Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT
Flower arrangement is the art of organizing and grouping plant materials (flowers, foliages, fruits, twigs etc)
to achieve harmony of colour, form, texture therby adding life and beauty to the surrounding.
Flower arrangements are done in the hotel because of:
‐Creating ambience and décor
‐Religious reasons
‐Amenities for VIP guests
‐Personalized service
‐To fit empty unattractive spaces‐‐‐ acts as a camouflage
‐Special functions
Who does flower arrangements in hotels?
‐Housekeeping is responsible for all flower arrangements and their placement in hotels
‐Large hotels have a horticulturist who looks after the entire gardening and florist who supplies and arranges
flowers under the supervision of housekeepers
‐Some hotels also have contract service in which flowers and arrangements are bought in and taken away as
per agreement
Area where flower arrangement is prepared:‐
The flower arrangements are prepared in flower room equipped with sink, running water, containers, buckets,
vases, scissors etc.
The areas in the hotel where flower arrangement are placed are:
‐A large arrangement of flowers in the foyer & in the lounges and restaurants
‐Small arrangements in suites
‐A budvase in every room
‐Medium sized round arrangements at the GRE's desk in lobby and on coffee tables in the lounge
‐Restaurants have budvases on each table
‐Low height table arrangements for conferences and meetings
‐Large arrangements at informal banquets can be seen
‐Wall arrangements and table centrepieces in buffet tables at wedding banquets
‐ Small arrangements in Executive offices
EQUIPMENT & MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR FLOWER ARRANGEMENT:
The equipment & material used for flower arrangement are a necessity which is listed below:
‐Mechanics
‐Equipment
‐Containers
‐Bases
‐Accessories
‐Plant material
‐Support
I)MECHANICS: These are items used to keep the flowers, foliages and stems in place within the container.
Mechanics must be fixed securely and should be hidden from view. They are:
i)Floral foam/Oasis:‐ A cellular plastic material which has ability to hold water but cannot be reused and is
expensive. They are of two types:‐
a) Green foam‐ These need to be soaked in water.Shapes found are mostly rounds and blocks and is
used for fresh flower arrangements
b) Brown/ grey foam‐ Used only for dry arrangements or artificial display materials
ii) Beeswax‐ It is used to anchor the pin holder to the container and prevent it from shifting while arranging
flowers.
iii)Chicken wire/ wire mesh/ wire netting: This is used to cover floral foam blocks. It is of 2 types ‐ galvanized
wire & plastic coated wire.
iv)Pin holders / kenzan: A series of sharply pointed pins are firmly held in a solid lead base, which may be
circular or rectangular in shape. It holds thick and heavy stems securely by impaling them on the pins. It is
placed on shallow dishes or with other mechanics for display.
v)Prong: This is the simplest type of floral foam anchor. It is a small plastic disc with four vertical prongs. The
base of the prong is attached to the container with adhesive clay and the block of round floral foam is pressed
down onto the prongs.
vi)Florist's cone/ flower tube / flower funnel: It acts as a miniature vase where foliages or flowers need to be
placed above their stem height. Its length is about 1 foot and the pointed end is tied to a cane which is pushed
into the foam.
vii)Adhesive clay / oasis fix: It is a non‐ setting sticky clay in strip form which holds dry surfaces together. It is
used for securing a pin holder or prong. It is brown or green colour. To remove it wipe with white spirit.
Plasticine can be an alternative.
viii)Adhesive tape /oasis tape: This strong sticky tape may be wide or narrow and is used to secure floral
foam or chicken wire to the container.
ix)Pebbles & marbles: Round marbles or flattened glass nuggets, or pebbles can be used to add to the
attractiveness of the display.
II)EQUIPMENT: This includes tools or other aids used to prepare flower arrangements.
i)Buckets‐ a vital equipment for collecting flowers from garden and conditioning blooms
ii)Scissors‐ used to crush tissues and cut flowers
iii)Secateurs‐ They are double spring scissors having spring between two blades and helps in cutting woody
stems
iv)Mister/water sprinkler‐ a hand held spray bottle to produce fine mist of water helps in keeping
arrangement fresh
v)Watering can‐ Used for topping up water supply in container or re wetting the foam
vi)Prongs‐ used to hold cut flowers
vii)Knife‐ it is used for scraping stems, removing leaves, stripping thorns
viii)Paints, finishes‐ Paints can be used on containers, mechanics
III)CONTAINERS: These are equipments where arrangements are placed which should be waterproof and
should be simplistic in design Examples are:‐
i)Vases ‐ It is a container that is tall and narrow with a restricted mouth specially used for cut flowers. Bud
vases are used for a single rose, tulip or orchid
ii)Jugs‐ It is a container with a single handle and useful for old world arrangements
iii)Basket‐ used for dried flower arrangements generally they are shallow, wide basket with high handle
iv)Bowls‐ shallow containers used for arrangements.
