MATHEMATICS: SCIENCE OF PATTERN, SHAPES AND NUMBER

A
RESEARCH-PROJECT
FOR THE

PROF. A R RAO MATHEMATICS COMPETITION

BY
KEVAL C. PUROHIT
B.E. SEM-3(COMPUTER)
VISWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MRS. MOHINI TIWARI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CHANDKHEDA

2016
 MATHEMATICS: SCIENCE OF PATTERN, SHAPES AND NUMBER

A
RESEARCH-PROJECT
FOR THE

PROF. A R RAO MATHEMATICS COMPETITION

BY
KEVAL C. PUROHIT
B.E. SEM-3(COMPUTER)
VISWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MRS. MOHINI TIWARI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CHANDKHEDA

2016
 CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that, Keval C. Purohit

Has prepared his “Research-Project” entitled
“Mathematics: Science Of Pattern Shapes And Numbers”
under my guidance and to my entire satisfaction

(Mrs. Mohani Raghvendra Tiwari )

Reverentially dedicated to my Grand Parents, my Parents, my Brother, the
God and my Teachers for their constant support and inspiration.
 PREFACE

Defining mathematics is always been keen concern of mathematicians as

well as any introduction math class. One way of definition is defining it by
“what it does in the era?” and that is the definition of mathematics for the
era. So, in this era of analytical science where everyday people are dealing
with lots and lots of data analysis in each and every field, the Pattern,
Shapes and Numbers have become the limelight of Mathematics-Research
and now mathematics has grown from just solving sums to an
experimentation and observation, finding relation to the real world and
thus it involves science which brings us to conclusion, “Mathematics is the
Science of Patterns, Shapes and Numbers.”
Patterns were and are and will be common everywhere, it’s all about
finding them, for a system to be balanced. It should repeat itself and thus
complete the cycle, thus forming a pattern. Best examples of patterns are
Fibonacci sequence and Golden-Ratio, which are identified to be most
abundant in the nature and reason behind many stabilities and strengths as
well as beauty is also has been related to face-cuts are if in Golden-Ratio
or not?
Shapes are always the most interesting thing in Mathematics; in fact, they
have been seen as proof of advanced-technology and existence of
mathematics knowledge in Indus-Valley Civilization. The most beautiful
thing about shapes is they are infinite in number.
From 2012 onwards, it’s been declared as the era of “Big-Data” and as
computers-data are full of numbers thus it can also be said, the era of
Numbers. Numbers are the main reason behind making mathematics
interesting, also it’s the real reason for the advancements of “Analytical
Science”.
In Chapter: α, I have introduced some questions like, what is Science and
Mathematics. Satisfying it with the topic of my project.
In Chapter: β, I have made comparison between Chemistry and
Mathematics according to my project.
In Chapter: γ, I try to explained Pattern, manly focusing Fibonacci
sequence and Golden Ration in details with some of real life examples.
In Chapter: δ, I have explained Shapes with examples like Circle,
Symmetry etc.
In Chapter: ε, I have briefly explained The Numbers.
In Chapter: ζ, I try to justify my project topic with different field of
Mathematics like Calculus, Trigonometry, Geometry, Statistic, etc.
In Chapter: θ, I have made final Conclusion.
In Last Chapter: ι, I have made notes of all the links from the Internet, I
used to complete my project work.
Thus, I have tried to justify the mathematics as science of pattern, shapes
and numbers as well discussed the main sub-topics of the topic.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great pleasure and privilege to have an opportunity to undertake this
project work entitled “Mathematics: Science Of Pattern, Shapes And
Numbers”.
I am grateful to my guide, Mrs. Mohani Raghvendra Tiwari, Assistant
Professor in Mathematics, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College
for providing continuous support and her valuable advices with patience.
Also, without her support this project couldn’t have completed.
Also, I would like thank Prof. V. R. Trivedi, for inspiring me to
participate me in the A. R. Rao Mathematics Project Competition, and also
encouraging me towards the mathematics. He has always inspired me to
walk on the beautiful path of mathematics. He always taught me to be
patient and mathematics is abundant in the world, it’s just need of creative
eye to see the beauty of mathematics around us. He always motivates me
whenever I feel depressed. Without him I would have left my passion, my
strength and my love for The Mathematics.
Also, lastly but not the least, I am very thankful to Prof. A. R. Rao Sir,
for his valuable contributions in the field of Mathematics and for the
advancements of mathematics.
Also, the last thanks to the beautiful Mathematics, it’s the best and the
greatest reason for happiness in my life.
-Keval Purohit
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Sr. No. TOPIC PAGE NO.

