Index

Sl No. Content Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION
01
2 OBJECTIVES
02
3 PRINCIPLE
02
4 CONSTRUCTION
02-03
5 THEORY
03-06
6 EFFICIENCY
07
7 CIRCUIT DAIGRAM
07
8 ENERGY LOSSES IN
08
TRANSFORMER

9 USES
09
10 APPLICATIONS
10
11 PRECAUTIONS
11
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
12

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into

a low alternating voltage.

A transformer which increases the a.c. voltage is called a “step up

transformer”
A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
A step-down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than
its primary voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage from the
primary winding to the secondary winding. This kind of transformer
“step down” the voltage applied to it

As a step-down unit, the transformers convert high-voltage,

low-current power into low-voltage, high-current power.

OBJECTIVE
Prepare a project on “STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER”

PRINCIPLE
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according
to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.

CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p 1 & p2
and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with
each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core,
the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p 1p2, the primary coil
and a load resistance R is connected to s 1 s2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can be no current through the
sec. coil so long as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the

primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses
due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.

THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p 1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, then the induced e.m.f. induced in each
turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and N p and Ns are the no.
of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and

Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnof

the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dфь/dt ---------------- - (1)

Es = -Ns dфь/dt ----------------- (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by

1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary

coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the

diference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and

back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the

instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – E p / Rp

E – E p = I p Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be neglected so

therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

 Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power Or

Ep Ip = Es Is Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = k
Efficiency:-
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to
the input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
ENERGY LOSSES:-
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed
to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

USES OF TRANSFORMER
 A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

1· In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.

2. In the induction furnaces.

3. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

4. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

5. In transmission of a.c. over long distance.

APPLICATIONS
A major application of transformer is to increases voltage before
transmitting electrical energy over long distance through wires. Wires
have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate
proportional to the square of the current through the wire. By
transforming electrical power to a high-voltage (and there for low-
current) form for transmission and back again afterward,
transformers enable economical transmission of power over long
distance. Consequently, transformers have shaped the electrical
supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely from
points of demand. All but a tiny fraction of the world’s electrical
power has passed through a series of transforms by the time it
reaches the consumer.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I 2 R, where I is
strength of current and R is the resistance of wires. To reduce
the power loss, a.c. is transmitted over long distance at
extremely high voltages. This reduces I in the same ratio.
Therefore, I2R becomes negligibly low.
2. Permeability of magnetic material of transformer core must be
high.

3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well as cooling.

4. The transformer core must be laminated to minimize loss of

energy due to eddy currents.

5. Safety from high voltage is maintained.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Physics textbook for class XII ,1st Edition NCERT (2007).
2. Concepts of Physics, H.C.VERMA, 1ST Edition, Bharti
bhawan(1993).

3. Fundamentals of Physics , David Halliday, Robert resnick and

Jearl walker, 7th Edition, Wiley-India(2004)

4. Practical physics for class XII,

J.S.Jaiswaland Dr.Rajendra singh ,3rd Edition ,Laxmi

Publications(2009).