IV)BASES: An object that is placed underneath the container to protect the surface of the support. Example
i)A straw, bamboo or plastic table mat
ii)A cross section of a tree trunk.
iii)Wood base of different shapes
iv)Stone base of marble, slate, limestone
V)ACCESSORIES: These are non plant materials included in or placed alongside the arrangement. Examples are
baskets, miniature dolls, baby shoes, grain scoops, ribbons, artificial glitter, beads, candles, painted wires,
shells, pebbles.
VI)PLANT MATERIALS: Any arrangement consists of flowers, foliages and fillers. Examples are
c) Flowers: Gladioli, bird of paradise, gerbera, oriental lilies, chrysanthemum, anthurium, tulips, orchids,
Dutch rose, carnation, tuberose.
d) Foliages: Different leaves are used for arrangements like Erica palm, asparagus ferns, dracaena,
philodendron, ivy, Keya leaves.
e) Fillers: These are also different foliages which are used for arrangments like Golden rods, limonium,
gypsophila (baby's breath), white asters (montecasino), yellow asters (solidago), Queen Anne's lace
etc.
CONDITIONING OF PLANT MATERIAL
Flower arrangers used the term conditioning to refer to the preparation of cut plant materials for a long life,
the filling of stems with water and prevention of wilting.
PREPARATION:‐
When to cut:‐Plants should be cut early in the morning or late in evening when rate of transpiration is
lowest and flowers are filled with moisture.
How to cut:‐ Using sharp cutting instrument cut diagonally across the stem to have clean, cut providing
maximum area for water absorption
Immediate Immersion:‐ Once cut plant material should be immediately immersed in water to prevent
wilting
Hardening;‐ Plants should be allowed to stand in water 8" depth for 6‐ 8 hrs before arrangeent ensuring
absorption of water
Cutting under water:‐ Stems should be cut under water to prevent air bubbles forming within stem
which causes flowers to wilt,so that maximum water absorption takes place
Searing: Stems which emit a milky white sap when cut should either be held over a flame or placed in
boiling water for few seconds to prevent the life giving sap from draining off.
Shearing: Excessive leaves should be removed as they give a tangled appearance, increased
transpiration, cause decay and unpleasant odour.
Ensure arrangement is placed away from sunlight
Ensure water level is adequate and maintained
Addition of sugar, ammonia. Camphor, aspirin slows bacterial growth thus prolonging life of flowers
AFTERCARE: The following guidelines for aftercare are:
a)Ensure that the arrangement is placed away from direct sunlight to prevent dehydration.
b)Do not put flowers near a fruit bowl as they emit ethylene gas when ripening which cause wilting of flowers.
c)Prolong the freshness of the arrangement by spraying water from a mister.
d)Change the water of the vase everyday to last the arrangement longer.
e)Listerine, ammonia, charcoal, salt, lemonade, sugar, camphor or aspirin is added in small amounts to the
water slows down bacterial growth, thus prolonging the life of flowers.
f)Use clean containers to prevent premature fouling and bacterial growth.
STYLES OF FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS
Different styles of flower arrangement can be found. They are as follows:
a)Based on the angle of view:‐
i)All around:‐ This is designed to be seen from all sides and is placed on a table centerpiece
ii)Facing/ Front view/ Flat back‐ Designed only to be seen from front or side and placed on shelf/sideboard
b) Based on the space present:‐
i)Mass style: The arrangement is an all‐round one.
ii)Line style: Most of the display is done in a line with limited use of plant material. Example, Ikebana.
iii)Line‐mass style: The skeleton is done by line material and then filled with flowers. Example, Triangular
shape, circular shape, crescent shape, fan shape, Hogarth or‘s' shape.
iv)Miscellaneous style: Parallel style, landscape style.