Α INTRODUCTION 1
Β COMAPRISION:CHEMISTRY AND MATHEMATICS 3
Γ PATTERNS 4
Δ SHAPES 14
Ε NUMBERS 17
Ζ FIELDS OF MATHEMATICS 21
Θ CONCLUSION 24
Ι REFERENCES 25

“Mathematics is the queen of sciences and the main driving force behind scientific discovery”
-Marcus du Sautoy
1|Page

(α)
INTRODUCTION

What Is Science?
Before getting into the concern about “Mathematics as Science of Patterns,
Shapes and Numbers”, we need to understand what “Science” is?
“According to Google:-The intellectual and practical activity
encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the
physical and natural world through observation and experiment”.
What Is Mathematics?
One of the frequently asked questions to any mathematician or to a math-
related-person is “What is Mathematics?” Over the years many answers
and definitions have been proposed for the question, also each and every
individual has his/her own views and thus definition according to the many
factors like-How the person was taught, which field the person belongs to,
etc.
Gauss referred to mathematics first time as “the Queen of the Sciences”. In
the original Latin Regina Scientiarum, as well as in German Königin der
Wissenschaften, the word corresponding to science means a “field of
knowledge”, and this was the original meaning of “science” in English,
also; mathematics is in this sense a field of knowledge. More
recently, Marcus du Sautoy has called mathematics “the Queen of
Science ... the main driving force behind scientific discovery”.
Karl Popper concluded that “most mathematical theories are, like those
of physics and biology, hypothetico-deductive: pure mathematics therefore
turns oTut to be much closer to the natural sciences whose hypotheses are
conjectures, than it seemed even recently.”
Thus, a large mass started recognizing Mathematics to be “Science”.
Pattern, Shapes and Numbers play a major role both in the fields of
Biology, Chemistry and Physics as well as in Mathematics. Also, in
analytical sciences everything revolves around Patterns, Shapes and
Numbers and thus it lead to involvement of Mathematicians in many major
scientific theories and breakthroughs.
2|Page

The Mathematicians like “Kepler”, “Johann Jacob Balmer”, etc helped the
physicists and chemists to find out proper mathematical formulae,
configurations, graphs, from their experimental observations using patterns
and shapes of the numbers, graphs or shapes of molecules etc.
The era of Einstein brought huge change in the involvement of
mathematics in sciences, due to the high paced development of analytical
and theoretical physics and chemistry and concerns about universe and
different theories related to it lead to the development of the mathematics
as well, mathematics started growing more and more diverse.
This leaded to shift the of importance of Mathematics to “Analytical
branch” where the answers and conclusions are found using certain
numbers, repetitions, probabilities, patterns, shapes, topologies, etc.
Thus, lead to the new definition to the Mathematics which can justify the
era-“The Science of Pattern, Shapes and Numbers”.
3|Page

