HJK Dissertation

DISSERTATION
Year: 2018-19
Batch No. 16
Facades of Public buildings
Undertaken by:
HAIDER JAMAL KHAN
Enrollment No.: 14E1AAARM40P042
V Year B.Arch (A)
Prof. VIPUL VERMA Prof. N.S. RATHORE

GUIDE COORDINATOR
Aayojan School of Architecture

ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block,
Sitapura, Jaipur-302022
i
APPROVAL
The study titled “Façades of Public Buildings” is hereby approved as an original work of
Haider Jamal Khan, enrolment no. 14E1AAARM40P042 on the approved subject carried
out and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid
down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award
of Bachelor of Architecture degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.
It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any
statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the
study only for the purpose it has been submitted.
December, 2018
Jaipur
Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI

EXTERNAL EXAMINER 1 PRINCIPAL
Prof. N.S. RATHORE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER 2 COORDINATOR
ii
DECLARATION
I, Haider Jamal Khan, here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me,
titled ‘Facades of Public Buildings’ is my original work and wherever I have incorporated
any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different
sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report.
This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by
the school. Further, whenever and wherever my work shall be presented or published it will
be jointly authored with my guide.
Haider Jamal Khan

V Year B.Arch (A)
Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the research titled Facades of Public Buildings is a bonafide work by
Haider Jamal Khan of Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur. This research work has
been completed under my guidance and supervision in a satisfactory manner. This report
has been submitted in partial fulfillment of award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.
This research work fulfills the requirements relating to the nature and standard laid down by
the Rajasthan Technical University.
Prof. Vipul Verma

Guide
Aayojan School of Architecture
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The research has enabled an essential growth in the learning

curve of my architectural education and a number of people have
directly and indirectly been associated with me in this research.
I am grateful to my college and Prof K.S Mahajani, Principal,

Aayojan School of Architecture, for providing a conductive college
environment and the proficient faculties which made dissertation a
fruitful learning process.
I thank Prof. N.S. Rathore, Dean of academics and Dissertation

coordinator, for his able advice and valuable time.
I owe my profound gratitude towards my guide and mentor ,

Prof. Vipul Verma for his support and guidance during the course
of this research. This report wouldn’t have been possible without his
inspirations and valuable inputs. I would really like to acknowledge
his patience in dealing with me.
I would like to express my gratitude towards the management

authorities of IIM, Ahmedabad and Mill Owners Association,
Ahmedabad for granting me access for a site visit.
I would also thank my parents and my colleagues Aparajita Nautiyal,

Harshit Jangid and Jaivansh Mathur for their valuable inputs and
constant motivation.
Haider Jamal Khan

V Year B.Arch. (A)
Aayojan School of Arch.
iv
CONTENTS
Page No.
Approval i
Declaration ii
Certificate iii
Acknowledgement iv
Contents v
List Of Illustrations vi-xi
01 Introduction 01-05
1.1 Introduction of the study

1.2 Criteria Of Selection
1.3 Hypothesis
1.4 Objectives
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Methodology
02 Expression through Facade 06-09
2.1 Define types of public buildings.

2.2 Variation in design facades in different
public buildings on the basis of its function
03 Understanding Facades 10-32
3.1 Define Facades and their extents.

3.2 Types of Volumetric Facades.
04 Volumetric Analysis 33-36
4.1 Defining the types of function a facade

can inhabit.
4.2 Impact of volumetric facades on building
performance.
05 Design of Facade 37-39
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations
Bibliography xii
v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Illustration Title Page No. Source
Chapter 1: Introduction
Diagram showing Single layered

1.1 02 Author
facade
1.2 Detail A 02 Author
Diagram showing the simplest form

1.3 02 Author
of a volumetric façade i.e a Balcony
1.4 Detail B 02 Author
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-
1.5 Eiffel Tower, Paris 03
vector/eiffel-tower-vector-19377
https://thearchitectsdiary.com/penda-design-
1.6 Vijaywada Garden Estate, Penda 03
garden-estate-vijaywada/
http://aasarchitecture.com/wp-content/uploads/Tel
1.7 Tel Aviv Tower, Penda 03
Aviv-Arcades-by-Penda-04-876x1168.jpg
https://www.cometoparis.com/museums-and-
1.8 The Louvre Museum 03
monuments/louvre-museum-m9000673
Showing location of Site for

1.9 04 Author
Selected Thesis project
Chapter 2: Expression through Facade
https://www.archdaily.com/83071/ad-classics-
The Dhaka National assembly
2.1 07 national-assembly-building-of-bangladesh-louis-
building, Bangladesh
kahn
The Heydar Aliyev Center, https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-

2.2 08
Azerbaijan aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects
The Limerick Medical School, https://www.archdaily.com/352516/university-of-

2.3 08
Ireland limerick-medical-school-grafton-architects
The Limerick Medical School, https://www.archdaily.com/352516/university-

2.4 08
Ireland of-limerick-medical-school-grafton-architects
Music Building of the Lewis art

https://www.archdaily.com/881128/lewis-arts-
2.5 Complex, Princeton University,NJ, 09
complex-steven-holl-architects
U.S.A
vi
http://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/media/cms_page_m
2.6 TWA Terminal, New York, U.S.A 09
edia/4433/TWATerminal.pdf
Chapter 3: Understanding Facades
https://cestovanie.pravda.sk/mesta/clanok/3940
3.1 The Taj Mahal, India 11 38-archeologovia-varuju-mozaiky-na-tadz-
mahale-nici-hmyz-zo-spinavej-rieky/
https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/being-cast-
3.2 Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur 11
aside-in-jawahar-kala-kendra-jaipur-2242694/
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
3.3 World Trade Park, Jaipur 11
/a/a3/World_Trade_Park_Jaipur_in_2012.jpg
https://londontopia.net/site-news/featured/30-st-
3.4 30 St. Mary Axe, London 11
mary-axe-10-interesting-facts-figures-gherkin/
http://www.otis.com/en/us/projects/showcase/bu
3.5 The Burj Khalifa, Dubai 11
rj-khalifa/
https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5bcd/d
3.6 Sagrada Familia, Barcelona 11 d08/f197/ccba/4c00/0014/medium_jpg/1.jpg?15
40218112
Illustration of a Single Layered