c)Based on shape:‐
Horizontal Arrangements‐ used for long table arrangements
Vertical Arrangements‐ used for vase arrangements
Triangular Arrangements‐ used for symmetrical arrangements
Oval arrangements‐ Used mostly for formal arrangements
Crescent Arrangements ‐ Crescent is assymetrical and formal in character
Parallel style‐ Also called European style spread from Holland with rectangular block of foam, group of
stem arises vertically
d) Based on type of plant material used:‐
i)Foliage arrangement‐ Designed with fresh leaves and made into an arrangement
ii)Dried flower arrangement ‐These are made with dry plants like wood roses, wood berries, cones, poppy
heads, bulrushes, firs, beeches, brooms, grass and reeds.
e) Based on the effect:‐
i)Formal arrangement / Western/ Traditional: This is symmetrical mass arrangements.They are elaborate and
with attractive containers.
ii) Semiformal‐ It is not completely symmetrical
ii)Informal arrangement: This is asymmetrical i.e. high and light material on one side flowing in towards the
axis, is balanced by larger shorter material, low and flowing away from the axis on to the other side of the
line.
iii)Modern / free styles: Blend of Western and Japaneese style resulted in new style free from stiffness of rules
and traditional forms based on creativity of the individual.
iv)Abstract‐In this design it reflects designers own feelings based on structural design and geometric patterns
v)Eastern / Ikebana / Japanese: The word Ikebana means ‘making flowers live' in Japaneese. They are
symbolic representation of harmony which exists between earth and eternal life. In each arrangement, there
is an imaginary triangle
‐Heaven, Man and Earth are represented by means of three main branches.
‐SHIN is the highest branch and symbolizes heaven ; it ends on the central axis of the vase. This stem should
be 1½ ‐2½ times the height of the container.
‐SOE is the second highest stem represents man which looks towards earth.It provides width to the
arrangement and is about ¾ the heights of the tallest branch. This stem forms an angle of 45° with the rim of
the container.
‐HIKAE is the lowest stem and denotes Earth This branch is about 1/2 of the second stem and forming an
angle of 115° with the rim of the container and is used to blance the arrangement.
FEATURES OF IKEBANA:‐
They use tall vases(made of bamboo, bronze, pottery) and low bowls( made of bronze, pottery
They always use odd no. of flowers as they are considered to be lucky
The arrangement is based on simplistic designs
There is no overcrowding of plants
OTHER ORIENTAL ARRANGEMENTS:‐
‐Arrangements in a low or flat container is known as MORIBANA style.
‐Arrangements in tall vase without pin holder is HIKAE style.
‐Floating arrangements are known as UKIBANA
‐Basket arrangements are MORIMONO
‐A triangular, symmetrical, formal arrangement with strict rules of lengths and angles is SEIKA style
‐Classical arrangements in tall cylindrical vases with natural effect is NAGERIE
PLACEMENT OF FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS
i)Low level (On the floor upto 8"): This type of arrangement is found in landscapes, urns ,floating arrangments
etc.
ii)Eye level (18" to 4 ft): Arrangements seen on TV tops, alcoves, coffee table, dressing table.
iii)High level (5 ft & above): Anything placed above eye level like arrangement found on pelmets &
suspended from the ceiling.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN AS APPLIED TO FLOWER ARRANGEMENT
The basic principles of art are also applicable to the art of flower arrangement.The principles are as follows:‐
I)DESIGN:‐. All arrangements should have a proper design; that is the structural pattern of the arrangement
which determines the shape, size and suitability of the various component parts and their relationship to each
other.
For creating a good design the following points should be considered:
i)The stems should all flow from a central point, avoiding cross stems.
ii)The focal point(central area from which flowers and foliages appear to emerge) should be under the tallest
point.
iii)The flower used should not be monotonous.
iv)The height, width and depth required to be proportionate.
v)The shape ought to be clearly defined.
II)SCALING/PROPORTION:‐
Means the size relationship between the component parts of an arrangement, involving a good proportion
bewtween plant material, container, size and function.
To achieve correct scaling the points to be borne in mind are:
i)One should avoid using together very different types of material.
ii)Put huge flowers in a large low container rather than in a tall narrow one.
iii)No flower should be more than one‐third of the size of the container.
iv)If a round vase is used then use a round base.
v)One should fill ⅔ of the space in a given vase & use the surrounding space to set off the arrangement.
vii)The height of the material should be 1 & 1½ times the height of the container (or the width of the
container if it is long & low).
III)BALANCE:‐ It is shown in the way in which materials are grouped in a design and physical as well as visual
balance needs to be considered.The components of balance are form(size which creates apparent weight) and
colour( Darker color gives an improession of weight.