(β)
COMPARISION: CHEMISTRY AND MATHEMATICS

CHEMISTRY MATHEMATICS

MOLECULES ALGEBRA
ATOMS TOPOLOGY
CHEMICAL GEOMETRY
COMPOUNDS ANALYSIS
THERMODYNAMICS PROBABILTY

&

ANALYSIS
PROTONS
PATTERNS
ANALYSIS
NEUTRONS
SHAPES
ELECTRONS
NUMBERS

CHEMISTRY IS SCIENCE MATHEMATICS IS THE

OF PROTON, NEUTRON SCIENCE OF PATTERNS
AND ELECTRON AND SHAPES AND
THEIR INTERACTION NUMBERS AND THEIR
WITH EACH OTHER INTERACTIONS WITH
AND EVERYTHING EACH OTHER AND
ELSE. EVERYTHING ELSE.
4|Page

(γ)
PATTERNS

A pattern is a noticeable regularity in the world or in a manmade design. As

such, the elements of a pattern repeat in a predictable manner. A geometric
pattern is a kind of pattern formed of geometric shapes and typically
repeating like a wallpaper.
Any of the five senses may directly observe patterns. Conversely, abstract
patterns in science, mathematics, or language may be observable only by
analysis. Direct observation in practice means seeing visual patterns, which
are widespread in nature and in art. Visual patterns in nature are often
chaotic, never exactly repeating, and often involve fractals.
Natural patterns include spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tiling, cracks,
and those created by symmetries of rotation and reflection. Patterns have an
underlying mathematical structure indeed, mathematics can be seen as the
search for regularities, and the output of any function is a mathematical
pattern. Similarly in the sciences, theories explain and predict regularities in
the world.
In art and architecture, decorations or visual motifs may be combined and
repeated to form patterns designed to have a chosen effect on the viewer. In
computer science, a software design pattern is a known solution to a class
of problems in programming. In fashion, the pattern is a template used to
create any number of similar garments.

EXAMPLES

Ohm’s Law

SHAPES
5|Page

It is an example of Ohm’s Law.

Ignoring the error percentage and assuming ideal conditions, when get from
number:-
10/(10)(0.991)=10/(9)(1.105)=..=..=..=..=..=..=..=10/(1)(10)=1
Thus, the V,I and R follows the pattern and the pattern comes out to be
V/IR=1,So,We get Ohm’s law.
This could also be found by plotting 1/R and I on the graph paper and the
graph by joining the set of discrete points is a Straight line thus, IR=Constant
as the slope is constant.

Fibonacci Sequence
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,65,99,164,.. .. ..
The pattern is-Each term in the series is the sum of previous to terms of the
series starting from 1 and 1.
1+1=2;1+2=3;…………………………………….65+99=164;.. .. ..

Analytical Example

Suppose we put two panes of glass back-to-back. How many ways are there
for light rays to pass through or be reflected after changing direction n
times? The first few cases are:

When n is even, we have an even number of bounces and the ray passes
through; when n is odd, the ray is reflected and it re-emerges on the same
side it entered. The a(n)‘s seem to be Fibonacci numbers, and a little staring
at the figure tells us why: For n >= 2, the n-bounce rays either take their first
bounce off the opposite surface and continue in a(n)-1 ways, or they begin
by bouncing off the middle surface and then bouncing back again to finish
in a(n)-2 ways. Thus we have the Fibonacci recurrence: a(n) = a(n)-1 + a(n)-
2.
6|Page

This is the vastness of practicality of Fibonacci Numbers. Their sheer beauty

lies in the fact that they are omnipresent.

NATURE & FIBONACCI NUMBERS

Fibonacci in Plants
Phyllotaxis is the study of the ordered position of leaves on a stem. The
leaves on this plant are staggered in a spiral pattern to permit optimum
exposure to sunlight. If we apply the Golden Ratio to a circle we can see
how it is that this plant exhibits Fibonacci qualities. Click on the picture to
see a more detailed illustration of leaf arrangements.
7|Page

By dividing a circle into Golden proportions, where the ratio of the arc
length are equal to the Golden Ratio, we find the angle of the arcs to be
137.5 degrees. In fact, this is the angle at which adjacent leaves are
positioned around the stem. This phenomenon is observed in many types of
plants.
In the case of tapered pinecones or pineapples, we see a double set of spirals
– one going in a clockwise direction and one in the opposite direction. When
these spirals are counted, the two sets are found to be adjacent Fibonacci
numbers.

