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TARP Digital Assignment –I AMITH ASHWITHI

. 16BME0800
COURSE CODE:MEE3999

Q1. WHAT ARE THE ENERGY GENERATION SOURCES THAT CAN LIMIT GREEN HOUSE GAS
EMISSION?
The three major categories of energy for electricity generation are fossil fuels (coal, natural gas,
and petroleum), nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources. Most electricity is generated
with steam turbines using fossil fuels, nuclear, biomass, geothermal, and solar thermal energy.
Other major electricity generation technologies include gas turbines, hydro turbines, wind
turbines, and solar photovoltaics.
But most of energy generated are green house gas emission but there are few energy that can
limit green house gas they are also called as renewable energy such as wind energy, solar
energy, hydropower, fuel cells, geothermal energy
According to research it was shown that due to renewable energy sources avoids 77% of
emission
Wind power convert kinetic energy to mechanical power this large wind turbine usually consist
of propeller the turbine is connected to generator to generate electricity; In solar energy the
photons radiated from the sun to earth must be collected converted into usable way and
delivered electric grid Arrays of photovoltaic cells are normally used to collect the energy from
the sun and convert into electricity;
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CRITICALLY ASSESS THE CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL OPTIONS?

Conventional Source
1. These sources of energy are abundant
presented in limited quantity Coal, petrol,
Natural gas
2. it is been used from long ago
3. They are non-renewable energy sources
4. They are more greenhouse gas emission
5. They are mainly used in industrial uses
6. They can be exhausted if hydel power is
over consumed
Non-Conventional Source
1. These sources are not abundant in nature
solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy
2. It is now fully accomplished of generating
electricity
3. they are renewable energy resources
4. They are less greenhouse gas emission
5. They mainly used in household activity
6. They cant be exhausted

2. DO YOU THINK MICRO-GAS TURBINES CAN BE ADAPTED TO PROVIDE ENEGY IN REMOTE

LOCATIONS?
Micro gas are small gas turbine it is approximate 25 to 500 kilowatt gas turbine generated from
piston engine turbocharger aircraft auxiliary power unit or small jet engine it will only the size
of refrigerator in todays energy economy electricity is produced through burning fossil fuel.
These machine consist of motor and dense coil of copper wire that surround a shaft containing
powerful magnet to get that owner to home or factory requires energy in a remote mountain
location Micro turbine is a good option to set up a local power generation plant and also using
micro turbines are small and sometimes portable fossil burning system that provide electricity
to power anywhere from 10 to 5,000 homes it has an important application as a turbocharger
in vehicles when more energy is required from the engine in less amount of fuel
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WHAT ARE CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF A MICRO-GAS TURBINE?

Micro turbines are typically single shaft machines with the compressor and turbine mounted on
the same shaft as the electrical generator. It therefore consists of only one rotating part,
eliminating the need for a gearbox and associated numerous moving parts. Micro turbines are
miniature versions of the huge machines used to generate power from natural gas, and evolved
from aircraft engines and automotive turbochargers. A cutaway view of a Microturbine The
single stage Turbine and Compressor wheels are inertia welded to the shaft, which supports the
generator alternator rotor and provides for a cold end drive. A block diagram showing a
complete cycle of the Micro turbine The inner bearing is a hydrodynamic bearing and the outer
bearing utilizes a ceramic ball race. A device called recuperator plays an important role in
completing the cycle of Micro turbine.

WHAT ARE ENGINEERING CHALLENGES IN ITS DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND FIELD

DEPLOYMENT?
There are a lot of challenging opportunities for research in the various features of micro-gas
turbine such as turbomachinery, combustion, materials, recuperator and system integration.
Turbomachines: Even though the compressor and turbine wheels constitute the core of the
micro gas turbine concept, their respective cost is relatively low due to the fact that the designs
originate from the automotive turbocharger field.
Some of the future research areas are
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• Aerodynamic efficiency: Geometrical design optimization of impellers, blades, vanes, volutes
etc. using advanced fluid flow analysis and simulation.
• Tip clearance: This involves structural design issues and also relates to rotor dynamics and
bearings. Lessons learned may be taken from large aerospace axial gas turbines tip clearance
control systems and through the use of new manufacturing techniques such as additive
manufacturing.
• Bearing losses: This may include the development of advanced bearing solutions such as air
bearings.
• Other non-aerodynamic losses: Reduction of other non-aerodynamic loss effects, such as
windage losses and thermal losses.
• Cooling: Development of cooling concepts allowing higher turbine inlet temperatures for
higher cycle efficiency. The use of additive manufacturing and other emerging technologies
potentially allows the active cooling of both turbine wheels and housings leading to a
significantly increase of the turbine inlet temperatures.
• Cost minimisation: Apart from military applications, competitive cost levels for MGTs will be
essential for commercial success. For turbomachinery, the high-volume/low cost manufacturing
technology from the automotive turbocharger industry may well be adopted