A)PHYSICAL BALANCE:
i)Symmetrical balance: This occurs when the material is so arranged that if we draw an imaginary line through
the centre of the arrangement one would find visually equal distribution of material on each side of the line.
ii)Asymmetrical balance: This is so placed that high and light material on one side of the imaginary line,
balanced by larger shorter material on the other side
iii)Balance by placement: Means that the arrangement is placed to one side of a long base.
iv)Balance by accessories: Means that anything from a figurine to leaves may be used on the weakest side.
B)VISUAL BALANCE: It can be achieved by following the points:
i)Dark flowers look heavier than pale ones.
ii)Round flowers look heavier than conical ones.
iii)Large flowers to be placed centrally and close to the bottom of the arrangement.
C) SUITABLE BACKGROUND:‐ The various aspects to be considered are:
f) Style of the room
g) Size of the room
h) Type of wall surface
i) Practicality
D)VARIETY OF PLANT TEXTURE:‐ Plant material comes in various textures like glossy, velvety, dull, and prickly.
A glossy flower is brightened when placed next to matt foliage.
IV)RHYTHM:‐ This is the feeling of motion created by using curved lines. It can be achieved by:
i)Using graduating sizes or different degrees of opening of the flowers
ii)Using curves stems
iii)Using foliages of various sizes and contrasting shapes
iv)Having an irregular line of various ‐ sized blooms
V)PROPER USE OF COLOUR:‐ Colours should be used judicially.
VI)EMPHASIS:‐ Emphasis should be achieved by creating a focal point or centre of interest.
The usual methods of achieving emphasis are:
i)Include a small group of bold flowers (dominant material)
ii)Use an unusual container
iii)Use striking foliage and use dark leaves to accentuate light colours.
VII) HARMONY:‐ In the finished arrangement as a whole, the material used, the container, and accessories
should harmonize into one overall framework.
VIII)DISTINCTION:‐ This is the most important asset. Either your arrangement has it or not.
It is achieved by:
i)Using of unusual material
ii)Unusual method of emphasis has been used
iii)The colour combination is useful
iv)The finish is perfect
v)A good contrast has built up a strong design.
IX)REPETITION:‐ In color and form is essential for the arrangment to look harmonious but it should not be
carried too much. If not followed the arrangment looks incomplete and if overdone it is monotonous and
overcrowded.
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INDOOR PLANTS
With the increasing concern for the environment and the campaign against the use of
cut flowers, indoor plants have now become a vital part of interior decoration. The use
of artificial plants for the purpose of decoration has also become popular and these have
the added advantages of minimal maintenance. The advantages of natural plants over
the artificial plants is that they are not only decorative, but they also absorb potentially
harmful gases and clean the surrounding air. Most paints and furnishings in the process
of degradation emit trace levels of organic chemicals that can build up into high toxic
levels. Natural indoor plants act as air cleaning machines,removing the trace levels.
Plants that are chosen should be capable of surviving indoor conditions of
light, temperature and humidity. Any drastic change in the environment is
likely to affect the plants adversely. The health of a plant depends on the
soil mediums. Ideally, the soil should be of an open texture to allow air to
reach the roots. A mixture of red earth, coarse sand, compost and leaf mould forms a
very good medium.
Plants can be potted in clay/plastic pots. Clay pots are porous and allow
evaporation of moisture, hence they require more watering than the plastic
pots which are likely to be overwatered. Holes at the base of the pot assist in the
drainage of water.
The basic elements that a plant needs for growth are:
1. Air temperature
2. Light
3. Water
4. Humidity
5. Repotting
6. Food
7. Pruning
8. Disease and Pest Control
Plants however differ in the quality and quantity of these needs that they
must have in order to grow successfully.
AIR TEMPERATURE
Plants thrive well in warm temperatures. They can however adapt to the
given atmosphere. Plants cannot withstand a constant change in
temperature. It is wise to allow some transition time in the shade when
transferring it to extremes of temperature.
LIGHT
Although plants can be kept indoors, they need light for their growth. Light
is a vital factor in the photosynthesis process by which plants make their
food. Artificial lighting does enable a plant to grow properly. Indoor plants
will generally not grow in a dark or poorly lit room. Plants with dark green
leaves can be placed in a dark area with sufficient artificial light. If the light
is dim and the plant does not grow well it can be acclimatized by keeping it
in a shady place which receives little or no sunlight. The light intensity of a
plant varies according to the darkness of the area. Dimmer the light, longer
the lighting.