Similarly, sunflowers have a Golden Spiral seed arrangement. This provides

a biological advantage because it maximizes the number of seeds that can
be packed into a seed head.

Inside the fruit of many plants we can observe the presence of Fibonacci
order.

The banana has 3 sections and The apple has 5 sections.

8|Page

As well, many flowers have a Fibonacci number of petals. Some, like this
rose, also have Fibonacci, or Golden Spiral, petal arrangements.

Branching plants also exhibit Fibonacci numbers. Again, this design

provides the best physical accommodation for the number of branches,
while maximizing sun exposure.

Fibonacci Petals
3 petals lily, iris
5 petals buttercup, wild rose, larkspur, columbine
8 petals delphiniums
13 petals ragwort, corn marigold, cineraria
21 petals aster, black-eyed susan, chicory
34 petals plantain, pytethrum
55, 89 petals michelmas daisies, the asteraceae family
9|Page

The occurrence of Fibonacci Numbers in Nature is interesting but the ratio

of consecutive Fibonacci Numbers is important.

Fibonacci in Animals
The shell of the chambered Nautilus has Golden proportions. It is
a logarithmic spiral.

The eyes, fins and tail of the dolphin fall at Golden sections along the body.

A starfish has 5 arms. (5 is the 5th Fibonacci number)

If a regular pentagon is drawn and diagonals are added, a five-sided star or

pentagram is formed. Where the sides of the pentagon are one unit in length,
the ratio between the diagonals and the sides is Phi, or the Golden Ratio.
This five-point symmetry with Golden proportions is found in starfish.
10 | P a g e

Humans exhibit Fibonacci characteristics, too. The Golden Ratio is seen in

the proportions in the sections of a finger.

It is also worthwhile to mention that we have 8 fingers in total, 5 digits on

each hand, 3 bones in each finger, 2 bones in 1 thumb, and 1 thumb on each
hand.
The ratio between the forearm and the hand is the Golden Ratio!

The cochlea of the inner ear forms a Golden Spiral.

11 | P a g e

Thus, in every aspect of natural or human made environment and ecosystem

there exists a pattern or a chance of having some pattern. Thus, science is
highly enriched with patterns from the scientific observations of an
experiment to the movement of an object, everywhere pattern is involved.
Thus, finding this pattern and solving or getting some solutions out of these
patterns is not Physics or Chemistry its very much different from that but
it’s a part of science because its part of each and everything.
We also know that finding pattern and getting out some solutions out of
them is the aspect of Mathematics. Thus, we say that the Mathematics is
science of patterns without which science is not just incomplete also
inefficient.

Golden Ratio
Two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of
their sum to the larger of the two quantities. Expressed algebraically, for
quantities a and b with a > b > 0,

Golden Ratio is also said to be “God’s Signature”. Like every artist like a
painter leaves behind his signature marking in their artwork similarly, God
is said to be leaving behind the Golden-Ratio in all his creations, as it is
found most widely in the nature.. .. ..
12 | P a g e

Also, Golden Ratio is thought to be the stability ratio as many old

monuments and buildings have shown the traces of Golden-Ratio in the
basic structure which could be one reason for their stability and strength.

Beauty and Golden-Ratio

“Beauty is in the phi of the beholder”

The research evidence shows that our perception of physical beauty is hard
wired into our being and based on how closely the features of one’s face
reflect phi in their proportions. The Golden Ratio appears extensively in the
human face, as demonstrated in a 2009 university study on attractiveness.
Dr. Stephen Marquardt has studied human beauty for years in his practice
of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Dr. Marquardt performed cross-cultural
surveys on beauty and found that all groups had the same perceptions of
facial beauty. He also analyzed the human face from ancient times to the
modern day. Through his research, he discovered that beauty is not only
13 | P a g e

related to phi, but can be defined for both genders and for all races, cultures
and eras with the beauty mask which he developed and patented. This mask
uses the pentagon and decagon as its foundation, which embody phi in all
their dimensions. For more information and other examples, see his site
at Marquardt Beauty Analysis.