Volumetric facade showing
3.7 12 Author
staircase as the primary element
attaining function
Illustration of a Dual Layered

Volumetric facade with staircase
3.8 and corridoors depicting vertical 12 Author
and horizontal movement
respectively
3.9 Stage 1 13 Author
Stage 2: Formation of a central

3.10 13 Author
courtyard
Stage 3: Formation of Green

3.11 (a) terraces and Movement corridoors 13 Author
due to articulation
vii
Elevation depicting how building
3.11 (b) facade is infl uenced by the 13 Author
articulation in its built mass
Image showing the front façade of https://www.archdaily.com/464142/ad-classics-

3.12 15
the building mill-owners-association-building-le-corbusier
Exploded Façade, showing volume

3.13 15 Author
in the façade.
3.14 Image depicting the Main Entrance 15
mill-owners-association-building-le-corbusier
3.15 West Façade showing brise-soliel 15
mill-owners-association-building-le-corbusier
Image showing brise-soliel used as https://media.architecturaldigest.in/wp-

3.16 Exhibition space to display the 15 content/uploads/2018/07/La-Galerie-BV-Doshi-
furniture of Le Corbusier. Neville-Sukhia-11-866x1299.jpg
Image showing brise-soliel used as https://media.architecturaldigest.in/wp-

3.17 Exhibition space to display the 15 content/uploads/2018/07/La-Galerie-BV-Doshi-
furniture of Le Corbusier. Neville-Sukhia-5-866x1313.jpg
Section depicting functions in the

3.18 (a) 16 Author
façade
Section depicting functions in the

3.18 (a) 16 Author
façade
Plans depicting volume of the

3.19 16 Author
façade
Axonometric section showing

3.20 17 Author
activity around the façade
Illustration depicting Volume in the

3.21 18 Author
Facade
3.22 Section A-A’ 18 Author
Plan highlighting volume in the

3.23 18 Author
Façade.
3.24 Front Elevation 19 centre-georges-pompidou-renzo-piano-richard-
rogers
Diagram showing function in
3.25 19 centre-georges-pompidou-renzo-piano-richard-
facade
rogers
viii
Image showing viewing platform at
3.26 19 centre-georges-pompidou-renzo-piano-richard-
the end of the tubular staircase
rogers
3.27 Exterior Façade of the café 20 http://www.sp-arc.net/?p=523
Image showing seating within the

3.28 20 http://www.sp-arc.net/?p=523
façade volume Interior seating
3.29 Exterior View 20 http://www.sp-arc.net/?p=523
3.30 Form Development 20 http://www.sp-arc.net/?p=523
Plan showing volume within the

3.31 21 Author
façade of the café
3.32 Construction Detail 21 http://www.sp-arc.net/?p=523
https://s3.india.com/wp-
3.33 Road Side Elevation of Hawa Mahal 22
content/uploads/2018/08/hawa-1-1.jpg
https://s3.india.com/wp-
3.34 Windows of Hawa Mahal 22
content/uploads/2018/08/hawa-1-1.jpg
Street Section showing use of

3.35 22 Author
facade as a public space
Panoramic view of the Louis I Kahn https://www.archdaily.com/83697/ad-classics-

3.36 24
plaza indian-institute-of-management-louis-kahn
Image showing openings towards https://www.archdaily.com/83697/ad-classics-

3.37 24
Academic wing indian-institute-of-management-louis-kahn
Image showing openings towards https://www.archdaily.com/83697/ad-classics-

3.38 24
the Faculty wing indian-institute-of-management-louis-kahn
Plan highlighting volume in the

3.39 25 Author
façade
3.40 Section; Louis I Kahn Plaza 25 Author
The open terraces feature planting

https://www.archdaily.com/248407/singapore-
and are designed to allow views
3.41 26 subordinate-courts-complex-serie-architects-
across the city thereby reinforcing
multiply-architects/ssc-terrace-view-1280
the civil role of the building
https://www.archdaily.com/248407/singapore-
3.42 Front view of Singapore Courts 26 subordinate-courts-complex-serie-architects-
multiply-architects/ssc-tower-view-night-1280
Plan highlighting the volume within

3.43 26 Author
the façade
ix
Diagram showing form development
3.44 28 Author
of Façade articulation
https://www.archdaily.com/772537/oasis-
Section showing access at all levels terrace-singapores-new-neighborhood-center-
3.45 and with different activities and 28 and-polyclinic/55dd539ce58ece6d4100014c-
garden terraces oasis-terrace-singapores-new-neighborhood-
center-and-polyclinic-image
terrace-singapores-new-neighborhood-center-
3.46 Aerial view of Oasis Terrace 28 and-polyclinic/55dd52f8e58ece6d41000149-
oasis-terrace-singapores-new-neighborhood-
terrace-singapores-new-neighborhood-center-
Continious ramps articulating the
3.47 28 and-polyclinic/55dd52f8e58ece6d41000149-
façade of the building
oasis-terrace-singapores-new-neighborhood-
3.48 Stage 1: Form Articulation 29 Author
Diagram showing how articulation

3.51 results in formation of functionable 29 Author
space within the façade
https://www.archdaily.com/788959/termeh-
office-commercial-building-farshad-mehdizadeh-
architects-plus-ahmad-
3.52 Street view 29
bathaei/5755d12de58ecec290000050-termeh-
architects-plus-ahmad-bathaei-diagram
https://www.archdaily.com/788959/termeh-
architects-plus-ahmad-
3.53 View 29
bathaei/5755d132e58ececbb9000082-termeh-
architects-plus-ahmad-bathaei-diagram
Diagram showing formation of

volumes within the façade due to https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/736
3.54 30
articulation by penetrating tubes 8-poly-grand-theater
through its volume
https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/736
3.55 View of Shanghai Theatre 30
8-poly-grand-theater
x
3.56 Opening creating Public space 30
3.57 Viewing platform 30
Front elevation of the Shanghai

Theatre defined by the massive https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/736
3.58 31
opening acts as a public space for 8-poly-grand-theater
circulation
Plan highlighting the public https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/736

