q18.
Another feature of this input stage is that the input common
mode range can include the negative supply or ground, in
5.0 µs/DIV
single supply operation, without saturating either the input
devices or the differential to single–ended converter. The
second stage consists of a standard current source load Each amplifier is biased from an internal–voltage regulator
amplifier stage. which has a low temperature coefficient thus giving each
amplifier good temperature characteristics as well as
excellent power supply rejection.

Single Supply Split Supplies

3.0 V to VCC(max) VCC
VCC
1 1.5 V to VCC(max)
1
2
2
3
3
4 1.5 V to VEE(max)
4
VEE
VEE/Gnd

4 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902, LM2902V

Figure 1. Input Voltage Range Figure 2. Open Loop Frequency

20 120
18

OPEN LOOP VOLTAGE GAIN (dB)

100 VCC = 15 V
± V , INPUT VOLTAGE (V)

16 VEE = Gnd

A VOL, LARGE–SIGNAL
TA = 25°C
14 80
12
60
10
Negative 40
8.0
Positive
I

6.0 20
4.0
0
2.0
0 –20
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 1.0 10 100 1.0 k 10 k 100 k 1.0 M
± VCC/VEE, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGES (V) f, FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure 4. Small–Signal Voltage Follower

Figure 3. Large–Signal Frequency Response Pulse Response (Noninverting)
14 550
VOR , OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANGE (V pp )

RL = 2.0 kΩ 500
12 VCC = 15 V
VO , OUTPUT VOLTAGE (mV)
VEE = Gnd Input
10 450
Gain = –100
Output
RI = 1.0 kΩ 400
8.0 RF = 100 kΩ
350
6.0
300
4.0 250 VCC = 30 V
VEE = Gnd
2.0 200 TA = 25°C
CL = 50 pF
0 0
1.0 10 100 1000 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
f, FREQUENCY (kHz) t, TIME (µs)

Figure 5. Power Supply Current versus Figure 6. Input Bias Current versus
Power Supply Voltage Power Supply Voltage
2.4

2.1
R
TA = 25°C
ICC , POWER SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)

RL =
I IB , INPUT BIAS CURRENT (nA)

90
1.8

1.5
1.2

0.9 80

0.6

0.3
0 70
0 5.0 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20
VCC, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) VCC, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 5

 LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902, LM2902V

Figure 7. Voltage Reference Figure 8. Wien Bridge Oscillator

50 k
R1

VCC 5.0 k
VCC R2
– 10 k VCC
1/4 Vref –
LM324 VO 1/4
LM324 VO
MC1403 +
2.5 V + 1
1 fo = 2 π RC
Vref = VCC
2
For: fo = 1.0 kHz
R1 R = 16 kΩ
VO = 2.5 V 1+ R C
R2 R C = 0.01 µF
C

Figure 9. High Impedance Differential Amplifier Figure 10. Comparator with Hysteresis

+ 1
e1
1/4 CR R R2
LM324 Hysteresis
–
VOH
R1 VO
– Vref +
a R1 1/4
R1 LM324 eo 1/4
LM324
+ Vin – VO
b R1 VOL
1 VinL VinH
–
1/4 CR R1
VinL = (V – V ) + Vref Vref
LM324 R1 + R2 OL ref
e2 + R R1
VinH = (V – V ) + Vref
R1 + R2 OH ref
eo = C (1 + a + b) (e2 – e1) R1
H= (V – V )
R1 + R2 OH OL

Figure 11. Bi–Quad Filter

R
1
fo = 2 π RC
R 100 k
R1 = QR
1
Vin C1 R2 C R1 Vref = VCC
C R2 = 2
– R TBP
1/4
LM324 – 100 k
1/4 – R3 = TN R2
+ LM324 1/4
+ LM324 C1 = 10C

Vref + For: fo = 1.0 kHz

Bandpass Vref For: Q = 10
Vref Output R3 For: TBP = 1
R1 For: TN = 1
R2 – C1
1/4
LM324 Notch Output R = 160 kΩ
+ C = 0.001 µF
R1 = 1.6 MΩ
Vref Where: TBP = Center Frequency Gain R2 = 1.6 MΩ
Where: TN = Passband Notch Gain R3 = 1.6 MΩ

6 MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA

 LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902, LM2902V

Figure 12. Function Generator Figure 13. Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter

1 Triangle Wave
Vref = VCC R2 VCC
2 Output
300 k C R3
Vref + R1 C
1/4 R3 Vin – CO
+ 1/4
LM324 1/4 VO
– 75 k LM324
R1 LM324
– Square + CO = 10 C
100 k Wave R2
Vref Output
C Vref 1
Vref = 2 VCC
Rf
R1 + RC R2 R1
f = if R3 = Given: fo = center frequency
4 CRf R1 R2 + R1
A(fo) = gain at center frequency

Choose value fo, C

Q
Then: R3 =
π fo C
R3
R1 =
2 A(fo)
R1 R3
R2 =
4Q2 R1 – R3
Qo fo
For less than 10% error from operational amplifier, < 0.1
BW
where fo and BW are expressed in Hz.
If source impedance varies, filter may be preceded with
voltage follower buffer to stabilize filter parameters.

MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA 7

 LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902, LM2902V

OUTLINE DIMENSIONS

N SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 646–06
(LM224, LM324, LM2902 Only)
NOTES:
ISSUE L 1. LEADS WITHIN 0.13 (0.005) RADIUS OF TRUE
14 8 POSITION AT SEATING PLANE AT MAXIMUM
MATERIAL CONDITION.
B 2. DIMENSION L TO CENTER OF LEADS WHEN
FORMED PARALLEL.
1 7 3. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD
FLASH.
4. ROUNDED CORNERS OPTIONAL.
A INCHES MILLIMETERS
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
F L A 0.715 0.770 18.16 19.56
B 0.240 0.260 6.10 6.60
C 0.145 0.185 3.69 4.69
D 0.015 0.021 0.38 0.53
C F 0.040 0.070 1.02 1.78
G 0.100 BSC 2.54 BSC
J H 0.052 0.095 1.32 2.41
N J 0.008 0.015 0.20 0.38
SEATING K 0.115 0.135 2.92 3.43
PLANE K L 0.300 BSC 7.62 BSC
H G D M M 0_ 10_ 0_ 10_
N 0.015 0.039 0.39 1.01

D SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 751A–03
(SO–14)
ISSUE F NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
–A– Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD PROTRUSION.
14 8 4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006)
PER SIDE.
–B– P 7 PL 5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
1 7
0.25 (0.010) M B M PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.127 (0.005) TOTAL
IN EXCESS OF THE D DIMENSION AT
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION.
MILLIMETERS INCHES
G R X 45 _ F DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
C A 8.55 8.75 0.337 0.344
B 3.80 4.00 0.150 0.157
C 1.35 1.75 0.054 0.068
D 0.35 0.49 0.014 0.019
–T– F 0.40 1.25 0.016 0.049
K M J G 1.27 BSC 0.050 BSC
SEATING D 14 PL
PLANE J 0.19 0.25 0.008 0.009
0.25 (0.010) M T B S A S K 0.10 0.25 0.004 0.009
M 0_ 7_ 0_ 7_
P 5.80 6.20 0.228 0.244
R 0.25 0.50 0.010 0.019

Motorola reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Motorola makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding
the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Motorola assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and
specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in Motorola
data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals”
must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. Motorola does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of
others. Motorola products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other
applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the Motorola product could create a situation where personal injury
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arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that
Motorola was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. Motorola and are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. is an Equal
Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

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*LM324/D*
8 ◊ MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
LM324/D