Angelina Jolie, One of the globally renowned actress and one of the
beautiful actress. The research showed that the secrets of her beauty are
“perfect golden-ratio face-cuts”.
14 | P a g e

(δ)
SHAPES

Shape is the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something. A

geometric figure such as a square, triangle, or rectangle.
It’s the factor which plays the most important role in differentiating an
object from its appearance. It is the first differentiating characteristics of an
object.
There are many different shapes in the world, like geometrical shapes like
square, circle or the shape of a human or shape of a tree and many such
billions of different shapes.
Each shape has its own significance and thus each and every shape is
important.
Each and every field requires the knowledge of geometry and thus shapes
may it be physics, biology, chemistry, fashion technology, etc.
Traces of knowledge of shapes in ancient India:-
UNDERWATER-DWARKA

INDUS-VALLEY CIVILISATION
15 | P a g e

Classification of Shapes
Some simple shapes can be put into broad categories. For instance,
polygons are classified according to their number of edges as
triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, etc. Each of these is divided into
smaller categories; triangles can be equilateral, isosceles, obtuse, acute,
scalene etc. while quadrilaterals can be rectangles, squares, rhombus etc.
Other common shapes are points, lines, planes, and conic sections such
as ellipses, circles, and parabolas.
Among the most common 3-dimensional shapes are polyhedra, which are
shapes with flat faces; ellipsoids, which are egg-shaped or sphere-shaped
objects; cylinders; and cones.
If an object falls into one of these categories exactly or even
approximately we can use it to describe the shape of the object. Thus, we
say that the shape of a manhole cover is a disk, because it is approximately
the same geometric object as an actual geometric disk.

Comparing Shapes

Congruence: Two objects are congruent if one can be transformed into the
other by a sequence of rotations, translations, and/or reflections.

Similarity: Two objects are similar if one can be transformed into the
other by a uniform scaling, together with a sequence of rotations,
translations, and/or reflections.

Isotopy: Two objects are isotopic if one can be transformed into the other
by a sequence of deformations that do not tear the object or put holes in it.
16 | P a g e

EXAMPLES

Type of shape
Its very much important which is the shape you are using, each shape has
its own significances.

Circle is one of the most important shape of all shapes.

Importance:-
Shape of Wheel is Circular
Orbits of Satellites are Circular
Shapes of Many Celestial bodies as well as their orbits’ shapes are circular
or nearly circular
Nature has large numbers of circles like- eyes, center of flower, etc.

Symmetry
Symmetry is one of the most important key to all scientific researches.
Infact, many of the vast theories are proved using symmetry.
Importance of symmetry is due to the fact:-“Nature is Symmetric and thus
symmetry brings stability”.
For Example:-
Buildings which are symmetric are stronger than non-symmetric one sand
protected to earthquakes.
Symmetry also has a vital role in the General Relativity Principles by
Einstein.
17 | P a g e

(ε)
NUMBERS

Numbers are dispensable parts of Mathematics, the first things that come
before your eyes when you imagine mathematics are numbers.
Numbers are the reasons which have made mathematics significant and each
and every branch of mathematics meaningful, so, in practical terms,
numbers are the basis of the mathematics.
Also, they are the reason which makes mathematics interesting and
interactive.
Numbers are the reason for mathematics being part of each and every other
field like physics, chemistry, biology, fashion technology, etc.

Main classification of Numbers:-

Natural 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... or 1, 2, 3, 4, ..

Integer ..., −5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...