3.59 31
amphitheatre 8-poly-grand-theater
Image showing connectivity of

3.60 public spaces with open 31
surroundings
3.61 Open public amphitheatre 31
https://www.amsterdam-travel-
3.62 View of the Eye film institute 32 guide.net/museums/eye-film-instituut-
nederland.php
Illustration depicting movement of

3.63 32 Author
people through the facade
Section depicting activities around

3.63 the articulation creating public 32 Author
spaces along the façade
Chapter 5: Design of Facades
Illustration depicting diff erent types

5.1 37 Author
of functions a facade can attaiin.
Illustration depicting Vertical

5.2 37 Author
Circulation
Illustration depicting Horizontal

5.3 38 Author
Circulation corridoor.
Illustration depicting Multilevel

5.4 38 Author
viewing platforms
Illustration depicting Multilevel

5.5 38 Author
Garden Terraces
xi
Facades of Public Buildings
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Criteria Of Selection
1.3 Hypothesis
1.4 Objectives
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Methodology
01
1.1 Introduction
A facade is the external structure of a building that includes one or more sides of its
perimeter, serving symbolic, artistic and planning functions.
The concept of a facade structure separate from the rest of the building and from its
internal organization remained practically unaltered until the modernist movement, in
which the facade became expressive of the buildings function. Facades of different
types of public buildings are designed in such a manner that they depict the function
that building inhabits. Hence, a facade should not be deceptive of its building function.
Facades are a combination of aesthetic, physical and social functions and is the first
layer between the inside and the outside world. It may be a simple wall, or it may be
volumetric, the simplest example of that being a balcony.
Figure 1.2 : Detail A
The occupant can make contact with the

outside world through a window ( Figure
1.1) but there is no direct connection
between inside and outside as the
window acts as a partial barrier from the
Figure 1.1 : Diagram showing single layered facade outside environment.
B
Figure 1.4 : Detail B
In the figure 1.2, the facade has a

social as well as a physical function.
The volumetric facade represents a
very interesting interface between
inside and outside. The inhabitants
Figure 1.3 : Diagram showing the simplest form of a can literally step into the facade in this
volumetric facade i.e a Balcony. case.
Introduction 02
1.2 Criterias Of Selection :
Spatial layering or giving volume to a facade can mediate between the internal and
external spaces.
Figure 1.5 I Eiffel Tower, Paris. Figure 1.6 I Vijaywada Garden Estate, Figure 1.7 I Tel Aviv Tower,
Penda Penda
Why Public Buildings ?
Public buildings are an important ‘soft’ ingredient of a metropolis and can have
real economic value. The Louvre, for instance, welcomed 9.3 million visitors in 2013,
the Met 6.8 million, while the British Museum had 6.7 million visitors. Cultural centers
such as Museums in the US employ 400,000 people and directly contribute $21 billion
to the US economy. Indeed, cities like Bilbao have anchored their revival on the back
of a great museum.
Also this research is directly associated with the chosen thesis project , A Maritime
Museum and Institute in Mumbai.
Figure 1.8 I The Louvre Museum
Introduction 03
Why Facades?
In a public building, the Facade represents the first and themost important interface
between the users and their living environment and the outside world. Hence, the
study focusses on the fact that how we can Re-think facades as a volumetric
entity or a spatially layered design rather than single layered design.
In such building typologies, by adopting this design process, the vertical interface of
the Facade can be converted into a public space in itself rather than being a singular
non volumetric entity.
One of the key aspects of any public
building design is its relationship with its
Urban context.
As shown in figure 1.9, the site is located

at the edge of Victoria docks, Mumbai,
which gives the proposed project certain
vistas. Therefore, the building will be
designed in such a manner that it is an
outward looking building incorporating the
vistas associated with the site.
Figure 1.9 I Showing location of Site for Selected Thesis

project
1.3 Hypothesis : A Facade can become volumetric and inhabit function.
1.4 Objectives:
01 To Study different types of Facades of different types of public buildings.
02 To Study and Understand What is a Facade and its extents.
03 To analyse the type of building program the facade can inhabit with repect to
the building function, spatial organisation, and climatic impact.
04 To recommend design solutions and ideas for the design of volumetric facades
in public buildings.
1.5 Scope and Limitation:
The scope of this research would include understanding and design of facades
specific to public buildings analysing them in order to understand how building facade
can act as a volumetric entity and inhabit functions within it, in order to act as a public
space within the facade itself.
The scope of this research is limited to the designing of facades and not towards
material and construction techniques.
Introduction 04
1.6 Methodology:
The research will start by differentiating between the types of volumetric

facades. With the help of Architectural drawings and photographs we shall analyse
the different types of Volumetric facades and determine the functions it can inhabit.
The research will further deal with different types of Facades of different types of
Public buildings.
Objective 01 Objective 03
To Study different types of Facades of To analyse the type of building program

different types of public the facade can inhabit with repect to the
buildings. building function, spatial organisation,
and climatic impact.
Methodology : The idea is to define
different types of public buildings and Methodology : We shall determine the
understand the influencing factor in the types of building functions a facade can
designing of their facades in terms of inhabit in order to increase the overall
their function. building performance depending upon the
building typology
Data : Case studies
Data : Case studies
Presentation : Photos , Diagrams.
Presentation : Conclusive analysis
Objective 02 Objective 04
To study and understand What is a To recommend design solutions and

Facade and what are its extents. ideas for the design of volumetric facades
in public buildings.
Methodology : To study building facades
through examples and analyse the ways Methodology : After analysis, in order to
in which they have attained volume and give recommendations, We must
inhabited function categorise volumetric facade design in 2
broad typlogies.
Data : Case studies
IIM Ahmedabad, Eye Film Institute, 1. Building functionality
Pompidou Center, Eiffel Tower, 2. Building typology
Hawa Mahal, Oasis Terraces,
Shanghai Theatre, Termeh Office, Data : Case study analyses
Craft Deli, Mill Owners Association, IIM Ahmedabad, Eye Film Institute,
Singapore Courts. Pompidou Center, Eiffel Tower,
Hawa Mahal, Oasis Terraces,
Presentation : Plans, Sections, Shanghai Theatre, Termeh Office,
Exonometrics, Diagrams, Craft Deli, Mill Owners Association,
Photos. Singapore Courts.
Introduction 05
CHAPTER 02
EXPRESSION THROUGH FACADE
2.1 Define types of public buildings.