Combustion chambers: In micro gas turbines there two types of combustion chambers, internal
and external combustion chambers or direct and indirect combustion chambers.
Some of the future research areas are:
• Fuel Flexibility: Type and composition of the fuel has a direct influence on flame stability
efficiency, exhaust gas emission, turbine corrosion and heat transfer processes. Furthermore,
the combustion of biomass affects corrosion and slagging.
Due to the high effort in designing new combustion systems, the design combustors capable to
operate with fuels over a broad range of LHV (multi-fuel combustors) would be essential. This
would increase the number of production units and thus lower production costs. Here, a
promising near future solution are micro gas turbines connected to a biogas micro grid, which
has gained significance in the last years with the support of public funding. When different
fuels are used in a micro gas turbine the combustion systems should keep the same dimensions
even for fuels with a very low LHV, thus ensuring an easy exchange of combustors. Higher fuel
flexibility in terms of operational range and fuel is required also in hybrid systems. An example
is the hybrid power plant, a combination of a solid oxide fuel cell and a micro gas turbine. A
coupling of a micro gas turbine with a solar system (solar dish / solar receiver) as an example of
a “fuel replacing unit” requires a combustion system ensuring stable combustion over a wide
range of different air-fuel ratios and high combustor inlet temperatures to compensate the
fluctuation in the solar heat input. Another example would be the coupling of a micro gas
turbine to a “fuel producing system” like an electrolysis plant or a wood gasifier. Here,
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hydrogen produced by the electrolysis plant in times of excessive renewable electricity can be
also used as fuel.
• Non-conventional MGT layouts To achieve a considerable increase in thermal efficiency,
exhaust gas recirculation rates of far above 50% should be achieved, which is beyond the
capability of current conventional combustion systems. In a wet cycle the impact of the water
injection on the combustion process has to be taken into account in the development of the
combustor design. An interesting evolution of natural gas micro turbines consists on the
external combustion micro gas turbines (Externally Fired Micro Gas Turbine, EFMGT) that,
although still being in the development phase, could ensure the typical advantages of the gas
turbines technology, together with the exploitation of a "carbon neutral" fuel.
• Emission reduction Optimal operating conditions for MGT combustors have to be identified
in an approach using appropriate numerical tools and detailed and experimentally validated
information on the underlying physics and chemistry while at the same time observing system
requirements. The design effort even increases especially in small micro gas turbines with high
turbine inlet temperatures and moderate pressure ratio using high temperature recuperators.
Here, the combustor inlet temperature may also be above the self-ignition temperature of the
fuel. This increases the risk of flash back and combustor damages. The design of premixed
combustion systems becomes therefore a challenge; especially in case of conventional swirl
stabilized combustors. However, a high degree of premixing of air and fuel in is a must for many
combustor designs to ensure low NOx emission
Materials:
The future of materials for MGT is currently oriented in two directions: metallic materials on
one side and ceramic materials on the other. While metallic materials is currently the only
choice in the market and a proven solution, ceramic materials bear the potential for higher
speed and firing temperatures thus providing higher efficiency. Even though throughout
decades of research and large investments there has been no breakthrough for ceramic
materials to overcome its main shortcomings, new technologies improvements, in particular
additive manufacturing techniques could improve the cooling of the components and ease the
material strains, therefore solving some of the major issues found for ceramic materials.
Some of the future research areas are:
The goal is to balance the need for higher performance and more durable materials with the
need to make them as cost effective as possible and reduce pressure losses.

• Metallic Materials for: Alloys 625 and 718 are currently available as Additive Manufactured
materials, with 282 and 247 are also currently being developed by HiETA Technologies for high
temperature recuperator application, offering high strength and corrosion resistance at
elevated temperatures (1050°C or more). The use of light metallic alloys such as Titanium
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Aluminide for the turbine impellers could be beneficial in some MGT applications. Light-weight
turbine impeller could improve the dynamic stability of the rotor assembly in applications with
wide range of operating speeds. One example is the MGT for Concentrated Solar Power, where
the MGT operates on wide range of speed because of variation in the received solar power
Gamma type Titanium Aluminide (TiAl) is the main candidate in this range of alloys. They have
interesting mechanical and thermal properties in high temperatures up to 950°C. There are big
advancements in manufacturing process for turbomachinery components using this range of
alloys using Additive Manufacturing.