Rational a/b where a and b are integers and b is not 0
Real The limit of a convergent sequence of rational numbers
Complex a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i is the square root of −1
18 | P a g e

EXAMPLES

Numbers have made it possible to help us referencing. It help us to get

counting, location, speed, position, distance, etc.

* + O * * + - O ^
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Prime Numbers
Numbers which are divisible by 1 and itself that is, it has only 2 factors, these
type of numbers are known as “Prime Numbers”
e.g.:-2, 3, 5, 7, 11,. .. ..
The property of being prime (or not) is called primality. A simple but slow
method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial
division. It consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer
between 2 and Root n. Algorithms much more efficient than trial division
have been devised to test the primality of large numbers. These include
the Miller–Rabin primality test, which is fast but has a small probability of
error, and the AKS primality test, which always produces the correct
answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical. Particularly fast
methods are available for numbers of special forms, such as Mersenne
numbers. As of January 2016, the largest known prime number has
22,338,618 decimal digits.
19 | P a g e

There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300

BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from
composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the
statistical behavior of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result
in that direction is the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the
19th century, which says that the probability that a given, randomly chosen
number n is prime is inversely proportional to its number of digits, or to
the logarithm of n.
Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such
as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be
expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that
there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2). Such
questions spurred the development of various branches of number theory,
focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers.
Primes are used in several routines in information technology, such
as public-key cryptography, which makes use of properties such as the
difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors. Prime
numbers give rise to various generalizations in other mathematical
domains, mainly algebra, such as elements and prime ideals.

Fermat primes and constructible polygons

Fermat primes are primes of the form
Fk = 22k + 1,
with k a natural number. They are named after Pierre de Fermat, who
conjectured that all such numbers are prime. This was based on the
evidence of the first five numbers in this series—3, 5, 17, 257, and
65,537—being prime. However, F5 is composite and so are all other
Fermat numbers that have been verified as of 2015. A regular n-gon is
constructible using straightedge and compass if and only if the odd prime
factors of n (if any) are distinct Fermat primes.

Prime numbers in nature

The evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus Magicicada make

use of prime numbers.
20 | P a g e

These insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground. They only
pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or 17 years, at
which point they fly about, breed, and then die after a few weeks at most.
The logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between
emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could
specialize as predators on Magicicadas. If Magicicadas appeared at a non-
prime number intervals, say every 12 years, then predators appearing
every 2, 3, 4, 6, or 12 years would be sure to meet them. Over a 200-year
period, average predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14-
and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2% higher than during outbreaks of
13- and 17-year cicadas.Though small, this advantage appears to have
been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-
cycle for these insects.
There is speculation that the zeros of the zeta function are connected to the
energy levels of complex quantum systems.
21 | P a g e

(ζ)
FIELDS OF MATHEMATICS

1. ALGEBRA

Algebra is a branch of Math most people who have gone through High
School would have studied at some stage: it introduces symbols (your
familiar x, y, z etc.) and a series of mathematical operations like
factorization, expansions, etc. It can be studied from a very elementary level
(like addition and simplifications of algebraic fractions, solving simple
simultaneous linear equations involving 2 unknowns) up to college and
university levels and beyond where one studies complex linear systems,
determinants, matrices, eigenvalues, vectors spaces, fractals, etc.

Algebra requires has certain formulae and rules or patterns which all the
variable in an environment follows certain.

The equations gives different shapes of graphs or sometimes graphs give

different equations according to the number of values of roots, or the shapes
of graphs we get etc.

Thus, Basis of ALGEBRA are Pattern, Shapes and Numbers.

2. TRIGONOMETRY

This is the branch of Math studying angles; in fact, it generally forms part
of what used to be called Plane Geometry. In trigonometry the angles are
associated with certain defined ratios and thus are born the trigonometric
concepts of sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant and cotangent associated
with an angle of any magnitude. One studies the various trigonometric ratios
and trigonometric identities and various operations involving these.