2.2 Variation in design facades in different
public buildings on the basis of its
function.
06
2.1 Types of Public buildings
Public Buildings
The typology of public buildings represent a very broad category which includes the
buildings of different purpose and contents. They can be classified to certain types,
depending on their character, purpose and specific content they are aimed for.
The Facade of any building is the first interaction between the building and the public,
therefore it enables them in realizing the purpose of the building and understanding
the spatial structure and typology of building. Since public buildings are designed for
public experience, its facade must be symbolic to its purpose.
Types of public buildings classified on the basis of function
1. Government Buildings: Administrative Buildings Headquarters
2. Medical Institutions
3. Educational and Scientific Institutions
4. Cultural Centres: Theatre, Reading Rooms, Libraries Museums
5. Special Purpose Buildings: Railway Stations Market Spaces
Case 1: Government Building; Dhaka National Assembly building, Ar. Louis I Kahn
Figure 2.1 I The Dhaka National Assembly Building, Bangladesh
A Government Building, The National Assembly building of Bangaldesh, Dhaka by

Louis I Kahn
The facade exhibits a statement of monumental scale, power and presence.
Expression through Facade 07

Case 2: Cultural Center; The Heydar Aliyev Center, Ar. Zaha Hadid
Figure 2.2 I The Heydar Aliyev Center, Azerbaijan
A Cultural Centre, Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku, Azerbaijan by Zaha Hadid

The facade exhibits a free flow of lines, art and creativity.
Case 3: Institutional Building; Limerick Medical School, Grafton Architects
Figure 2.3The Limerick Medical School, Ireland Figure 2.4 The Limerick Medical School, Ireland
A Medical Institution, University of Limerick Medical School, Ireland by Grafton

Architects
The facade exhibits an inviting nature, a comfortable scale and a sense of
calmness. The volume in the facade acts as an entrance and circulation space.

Case 4: Cultural Center; Lewis art complex (Music Building) , Ar. Steven Holl
Figure 2.5 I Music Building of the Lewis art Complex, Princeton University,NJ, U.S.A
The complex creates a new campus gateway, shaping campus space while
maximising porosity and movement. The New Music Building is developed
according to an idea of “suspension.”
In the glazed-back Music Building, which overlooks the reflection pool, individual
orchestra rooms are made of timber and suspended with steel rods. This shapes
the facade to create acoustically separate spaces, and aesthetically evokes
musical instruments.
Case 5: Special Purpose Building; TWA Flight Center , Ar. Eero Saarinen
Figure 2.6 TWA Terminal, New York, U.S.A
Figure 2.7 TWA Terminal, New York, U.S.A Figure 2.8 TWA Terminal, New York, U.S.A
Eero Saarinen sought to capture the sensation of flight in all aspects of the
building, from a fluid and open interior, to the wing-like concrete shell of
the roof. At TWA’s behest, Saarinen designed more than a functional terminal; he
designed a monument to the airline and to aviation itself.
The terminal is a powerful expression of the activities it houses. Its facade is a
symbol of “movement and transition” that shows the “excitement of travel.”

CHAPTER 03
UNDERSTANDING FACADES
3.1 Define Facades and their

extents.
3.2 Types of Volumetric Facades.
10
3.1 Define Facade and their Extents
In general, The principal front of a building, that faces on to a street or open

space. The word facade is derived from the French word “façade” which literally
means Face.
The building envelope remains to be one of the most important elements for
building functionality. While the facade is an elegant component that helps to define
the unique architectural aesthetics of the building, it also has the critical role related to
the overall performance of the building.
Some of the most iconic buildings we all have come across
Figure 3.1 I The Taj Mahal, India Figure 3.2 I Jawahar Kala Kendra, Figure 3.3 I The World Trade Park,
Jaipur Jaipur,India
Figure 3.4 I 30 St. Mary Axe, London Figure 3.5 I The Burj Khalifa, Figure 3.6 I Sagrada Familia
Dubai , Barcelona
But what if we could Re-Imagine Facades in Public buildings as a Volumetric element.
What do we mean by a Volumetric facade ?
In design of Facades, spatial layering or giving volume to a facade, can mediate

between the internal and external spaces, this enables the facade to inhabit
functions, which can hence be termed as a Volumetric Facade.
Hence, this study focuses on Re-thinking the facade as a volumetric entity or a

spatially layered facade rather than a single layered design, where in a public
building, the facade in itself can act as a public space inhabiting function.
Understanding Facades 11
3.2 Types Of Volumetric Facades
On the basis of preliminary analysis, Facades can be categorised into three

categories through which they can attain volume.
01. Single Layered Volumetric Facades
02. Dual Layered Volumetric Facades
03. Articulated Facades
01. Single Layered Volumetric Facade
A Facade is the principal front of a building. In this case, this principal front attains
volume by inhabit an element of desing such as a staircase, corridoor, and terraces
which function as public spaces within the volume of the facade.
Figure 3.7 I Illustration of a Single Layered Volumetric facade showing staircase as the primary element attaining function
02. Dual Layered Volumetric Facade
In this case, the function is sandwiched between two layers of the building creating
a volume between the outside environment and the internal building function which
serves as a public space.
Layer 1
Layer 2
Function
Figure 3.8 I Illustration of a Dual Layered Volumetric facade with staircase and corridoors depicting vertical and horizontal
movement respectively
03. Articulated Facade
In this case, the volume of the building gets articulated in such a manner that it cre-
ates a public space within the facade of the building which enables it to attain some
function.v
Figure 3.9 I Stage 1 Figure 3.10 I Stage 2: Formation of a central courtyard
Figure 3.11 (a) IStage 3: Formation of Green terraces and Figure 3.11 (b) I Elevation depicting how building facade is
Movement corridoors due to articulation influenced by the articulation in its built mass.
It is imperitive to further analyse the conclusions we have established in section 3.2

(Types of volumetric facades) with the help of case examples to get a better sense of
understanding of Volumetric facades and the kind of functions they inhabit in practice.
SINGLE LAYERED VOLUMETRIC