• Composite Materials for: In some applications advanced structural materials are needed to be
stronger, stiffer, lighter in weight, and more resistant to hostile environments. Composite
ceramic materials offer engineers an ability to create a limitless number of new material
systems having unique properties that cannot be obtained using a single monolithic material.
This approach to construction holds tremendous promise for future heat exchanger designs
rather than selecting a single material, multiple materials may be selected and then tailored to
meet the specific requirements of the application. Composite materials are constructed of two
or more materials, commonly referred to as constituents, and have characteristics derived from
the individual constituents. The constituent that is continuous and which is often, but not
always, present in the greater quantity in the composite is termed the matrix. The second
constituent is referred to as the reinforcing phase, or reinforcement, as it enhances or
reinforces the properties of the matrix. By combining matrices with thermally conductive
reinforcements such as special carbon fibres, SiC particles and diamond particles, it is possible
to create new materials with high thermal conductivities and a wide range of coefficients of
thermal expansion (CTEs)
A gas turbine recuperator is a gas to gas heat exchanger for recovering gas turbine exhaust heat
for pre-heating combustor entry air in order to save fuel. In terms of (usually counter flow) heat
exchanger design, the combination of requirements imposed by the gas turbine cycle makes
successful development of a recuperator an extraordinary tough challenge.
Some of the future research areas are:
• High effectiveness (typically >80%).
• Low pressure losses (typically not more than a few % (<2-4%) for both hot and cold flow paths
(pressure loss and effectiveness can be often exchanged: high effectiveness can often only be
obtained with relatively high pressure loss for the same volume).
• Resistance to high temperatures (steady state: creep life and corrosion resistance).
Depending on the turbine inlet temperature and turbine efficiencies, general trends for the hot
inlet max temperatures are: a) With high cycle pressure ratios (>5) usually 650-700˚C (stainless
steels). b) Low cycle pressure ratios (<4) >750˚C (advanced/nickel based high temperature
alloys).
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• Resistance to thermal shock and large temperature gradients in the structure (low cycle
fatigue life).
• Large pressure difference between hot and cold flow. For example, with a cycle pressure ratio
of 7 it would be 6 bar, meaning significant structural loads in the heat exchanger matrix
• Compact / low weight design.
• Minimal heat loss (insulation).
• Affordable costs: a) Minimal use of expensive materials. b) Low manufacturing costs.
• Recuperator operation in mobile systems

Q3. HOW DOES A TURBO-GENERATOR DIFFER FROM A GAS TURBINE ENGINE?

Turbines and generators are both used in the production of electric power, but the turbine
converts available energy forms into rotation while the generator converts rotation into
electricity. Depending on the type of energy they use, power plants have corresponding types
of turbines and use them to power generators. Turbines have many other uses besides
powering generators, but all generators produce electricity. In addition to having different
purposes and functions, turbines and generators are built completely differently. About the
only thing they have in common is that they both spin.
Turbines are made up of blades that rotate around a central shaft, a little bit like fans. Wind
turbines are a good exampe of large turbines that rotate slowly. For water turbines, there
are only a few large blades while for gas and steam turbines, there are many layers of small
blades that spin rapidly. In every case, a liquid or gas such as water or air flows through the
blades to make them spin and power the turbine shaft.
Generators also have a central shaft, but magnets wound with wire are mounted on it. The
shaft and magnets make up the generator rotor. Around the shaft and the magnets are
stationary coils of wire that make up the generator stator. When the shaft rotates, the
magnets of the rotor produce magnetic fields that pass over the coils of wire in t he stator,
generating an electrical current in them. In some generators, the magnets remain fixed, and
the coils of wire are mounted on the shaft. In either case, the generators always have
magnetic fields passing over coils of wire to produce electric current.

TURBO GENERATOR GAS TURBINE

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. 16BME0800
DO YOU THINK TURBO-GENERATOR TECHNOLOGY IS A CONTINUOUS ENGINEERING CHALLENGE?

Yes,

turbogenerators have been in use for steam turbine and gas turbine applications of any size. The
technical evolution has not stopped; new market requirements and new material technologies ask for
adaptations in design. The future market will be characterized by a revitalized need for very large
turbogenerators, both two-pole and 4-pole. The future will also be characterized by an exciting
competition between well-established conventional solutions and new “high tech” solutions

COMMENT UPON CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN R & D OF GASTURBINES WITH

RESPECT TO DESIGN, MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND SURFACE ENGINEERING.
R&D with gas availability, environmental concerns, and changing market conditions. As a result,
we can see that R&D alone does not ensure success. We have developed a series of criteria for
evaluating energy R&D spending:
It is important to have a sufficient basic research and technology base upon which to build. The
military aerospace industry provided this for gas turbines.
Until the interaction occurs, R&D can be sustained by niche or alternative markets. For gas
turbines this included commercial aviation and the peak power market.
Gas turbines for power generation have improved greatly since their predecessors from the
middle of the century. The best way to see how they have advanced is by looking at their rising
efficiencies over time doubling of efficiency has occurred for simple cycles, with the
introduction of combined cycles causing a tripling in efficiency. Turbine efficiencies, along with
cost and reliability, are among the most important criteria when power producers place orders
for new plants. Therefore, the gas turbine gains in efficiency, which is the result of technological
development, have been crucial for their success.
Materials used in gas turbines have gone through many incremental improvements since the
first practical turbines were developed in the 1940s. Most R&D efforts led to improved steel
alloys for use in turbine vanes, blades, and inlet blocks. This R&D in turbine materials and
coatings led to two important effects. First, gas turbines were better able to withstand high
temperatures. These more rugged materials allowed for hotter inlet gas to enter the turbine’s
first stage blades, leading to higher efficiencies. Second, material improvements led to an
increase in rotor life and reliability. Gas and combined cycle plants could not have achieved
popularity and larger market shares without solving problems such as premature blade cracking
or component deformations. Together, the higher temperatures, higher efficiencies, and
improved reliabilities have advanced the deployment of gas turbines in the power generation
market.