Often it is noticed that plants grow only in one direction. This is because
they are seeking light. To achieve a uniform growth, rotate the plants in
their place periodically.
Indoor plants need to be brought out for fresh air at least once a fortnight.
Care should be taken however to ensure that the plants are not placed in
direct sunlight. Doing so, even for five minutes will scorch the leaves of the
plant.
WATER
The water requirement of the plant depends on many factors like season,
position indoors, age of plant, type, room temperature, type and size of pot
and medium used. It is incorrect to presume that frequent watering of the
plant keeps it healthy. It is quite the reverse as overwatering can kill a plant.
Water has to be provided judiciously and though there is no accurate
guideline for this one can test the soil in the pot for dampness. If the soil is
damp, the plant does not need watering. If it is dry then sufficient water
must be applied so that water drains out from the drainage holes at the base of the pot.
By using less water here to prevent overflow, there is the risk of damaging the root
system and killing the plant as the root will grow upwards in search of water and may
get exposed and damaged by external factors.
Underwatering can also lead to the accumulation of salts at the top or side
and cause marginal or tip burning of leaves. Overwatering is as dangerous
as it will lead to root suffocation and rotting.
USEFUL HINTS FOR WATERING
_ The winter months require less watering for the plant as the root is
dormant, Conversely the summer is the growing season of the plant.
_ Plants with thin leaves require more water than others. Cacti and
succulent plants which store water require less watering.
_ Freshly potted plants with less root development will require little
water as overwatering can cause rotting of the tender roots. Well
grown plants would have developed a good root system and therefore
more water.
_ If the temperature of the room is high, there would be a relative
increase in transpiration, requiring more water. If it is cool, the
watering should be less.
_ Plants should not be allowed to wilt. On signs of wilting, water the
pots carefully so that the entire soil is drenched and the excess water
is drained off.
Also it is necessary to clean the leaves regularly with a wet sponge in order
for plants to thrive well and look healthy. This prevents the pores in the
leaves from getting clogged with dust.
HUMIDITY
Often one notices the tips of the leaves turning brown and wilting which
happens in an airconditioned room, simply because air conditioning dries
out the humidity in the air. The plants lose water faster from the pores in
their leaves than they can replace it through their roots.
Some suggestions to provide humidity for the plant:
1. Place the plants on a tray of wet pebbles. The water evaporates
upward from the surface of stones and creates a humid atmosphere
around the plants.
2. Group the plants together so that they can break the air currents
blowing on them and also take advantage of the moisture evaporating
from each other. Water pools between plants can enhance this effect.
3. Spray water on the leaves of the plant.
REPOTTING
Plants cannot grow forever in the same pot. As the roots gradually fill up
the pot, it needs to be planted in another pot for it to continue to grow. For
further growth, remove some soil from the top and replace it with fresh soil,
at least once a year. Repotting should be done during summer or during the rainy
season. Plants should be watered the day before repotting, but care must be taken not
to over water making the soil slushy. The plant should slide out of the old pot smoothly
without damaging the roots. For the
purpose of repotting, the next larger size which is bigger by 3 cm in
diameter is suitable and has drainage holes in the bottom which allow excess water to
flow out. Transfer to a very large pot may result in damage to the roots as they will
hold more water.
The use of a potting mixture which is available with nurseries is effective at
this stage as it contains no large particles of mud and allows free drainage of water.
FERTILIZING
Plants need to be fertilized fortnightly with a proper balance on N.P.K.
There are the three elements that are most essential to the growth of all
plants. Nitrogen is essential for the growth of the stem and leaves,
phosphorous for the roots and potassium for the general sturdiness of the
plant. There are ready chemical fertilizers with a mix of all three.
PRUNING
Pruning is required to make the plant grow bushier and to give it the desired shape. It is
also done to get rid of the diseased parts of the plant. Pruning should be done when the
plant is in its active growing stage and should never be carried out in winter.
DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL
Most plant problems occur due to two reasons – disease and pests. Be on a constant
lookout for symptoms of plant disease. However do not wait for
the plants to be affected and then take remedial action. – prevention is better than cure.
Spray the plants fortnightly to prevent attack. To control pests a mixture of 1.5 ml of a
broad – spectrum insecticide in one litre of water should be thoroughly sprayed on the
plant especially on the underside of the leaves. To control a fungal attack, add a few
pinches of a fungicide to water and spray the plant and thoroughly drench the roots as
well. Insects may have to be handpicked and put into soapy water. The use of a forceful
jet spray when spraying on infected plants would also remove most insects. A neem
spray is an organic way to keep disease and pests at bay without any side effects.