FACADES
Identified Case examples :
1. Mill Owners Association Building.
2. Pompidou Center
3. Craft Deli
4. Hawa Mahal
5. Fast Horse
Mill Owners Association Building I Ar. Le Corbusier

Le Corbusier was commissioned the new
headquarters for the Ahmedabad Mill
Owner’s Association. The textile industry
in Ahmedabad was the one that brought
Ahmedabad economic prosperity and
political prominence. The new building
was to be an ode to this. The building is
located on the Ashram Road, overlooking
the river Sabarmati.
Figure 3.12 I Image showing the front facade of the building
Fig 3.13 I Exploded Facade ; Showing volume in the facade
One enters the building through the long

ramp in front, which creates a linear axis
as a connection into the building facade.
The ramp leads to the triple height
entrance area on the first floor where you
notice no tangible demarcated rooms
as such. The east and the west facades
of the building are composed entirely
of deep trellis screens which act as sun
breakers – brise-soleil, keeping the direct
Fig 3.14 I Image depicting the Main Entrance sun out.
Figure 3.15 I West Facade showing Figure 3.16 I Image showing Brise-Soliel Figure 3.17 I Image showing Brise-Soliel
brise-soliel used as Exhibition Space to display the used as Exhibition Space to display the
furniture of Le Corbusier. furniture of Le Corbusier.
Plants spill from the

porous facade activating
the exposed concrete.
Volume of the facade

creates walkways and
gathering spaces
within the perimiter of
the facade
Facade acts an exhibition

space.
Inside Volume Outside

Figure 3.18 (a) I Section depicting functions in the facade.
Landings in between the

staicase creates viewing
decks
Inside Volume Outside

Figure 3.18 (b) I Section depicting functions in the Figure 3.19 I Plans depicting volume of the Facade.
facade.
Fig 3.20 I Axonometric Section showing activity around the facade.
Pompidou Centre I Ar. Renzo Piano, Ar. Richard Rogers
Horizontal Circulation
Vertical Circulation
Figure 3.21 I Illustration depicting Volume in the Facade.
In the 1970’s architects Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, both unknown at the time,
collaborated and erected one of the most famous and radical buildings of our time,
Centre Georges Pompidou.
Outside Facade Building Functions Facade Outside Courtyard
Figure 3.22 I Section A-A’
Figure 3.23 I Plan highlighting volume in the Facade
Figure 3.24 I Front Elevation
One of the most famous examples of the high-tech style, the Centre Pompidou
was assembled from a kit of huge prefabricated steel parts.
Their concept, depicted in one of their competition drawings as a collage, was

portraying the museum itself as movement. The other concept in their design,
and perhaps the most obvious, was exposing all of the infrastructure of the
building. The skeleton itself engulfs the building from its exterior, showing all of
the different mechanical and structure systems not only so that they could be
understood but also to maximize the interior space without interruptions.
Figure 3.25 I Diagram showing function in facade Figure 3.26 I Image showing Viewing Platform at the end
of the tubular staricase
One of the “movement” elements that the center is most known for is the
escalator (painted red on the bottom) on the west facade, a tube that zigzags
up to the top of the building providing visitors with an astonishing view of the
city of Paris.
Craft Deli, Mumbai I Ar. Sameep Padora
Craft Deli as a project was conceived to

be an antithesis to the typical mall
location and of the placeless experiences
that dominate mall cultures.
Stage 1 I Typical Restaurant Profile
Figure 3.27 I Exterior Facade of the cafe
Stage 2 I Booth Division

To subvert the typical experience of a
glass horizontal edge between the
corridor and revenue space we used the
arcade as a means to structure a
reference to the past alluding to the type
of a colonnaded walkway that defines a
spaces of intimacy, pause and relief from
the cacophony of the world outside.
Stage 3 I Connecting and extending

volume
Figure 3.28 I Image showing seating within the facade volume

Stage 4 I Twisting Form
Interior Seating
Stage 5 I Final Form of the FInn

Figure 3.29 I Exterior View Fig 3.30 I Form Development
Figure 3.31 I Plan showing volume within the facade of the cafe
Figure 3.32 I Construction Detail Stage 5 I Finns Define the Restaurant

Edge
The edge is hence crafted through wooden members that pivot and hence through
their form define the width of a booth and articulate the double height of the façade.
The warmth and intimate scale of the booth is offset by the seamless continuity of the
service bar and open kitchen and an
alfresco dining space beyond. The Alfresco space itself is defined by a metaphor of an
environment of fireflies, tiny lights that create a mystical and surreal enclosure.
Hawa Mahal, Jaipur I Lal Chand Ustad
The Hawa Mahal or Palace of winds, is a five storey structure whose pink sandstone
facade is decorated with hundreds of aedicules and windows outlined in white and
diminishing in size as one moves upwards.
Hawa Mahal was constructed as a

separate complex for the royal ladies.
The facade of the building is structured
like a bee hive with intricately designed
windows.
The idea was that, royal women could

watch the daily life of the city through the
windows.
Figure 3.33 I Road Side Elevation Of Hawa Mahal
Figure 3.34 I Windows of Hawa Mahal
The windows are closed by perforated grids - the jali - that prevent the views of the
interior while increase ventilation and screening the inner rooms from the direct rays
of the sun, thus keeping them from overheating.
Figure 3.35 I Street Section showing use of facade as a public space
DUAL LAYERED VOLUMETRIC

FACADES
1. IIM, Ahmedabad
2. Singapore Courts
Indian Institute Of Management, Ahmedabad I Ar. Louis I Kahn
Figure 3.36 Panoramic view of the Louis I kahn Plaza
Louis I Kahn’s inquisitive and even critical view at the methods of the educational
system influenced his design to no longer singularly focus on the classroom as the
center of academic thought.
The classroom was just the formal setting for the beginning of learning; the hallways
and Kahn’s Plaza became new centers for learning.
Figure 3.37 Image showing opening towardsAcademic Wing Figure 3.38 Image showing openings towards the Faculty
Wing
The large facade omissions are abstracted patterns found within the Indian culture
that were positioned to act as light wells and a natural cooling system protecting the
interior from India’s harsh desert climate.
1. Entrance Hall
2. Classrooms
3. Administration
4. Library
5. Louis I Kahn Plaza
Figure 3.39 I Plan ; Louis I Kahn Plaza highlighting volume in the facade
Even though the porous, geometric façade acts as filters for sunlight and ventilation,
the porosity allowed for the creation of new spaces of gathering for the students and
faculty to come together.
Faculty Wing Central Plaza Academic Wing

