CHAPTER II

VEHICLE FORWAR DYNAMICS

I. VEHICLE’S LAYOUT GENERAL PARAMETERS
II. WHEEL & TIRE’S SPECIFICATIONS
III. PARKED VEHICLE ON A LEVEL ROAD
IV. PARKED VEHICLE ON AN INCLINED ROAD
V. ACCELERATING VEHICLE ON A LEVEL ROAD
VI. ACCELERATING VEHICLE ON AN INCLINED ROAD
VII. PARKED VEHICLE ON A BANK ROAD
VIII.OPTIMAL TRACTION AND BRAKING FORCES
IX. AERODYNAMICS
I. VEHICLE’S LAYOUT GENERAL PARAMETERS
1.1 General layout of vehicle dynamics
I. VEHICLE’S LAYOUT GENERAL PARAMETERS
1.2 General layout parameters

Vehicle

Drag
I. VEHICLE’S LAYOUT GENERAL PARAMETERS
1.2 General layout parameters

Gear shift

Tyre: Pacejka-model
II. WHEEL & TIRE’S SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 Tires and Sidewall Information

Cross section of a tire on a rim to show tire height and width

II. WHEEL & TIRE’S SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 Tires and Sidewall Information

Side view of a tire and the most

important information printed on a tire
sidewall
II. WHEEL & TIRE’S SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 Tires and Sidewall Information
II. WHEEL & TIRE’S SPECIFICATIONS
2.2 Tire Components

Illustration of a sample radial tire interior components and arrangement

II. WHEEL & TIRE’S SPECIFICATIONS
2.3 Radial and Non-Radial Tires

A sample of tire
tread to show lugs
and voids

Examples of a non-radial tire’s interior

components and arrangement

Ground-sticking behavior of radial and non-

A tireprint
radial tires in the presence of a lateral force
II. WHEEL & TIRE’S SPECIFICATIONS
2.3 Wheel and Rim

Illustration of a wheel and its dimensions

II. WHEEL & TIRE’S SPECIFICATIONS
2.3 Wheel and Rim

Illustration of DC, WDC, and WDCH rims and their geometry

There are two main rim shapes:

1−drop center rim (DC)and, 2−wide
drop center rim (WDC). The WDC
may also come with a hump.The
humped WDC may be called
WDCH
III. PARKED VEHICLE ON A LEVEL ROAD
3.1 Normal force (under each of the Front & Rear Wheels)

A parked car on level pavement

Mass center position
III. PARKED VEHICLE ON A LEVEL ROAD
3.2 Mass Center determination
IV. PARKED VEHICLE ON AN INCLINED ROAD
4.1 Rear-Wheel Braking

A parked car on inclined pavement

IV. PARKED VEHICLE ON AN INCLINED ROAD
4.2 Maximum inclination angle (Rear-Wheel Braking)
There is a specific angle ΦM at which the braking force Fx2 will saturate and
cannot increase any more
IV. PARKED VEHICLE ON AN INCLINED ROAD
4.3 Front-Wheel Braking
IV. PARKED VEHICLE ON AN INCLINED ROAD
4.4 Four-Wheel Braking

A four wheel brake car,

parked uphill
V. ACCELERATING VEHICLE ON A LEVEL ROAD
5.1 Four Wheel Drive (Normal force)

An accelerating car on a level pavement

V. ACCELERATING VEHICLE ON A LEVEL ROAD
5.2 Assignment in Class

Plot the Free Body Diagram and derive the equations to calculate the
Normal Forces of a vehicle in cases of:

1. Front-wheel-drive accelerating on a level road.

2. Front-wheel-drive decelerating on a level road.
3. Rear-wheel-drive accelerating on a level road.
4. Rear-wheel-drive decelerating on a level road.
V. ACCELERATING VEHICLE ON A LEVEL ROAD
5.2 Assignment in Class

Derive the equations to calculate the maximum acceleration/deceleration

of a vehicle in cases of:

1. Front-wheel-drive accelerating on a level road.

2. Front-wheel-drive decelerating on a level road.
3. Rear-wheel-drive accelerating on a level road.
4. Rear-wheel-drive decelerating on a level road.

Suggestion:
+ maximum tractions

+ wheels can leave the ground when Fzi = 0

V. ACCELERATING VEHICLE ON A LEVEL ROAD
5.2 Assignment in Class

Maximum acceleration for a single-

axle drive car

Effect of mass center position

on the maximum achievable
acceleration of a front- and a
rear-wheel drive car
V. ACCELERATING VEHICLE ON A LEVEL ROAD
5.2 Assignment in Class

Give a car with specifications as:

+ wheel base = 2272 mm.

Determine the Minimum time for 0 −100 (km/h) on a level road in cases of:

1. Front-wheel-drive.
2. Rear-wheel-drive.
3. Four-wheel-drive
VI. ACCELERATING VEHICLE ON AN INCLINED ROAD
6.1 Four-wheel-drive, up-hill (Normal Forces)

An accelerating car on
inclined pavement
VI. ACCELERATING VEHICLE ON AN INCLINED ROAD
6.2 Assignment in class

Plot the Free Body Diagram and derive the equations to calculate the
Normal Forces of a vehicle in cases of:

1. Four-wheel-drive decelerating on a down-hill road.

2. Front-wheel-drive accelerating on a up-hill road.
3. Front-wheel-drive decelerating on a down-hill road.
4. Rear-wheel-drive accelerating on a up-hill road.
5. Rear-wheel-drive decelerating on a down-hill road.
VI. ACCELERATING VEHICLE ON AN INCLINED ROAD
6.2 Assignment in class

Derive the equations to calculate the maximum acceleration/deceleration

and Limits of inclination angle of a vehicle in cases of:

1. Four-wheel-drive accelerating on a up-hill road.

2. Four-wheel-drive decelerating on a down-hill road.
3. Front-wheel-drive accelerating on a up-hill road.
4. Front-wheel-drive decelerating on a down-hill road.
5. Rear-wheel-drive accelerating on a up-hill road.
6. Rear-wheel-drive decelerating on a down-hill road.

Suggestion:
+ maximum tractions

+ wheels can leave the ground when Fzi = 0

VII. PARKED VEHICLE ON A BANKED ROAD

Normal force under the

uphill and downhill tires
of a vehicle, parked on
banked road
VIII. OPTIMAL TRACTION AND BRAKING FORCES

The optimal longitudinal forces under the front and rear tires to achieve the
maximum acceleration are:

Optimal driving and braking forces for a sample car

IX. AERODYNAMICS

Aerodynamic Resistance Composed of:

1. Turbulent air flow around vehicle body (85%)
2. Friction of air over vehicle body (12%)
3. Vehicle component resistance, from radiators and air vents (3%)

Aerodynamic lift and drag forces with different vehicle styles

IX. AERODYNAMICS
9.1 Drag Force

The drag force is acting at height hD above the ground

IX. AERODYNAMICS
9.2 Drag Factor
IX. AERODYNAMICS
9.3 Lift Force and Moments
Rolling
moment

Rolling
moment

Yawing
moment