ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS II

(LECTURE)
NEE 321

AC FUNDAMENTALS

PREPARED BY:
ENGR. GERALDINE B. TUALLA
 COURSE DESCRIPTION

 Covers the steady state frequency domain analysis

of RLC circuits driven by sinusoidal voltage/current
source(s); impedance bridge circuits; application of
mesh/nodal analysis and network theorems in AC
circuit analysis; concept of power and power factor
correction in AC circuits; resonant and tuned
circuits; two port network analysis; analysis of
dynamic circuits with AC excitation
Units, Contact Hours, Prerequisite

Units (Lec) 3
Contact Hours 3 hrs. / week
Pre-Requisite Circuits I (Lecture and
Laboratory)
Co-requisite: Electrical Circuits II
(Lab)
 General policies
 Absence in excess of 20% of total required
number of meetings per term will be given a mark
of “D” – Dropped unofficially.
 Attendance will be checked through a SEAT
PLAN.
 Only missed major exams may be given a special
make-up exam with valid reasons and upon
presentation of related documents. Missed quizzes
will be given a score of “0”.
 General policies

 Cheating will be automatically penalized with

a final grade of “5.0”.
 Going out of the class during exams is NOT
ALLOWED.
 Assignments and seat works have a weight
equal to a quiz. NO LATE SUBMISSION
policy is implemented.
 Course Outline
 Generation of AC Voltage/Current
 AC Fundamentals
 Characteristics of the a Sinusoidal Waveform
 Sinusoidal Response in the Time Domain
 Phasor concept
 Phasor Relationships for R, L, and C
 Impedance and Admittance
 Relationship of Average, Effective and Maximum
values of Periodic Functions
 Average Value
 Effective or Root-Mean-Square Value
 Maximum or Peak Value
 Form Factor
 Crest Factor
 Comparison of DC and AC waveforms
 Course Outline
 AC Power Analysis
 Introduction
 Instantaneous and Average Power
 Effective or RMS Value
 Behaviors of R, L & C in AC circuits
 Pure R
 Pure L
 Pure C
 Reactance and Impedance
 Complex Impedance Equivalents of R, L & C
 Active, Reactive and Apparent Power
 Series AC Circuits
 R and L in Series
 R and C in Series
 RLC in Series
 Course Outline

 Parallel AC Circuits
 R and L in Parallel
 R and C in Parallel
 RLC in Parallel

 Admittance, Conductance and Susceptance

 Resonant and tuned circuits
 Series Resonance
 Parallel Resonance
 Power Factor Correction
 References
 Alexander, Charles K. and Sadiku, Matthew N. 2012.
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 5th edition. New York,
USA: McGraw-Hill.
 O’Malley, John. 2011. Basic Circuit Analysis. New York,
USA: McGraw-Hill.
 Dorf, Richard C. and Svoboda, James A. 2011. Introduction
to Electric Circuits 7th edition. USA: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
 Paynther, Robert T and Boydell, B.J Toby. 2011.
Introduction to Electricity. Upper Saddle River, N.J :
Pearson Prentice Hall
 Gibilisco, Stan L. 2011. Teach Yourself Electricity and
Electronics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
 GRADING SYSTEM

Prelim Midterm Finals

Quizzes (Q) 33% Quizzes (Q) 33% Quizzes (Q) 33%

Prelim Exam (PE) 67% Midterm Exam (ME) 67% Final Exam (FE) 67%

Tentative Midterm 100 Tentative Final

100%
Grade (TMG) % Grade (TFG)
100
Prelim Grade (PG) Midterm Grade=
% 𝟐∗𝑻𝑭𝑮+𝑴𝑮
𝟐∗𝑻𝑴𝑮+𝑷𝑮 Final Grade=
𝟑
𝟑
 Introduction
Types of Electrical Current
 Direct Current (DC) – It is an electric current which flows in
one direction only or that remains constant over time.
 Alternating Current (AC) – it is an electric current that
reverses direction periodically usually many times per second.
 Generation of AC voltage/current

 It is based in Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic

Induction

According to these law, if a conductor is placed

in a magnetic field, and either the field or the
conductor moves, an emf is induced in the
conductor. This effect is called electromagnetic
induction
 FARADAY’S LAW OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
The magnetic field is the area around the magnet in which there is a
magnetic line of force.

magnetic line of force is an imaginary representing a field of force

 FARADAY’S LAW OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

 This law shows

the relationship
between electric
current and
magnetic field
 FARADAY’S LAW OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Position of Magnet Deflection of Galvanometer

Magnet at rest No deflection

Magnet moves towards the coil Deflection in one direction

Magnet is held stationary at No deflection

same position (near the coil)
Magnet moves away from the coil Deflection but in opposite direction

Magnet is held stationary at No deflection

same position (away from the
coil)
 Method to change Magnetic Field

1. By moving the magnet towards or away from the coil

2. By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field.
3. By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field
4. By rotating the coil relative to the magnet

Faraday’s Second Law

It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is

equal to the rate of change of flux that linkages with the coil.
The flux linkage of the coil is the product of number of turns in
the coil and flux associated with the coil.
 Where flux Φ in Wb = B.A
B = magnetic flus density
A = area of the coil

HOW TO INCREASE EMF INDUCED IN A COIL

1. By increasing the number of turns in the coil

2. By increasing magnetic field strength

3. By increasing the speed of the relative motion between

the coil and the magnet
 Induced Emf in a Conductor

•
AC Generation
 Sample Problems
1. A magnetic coil produces 100,000 maxwells with 2,000 turns
and with a current of 2A. The current is cut-off and the flux
collapses in 0.01 sec. What is the average voltage that will
appear across the coil.

2. A conductor 50 cm in length moves at an angle of 30 degrees

to the direction of a magnetic field with a velocity of 100cm/s.
If the field has a flux density of 2𝑊𝑏/𝑚2 . Calculate the emf
induced in it.

3. The armature coil of generator with 50 turns on it rotates in

a magnetic field with a magnetic flux density of 1.5T. The
effective area of the coil is 1,000 sq.cm. If this coil is move
across the pole in 0.5 sec, determine the average emf induced
in the coil.
 Sample Problems
4. A conductor, 50 mm long , moves at a velocity of 2.5
meters per second a magnetic field of 0.90 𝑊𝑏/𝑚2 .
What is the voltage generated?