Volume Volume
Figure 3.40 I Section ; Louis I Kahn Plaza
Singapore Courts I Serie Architects
Chris Lee, Principal at Serie Architects, comments, ‘the relationship between the
city and its civic buildings was our primary interest for this project. The new
Subordinate Courts Complex should be a building that is symbolically open
and accessible to the public. The design language should be readily under-
stood by all Singaporeans.’
Fig 3.41 The open terraces feature planting

and are designed to allow views across the
city thereby reinforcing the civic role of the
building. Figure 3.42 Front View of Singapore Courts
The design features an innovative two tower strategy in which one tower is dedicated
to the criminal courtrooms and the other to the judges’ chambers and support func-
tions. The two towers are linked by a series of foot bridges that enable the controlled
circulation necessary for the courtroom process.
Volume In Facade
Figure 3.43 Plan highting the volume within the facade
Articulated Facades
1. Oasis Terraces
2. Termeh Office Building
3. Shanghai Theatre
4. Eye Film Institute
Oasis Terraces I Serie Architects
Stage 1 I Creating a slope towards the Stage 2 I Creating a Sheltered Stage 3 I Ramps articulating the slope to
water ways Community plaza create access to all levels, gardens and
terraces
Fig 3.44 Diagram showing form development through articulation
The design spans 27,400 square meters,

of which 9,400 square meters will be
comprised of healthcare facilities, while
the rest will include “communal gardens,
play spaces, gyms, retail spaces, dining,
[and] learning spaces,” all of which is
expected to come together into “a new Figure 3.45 I Section Showing access at all levels and with
different activities and garden terraces
generation of integrated development.”
Through its many communal aspects,

it is hoped that the project encourages
community, particularly in relation to the
site’s landscape. For example, a central
community plaza “framed by a series of
lush garden terraces sloping towards the
waterway” will not only play an aesthetic
role in the site, but will also build commu-
nity through its status as a “horticultural
Figure 3.46 Aerial View of Oasis Terraces
project” for residents to maintain.
Figure 3.47 I Continious Ramps articulation the facade of the building.
Termeh Office Building I Farshad Mehdizadeh Architects
Figure 3.48 Stage 1 ; Form Articulation Figure 3.49 Stage 2 ; Form Articulation Figure 3.50 Stage 3 ; Form Articulation
The brief was designing a two floor

building with commercial functions: a
retail in ground floor and a private office
in the first floor. The second floor (roof)
should follow its neighbor’s height, in
terms of the urban skyline, through a 2.5
meters height wall.
So, this project encompasses three differ-
ent characters in three levels with
different communication with urban
space.
Figure 3.51 Diagram showing how articulation results in
formation of a functionable space within the facade.
Figure 3.52 Street View
Since this project has different

addresses for each function, the idea was
connecting the functions
separately and directly to the urban
space. Furthermore, we need to find a
vertical access solution. The separator
between the functions (retail & office)
recognized as most critical part of this
project to
implicate as architecture element to
generate the form. Figure 3.53 View
Shanghai Theatre I Tadao Ando
Fig 3.54 Diagram showing formation of volumes within the facade due to articulation by penetrating tubes through its volume
The Shanghai Poly Grand Theater is a massive glass-and-concrete rectilinear

building that features circular cutouts and recesses—like holes on a block of Swiss
cheese—that are open to the public and exposed to the air.
At the Poly Grand Theater in Shanghai, Tadao Ando puts his flair for drama to good
use. Starting with his usual Platonic geometry—here a 330-by-330-by-113-foot box—
Ando bores large tunnels vertically, horizontally, and diagonally into the form.
Five steel-framed tubes push through the concrete structure, creating covered,
but not enclosed spaces that can be used for performances or circulation.
Figure 3.55 View Of Shanghai Theatre Figure 3.56 Opening Creating Figure 3.57 Viewing platform
Public space
From its covered terrace, the building offers views of an artificial lake and the
surrounding area hence creating public spaces within the volume of the facade.
The tunnels are lined with aluminium, but painted to look like wood so as to contrast
with the concrete.
Figure 3.58 Front elevation of the Shanghai Theatre defined the massive opening which acts as a public space for circulation
The complex creates a sense of serenity while also achieving a level of theatrical
playfulness.
Using his signature in-situ concrete, Ando creates a theatre building that offers a num-
ber of surprising spatial moments as the rectangular volume is intersected by
cylindrical tunnels, where One of the tubes Covers an amphitheatre that steps down
to the water.
Figure 3.59 Plan highling public amphitheatre Figure 3.60 Image showing connectivity of public spaces with
open surroundings.
The amphitheatre creates spaces for

people to sit interact and relax from their
daily routies. It also acts as a place for
public gathering events and
performances.
The connect with nature adds a certain

vista to the space making it much more
significant.
Figure 3.61 Open public Amphitheatre
Eye Film Institute I Delugan Meissl
The building concept becomes the story board,the architecture the scenography. By
delivering a dynamic interplay, the building’s assigned role oscillates between acting
as the urban scenery’s protagonist and as a dramaturgical element placed in front of
a heterogeneous landscape setting.
An accurate planning of the visual relationships between inside and outside

also contribute to an indubitably interesting outcome.
Figure 3.62 Front view of the Eye Film Institute
The external shape, a sequence of sloped surfaces that make it looks like a giant
sculpture sitting on the ground, anticipates the continuous and fluid internal space
of the building: a “solidified” uninterrupted path that Delugan Meissl conceived with
almost seamless transitions from one functional space to another.
Figure 3.63 Illustration depicting movement of people through the facade
Open Seating for Restaurant
Circulation Ramp
Fig 3.63 Section depicting activities around the articulation creating public spaces along the facade
CHAPTER 04
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
4.1 Defining the types of function a facade

can inhabit.
4.2 Impact of volumetric facades on building
performance.
33
Case 1 : Mill Owner’s Association Case 2 : Craft Deli, Mumbai