Shapes of triangle and the degrees of angle, patterns in the same type of
triangle (general rule-Pythagoras theorem), etc.

Thus, Basis of TRIGONOMETRY is Shapes and Patterns and also,

Numbers when it comes to applications of Trigonometry.
22 | P a g e

3. GEOMETRY

In Geometry, various theorems and lemmas regarding plane figures

(straight lines, triangles, quadrilaterals, trapeziums, circles, ellipses etc.) are
studies in detail. Geometry theorems are often associated with angles (see
Trigonometry above). You probably have studied graphing, with horizontal
axis (the x-axis) and the vertical axis (y-axis) with straight lines and methods
of determining the slope of the straight line. This subdivision of Geometry
is Cartesian Geometry or Co-ordinate Geometry, attributed to Rene
Descartes. Again, the study of Geometry can progress from the very simple
but can become highly complex as in Vector and Spherical Geometry,
Topology etc.

Geometry is all about different shapes and the co-ordinate geometry gives
brings out the concept of solving geometry using algebra which requires
both numbers and patterns to find out the relations between the figures and
their characteristics to get the proper formulae.

Thus, Basis of GEOMETRY is Pattern, Shapes and Numbers.

4. CALCULUS

This is probably one of the most important branches of Mathematics, not

least because it has many applications in other fields of knowledge – social
science, physical sciences, biological sciences and all divisions of
engineering. It introduces various important concepts ( e.g. the derivative or
differential coefficient of one variable with respect to another, the anti-
derivative ) and provides powerful mathematical tools that allow
mathematicians to determine accurately and efficiently quantities like rates
of flow of water from a tunnel, rate of decay of a radioactive chemical, etc.

The formulae in the Calculus are found through the patterns involved in
functions and other concepts of graphs and shapes of graphs of different
functions.

Thus, Shapes and Pattern are the basis of Calculus.

23 | P a g e

5. STATISTICS

This subject, usually studied together with Probability Theory (which some
regard as a branch of Algebra, or Boolean Algebra) is the Math subject that
examines the methods of collecting, representing, collating, comparing,
analyzing and interpreting data. In probability theory, the concept of a
probability of an event is defined, followed by discussions of various
probability theorems and probability distributions like the Normal
Distribution, Binomial Distribution etc. It introduces terms like mean or
average, median, mode, and discusses various ways of representing data –
in gives, histograms, etc. There are also statistical tests (chi-squared tests,
the t-tests) that are being used to co-relate sets of data to determine if there
is some significant relationship between them.

Statistics deals with all type of data and thus Numbers

Main motive of statistics is to sort the data and make it useful using
Patterns and Numbers.
24 | P a g e

(Θ)
CONCLUSION

All the fields of Mathematics-‘Algebra’, ‘Trigonometry’, ‘Geometry’,

‘Calculus’ and ‘Statistics’ are based on the Patterns, Shapes and Numbers
and thus we can conclude that Mathematics is based on Pattern, Shapes and
Numbers.
Defining mathematics is always been keen concern of mathematicians as
well as any introduction math class. One way of definition is defining it by
“what it does in the era?” and that is the definition of mathematics for the
era. So, in this era of analytical science where everyday people are dealing
with lots and lots of data analysis in each and every field, the Pattern,
Shapes and Numbers have become the limelight of Mathematics-Research
and now mathematics has grown from just solving sums to an
experimentation and observation, finding relation to the real world and
thus it involves science which brings us to conclusion, “Mathematics is the
Science of Patterns, Shapes and Numbers.”
Thus, Mathematics can be defined as the science of “Pattern, Shapes and
Numbers”.
25 | P a g e

(ι)
REFERENCES

http://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/mathematics-as-the-science-of-
patterns-introduction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number
http://www.actforlibraries.org/different-branches-of-mathematics/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_mathematics
https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/nature-golden-ratio-fibonacci.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio
http://www.goldennumber.net/beauty/
http://wlacphase.weebly.com/about.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number

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