Ahmedabad.
Building Typology: Cultural Center Building Typology: Cafe

Facade Volume: Single Layered Facade Volume: Single Layered
Functions: Circulation Space, Exhibition Functions: Eating space
space, Climate responsive.
Impact of facade volume: The east Impact of facade volume: To subvert

and west facades are in the form of sun the typical experience of a glass
breakers or brise-soleil, one of Corbusi- horizontal edge between the corridor and
er’s many formal inventions, which, while revenue space they used an arcade that
avoiding harsh sun, permit visual defines the function and intimacy of the
connection and air movement. While the space.
brise-soleil act as free facades made of
rough shuttered concrete, the north and
south sides, built in rough brickwork, are The edge is hence crafted through
almost unbroken. wooden members that pivot and hence
through their form define the width of a
On the second floor of the Mill Owners’ booth and articulate the double height of
Building, the lobby is treated as “an open the façade which enable it to be used as
space defined by harsh, angular forms a dining space for the customers.
Case 3 : Pompidou Center, Case 4 : Hawa Mahal, Jaipur

France.
Building Typology: Cultural Center
Building Typology: Cultural Center Facade Volume: Single Layered
Facade Volume: Single Layered Functions: Circulation Space, Exhibition
Functions: Circulation Space, Viewing space, Climate responsive,
platform Viewing platform
Impact of facade volume: The building Impact of facade volume: The Jali
works on the concept of portraying the facade that we come across has a larger
cultural center itself as movement. purpose than simply aesthetic.
Therefore the front tubular staircase and
the horizontal corridoors running around The Jali promotes the venturi effect which
the perimeter of the building define the enable the building to stay cool in the
movement in the building. extreme climate of Jaipur.
In doing so, they create a volume in the Whereas the concept of corridoors
facade which enabled them to achieve attached behind these Jali windows
a sense of connect between the inside helped the royal queens to see the
spaces and the front court during all cultural activities and processions
times. happening on the road without them
being seen by the general public.
Volumetric Analysis 34
Case 5 : IIM, Ahmedabad Case 6 : Singapore Courts
Building Typology: Administrative

Building Typology: Educational Building
Insitution Facade Volume: Single Layered
Facade Volume: Dual Layered Functions: Circulation, Interactive space,
Functions: Interactive spaces, Garden decks
Circulation
Impact of facade volume: The Impact of facade volume: These vertical
classroom was just the formal setting for corridoors running along the perimeter of
the beginning of learning; the hallways the building creates a public space on the
and Kahn’s Plaza became new centers outer edge of the building connecting the
for learning. people with the city.
Hence these hallways that are formed The concept of having a transparent
between the layers of two facades facade was to depict the transparent
become very crucial public spaces in the nature of judgement in a court, clear and
building resulting in an increase of unbiased to all individuals irrespectively.
interaction between the students and
faculties since all the circulation happens
through this volume only.
Case 7 : Shanghai Theatre Case 8 : The Eye film Institute
Building Typology: Cultural Center Building Typology: Cultural Center

Facade Volume: Articulated Facade Volume: Articulated
Functions: Circulation Space, Viewing Functions: Interactive spaces,
platform, Performance areas, Circulation, Restaurant.
Amphitheatres.
Impact of facade volume: Built along Impact of facade volume: Similar to the
an artificial lake, the Shanghai Theatre Shanghai Theatre, the Eye film institute
has a certain vista to it which enable the is also built along a lake which gives the
building to function as an outward looking site a certain vista. Therefore the concept
building to utilise the aesthetics of the was to design the building in a manner
lake. that it creates a sense of connect be-
tween the users of the building and the
The punctures within the volume of the natural environment.
building creates these public gathering
spaces that open outwards towards the Hence the articulation is done in such
lake, in a way incorporating the lake as a a manner that it acts as a public space
feature of the design of the building. used for circulation and a restaurant
space,facing outwards towards the lake
These public spaces create volumes incorporating the aesthetics of nature.
within the facade supporting our research Also all spaces are planned around this
ideology. articulation to make the most of the
surround environment.
Volumetric Analysis 35
CHAPTER 05
DESIGN OF FACADES
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations
36
5.1 Conclusions
This research was focused upon the Understanding of Facades in Public Buildings,
Reimagining them as a volumetric element that would inhabit a program. Based on
the analysis drawn from different case study examples, we can prove the
hypothesis that “Facades can become volumetric and inhabit function”.
Each public building has a different function to it, therefore functions inhabited within
its façade should respond to the eventual function of the building as well. Therefore,
the research data and conclusions can be used to study and understand the types of
functions we can incorporate in our building designs relevant to its overall function.
5.2 Recommendations
In our research we have studied various types of public buildings and their façades,
and how it represents the eventual purpose of the building. Thus, while designing
a public building with a volumetric façade, we must understand that what functional
element and typology of façade would best respond to the eventual purpose of the
building.
Fig 5.1 Illustration depicting different types of functions a facade can attaiin.
The recommendations can be based upon two aspects :
1. Functionality
A. Circulation: Vertical circulation and Horizontal circulation.
Vertical Circulation: By adding elements

like Staircases or ramps along the façade
of building. Case study references:
a. Single Layered: Pompidou Centre.

b. Dual Layered: IIM, Ahmedabad.
c. Articulated: Oasis Terraces.
Fig 5.2 Illustration depicting Vertical Circulation
Conclusions and Recommendations 37

Horizontal Cirulation: Adding corridoors

and walkways along the façade of the
building. Case study references are:
a. Single Layered: Pompidou Centre.

b. Dual Layered: Singapore Courts.
c. Articulation: Oasis Terraces.
Fig 5.3 Illustration depicting Horizontal Circulation
corridoor.
B. Viewing Platforms: This type of a

function is significant in buildings that
have certain vistas to it.
Case study references are:
a. Single Layered: Pompidou Centre

b. Dual layered: Hawa Mahal, Jaipur.
c. Articulated: The eye Film Insitute
Fig 5.4 Illustration depicting Multilevel viewing
platforms
C. Seating Spaces: The volume within the external layer of the building would help it
to inhabit seating spaces within its façade enabling it to act as a
public space in itself. Case study references are :
a. Single Layere: Craft Deli, Mumbai.

b. Dual Layered: IIM, Ahmedabad
c. Articulation: Eye Film Institute, Netherlands.
D. Garden Terraces: Creating depths

along the horizontal axis of the building
would enable us to provide green spaces
within the volume. Case study references:
a. Single Layered: Mill Owners Association

b. Dual Layered: Singapore Courts
c. Articulated: Oasis Terracaes
Fig 5.5 Illustration depicting Multilevel Garden
Terraces.

E. Gathering Spaces: Creating punctures and articulation within the volume of the
building façade develops nodes which act as public gathering
spaces. These are also significant in buildings which have a
certain vistas to it.
a. Single Layered:
b. Dual Layered: IIM, Ahmedabad.
c. Articulated: Shanghai Theatre.
2. Typology : Recommendations in terms of different types of public building are
1. Government Building: Represents strength power and presence.

Typology: Dual Layered Façade
Functions: Circulation
2. Medical Institutions: Represents a sense of calm, and an inviting nature.

Typology: Single Layered, Dual Layered, Articulated
Facades.
Functions: Circulation, Garden Terraces
3. Educational Institutions: Represents a comfortable scale and peacefull

environment.
Typology: Dual Layered Facades.
Functions: Circulation,Gathering Spaces,Garden
Terraces
4. Cultural Centres: (Museums, Libraries, Theatres) Represents Art and creativity.

Typology: Articulated Facades
Functions: Circulation, Gathering Spaces, Viewing Platforms,
Garden Terraces, Seating spaces.
5. Special Purpose Buildings: Represents free flow of movement and view.

Typology: Single Layered Facades, Dual Layered
Facades.
Functions: Circulation, Gathering Spaces.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Published Articles and Researches
01. Page 10 I TWA Flight Center

http://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/media/cms_page_media/4433/TWATerminal.pdf
02. Page 19-20 I Pompidou Center
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5313b826e4b02a8d25126c66/t/54e3ba02e4b
002fddcd0c5a0/1424210434925/A2CaseStudyAnalysisPompidouLucasSean.pdf
03. Page 33 I Eye Film Institute
https://bauforumstahl.de/upload/documents/17.20.pr120209_pressemappedmaaeye
english_new.pdf
Web References
04. Page 10 I Cultural Center; Lewis art complex

https://www.archdaily.com/881128/lewis-arts-complex-steven-holl-architects
05. Page 16-18 I Mill Owners Association Building
http://arkistudentscorner.blogspot.com/2011/05/corbusier-mill-owners-
association.html
https://www.archdaily.com/464142/ad-classics-mill-owners-association-building-le-
corbusier
06. Page 21-22 I Craft Deli, Mumbai
http://www.sp-arc.net/?p=523
07. Page 25-26 I IIM Ahmedabad
https://www.archdaily.com/83697/ad-classics-indian-institute-of-management-louis-
kahn
08. Page 27 I Singapore Courts
https://www.archdaily.com/248407/singapore-subordinate-courts-complex-serie-
architects-multiply-architects
09. Page 29 I Oasis Terracaes
https://www.archdaily.com/772537/oasis-terrace-singapores-new-neighborhood-
center-and-polyclinic
10. Page 30 I Termeh Office Building
https://www.archdaily.com/788959/termeh-office-commercial-building-farshad-
mehdizadeh-architects-plus-ahmad-bathaei
11. Page 31-32 I Shanghai Theatre
https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/7368-poly-grand-theater
https://www.designboom.com/architecture/tadao-ando-poly-grand-theater-shanghai-
china-01-16-2017/
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DISSERTATION

Facades of Public buildings

Prof. VIPUL VERMA Prof. N.S. RATHORE

Aayojan School of Architecture

Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI

Prof. N.S. RATHORE

Haider Jamal Khan

Prof. Vipul Verma

The research has enabled an essential growth in the learning

I am grateful to my college and Prof K.S Mahajani, Principal,

I thank Prof. N.S. Rathore, Dean of academics and Dissertation

I owe my profound gratitude towards my guide and mentor ,

I would like to express my gratitude towards the management

I would also thank my parents and my colleagues Aparajita Nautiyal,

Haider Jamal Khan

1.1 Introduction of the study

02 Expression through Facade 06-09

2.1 Deﬁne types of public buildings.

03 Understanding Facades 10-32

3.1 Deﬁne Facades and their extents.

04 Volumetric Analysis 33-36

4.1 Deﬁning the types of function a facade

05 Design of Facade 37-39

Figure Illustration Title Page No. Source

Diagram showing Single layered

1.2 Detail A 02 Author

Diagram showing the simplest form

1.4 Detail B 02 Author

Showing location of Site for

Chapter 2: Expression through Facade

The Heydar Aliyev Center, https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-

The Limerick Medical School, https://www.archdaily.com/352516/university-of-

The Limerick Medical School, https://www.archdaily.com/352516/university-

Music Building of the Lewis art

Chapter 3: Understanding Facades

Illustration of a Single Layered

Illustration of a Dual Layered

3.9 Stage 1 13 Author

Stage 2: Formation of a central

Stage 3: Formation of Green

Image showing the front façade of https://www.archdaily.com/464142/ad-classics-

Exploded Façade, showing volume

Image showing brise-soliel used as https://media.architecturaldigest.in/wp-

Image showing brise-soliel used as https://media.architecturaldigest.in/wp-

Section depicting functions in the

Section depicting functions in the

Plans depicting volume of the

Axonometric section showing

Illustration depicting Volume in the

3.22 Section A-A’ 18 Author

Plan highlighting volume in the

3.27 Exterior Façade of the café 20 http://www.sp-arc.net/?p=523

Image showing seating within the

3.29 Exterior View 20 http://www.sp-arc.net/?p=523

3.30 Form Development 20 http://www.sp-arc.net/?p=523

Plan showing volume within the

3.32 Construction Detail 21 http://www.sp-arc.net/?p=523

Street Section showing use of

Panoramic view of the Louis I Kahn https://www.archdaily.com/83697/ad-classics-

Image showing openings towards https://www.archdaily.com/83697/ad-classics-

Image showing openings towards https://www.archdaily.com/83697/ad-classics-

Plan highlighting volume in the

3.40 Section; Louis I Kahn Plaza 25 Author