Biological control where natural pathogens are used to target specific insects is another
natural method of control. Insects are not all harmful. Some are also helpful. Natural
predators that help control certain types of pests should be encouraged in the garden.
GUIDELINES TO AVOID PLANT PROBLEMS
adequate fertile soil with essential nutrients
constant inspection and check on plants and any infected parts should
be immediately removed and destroyed before it spreads.
Overcrowding of plants can cause diseases since they require
adequate sunlight, water and good air circulation.
Water the soil as required and allow to dry out between watering, as
overwatering can cause rotting problems.
Remove all unnecessary old leaves, weeds, etc.
Regularly turn soil and leave exposed to sunlight allowing it to
sterilize.
Check whether the insecticide being used is curative or preventive
Do not give any insecticide treatment on a hot sunny day as the plants
could get scorched. Spray in the late evening when there is minimal
air movement.
Avoid spraying insecticide on delicate flowers and petals as they may
be adversely affected.
Use the required protective equipment like hand gloves and eyewear
when spraying the plants.
Most hotels are now including horticulture as an area of housekeeping
responsibility. It is not uncommon to have the horticulturist double up to
carry out flower arrangements in hotels. In hotels which have extensive
outdoor areas including terraces there are many possibilities for gardening.
The beauty of natural plants provides the feeling of being one with nature
and the use of indoor plants in a hotel is the latest attempt to bring nature
indoors.
POPULAR INDOOR PLANTS:
Dracena, Nolina,Palm(Date, Aereca, Fish Tail,Rhapis), Ficus, Anglonema
Climbing Plants: Philodendron, plumbago capensis
Spreading Plants:,Spider plant, hedera (ivy), peperomia glabberima.
Low Growing Plants: Begonia Rex, maranta
Green house plants: Azalea, begonia, cineria, hydrangea, primula
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LAUNDRY
The place in the hotel where washing and finishing of uniforms and linen are carried out.
Why laundry management?
Linen is Housekeeping Department’s second largest expense and laundry management is essential for
the success of a lodging operation. The responsibility of making linen look, smell and feel good, and
getting it to the right place at the right time is what good laundry management is.
Considerations while planning a laundry:
The decision of whether to include a laundry on the premises should ideally be made during the initial
planning stage for the facility. If this is not done, considerable costs may be incurred to change the
plumbing and electrical systems later. Hot water, cold water, steam, gas, large sewer drains and water
lines are essential plumbing considerations.
Location
Easily accessible with rooms and F and B areas.
Should be accessible from the linen rooms that heavy bundles of laundry can be easily
transported from one location to another.
Located away from guest areas for vibrations, humidity
Should have an outside wall so that air can be vented easily
Ideally should be located in the basement as machines are very heavy and vibrations can be
absorbed.
Easy transportation should be available
Size of the property
The rule of thumb for hotel laundries is 7 sq.ft per room(not including soil storage).For soiled storage
1 cubic foot for every 3.6 kg(upto a height of 4ft) is usually allotted.
Ventilation
Essential to exhaust moisture laden air from dryers.
Laundry rooms also require adequate ventilation through regular doors or windows to take in
supply of fresh air.
Equipment purchasing depends on:
Laundry equipment must be considered in relation to initial costs, life expectancy, maintenance and
depreciation. Overhead costs of utilities such as electricity, water and gas needs to be considered.
Output of linen
Type of linen processed.
Initial cost
Life expectancy
Maintenance
Depreciation
Amount of output based on occupancy in rooms and covers in F&B areas Out put are generally
measured in pounds. The number of pounds should be related to the occupancy levels in guestrooms
and number of covers in F & B outlet.
Labor The rule of thumb for small institutional laundry is that one person should be able to handle a
weight of about 36 kg an hour.
PLANNING LAUNDRY BASED ON PROPERTY SIZE, SPACE AND OUTPUT:
PROPERTIES SPACE OUTPUT
Small properties –
(under 150 rooms)
economy service 400800 sq. ft. 400,000 pd./yr.
midrange service 15002000 sq. ft.
Medium properties Vary between 1.5 million pd./yr.
150299 rooms 20003000 sq. ft
(world class service) 65007000 sq. ft.
Large properties 800018000 sq. ft. 8.5 million pd./yr.
More than 300 rooms
The average load per room (consisting of three bed sheets, three bath towels, two hand towels, one
bathmat and two pillow covers) comes up to approximately 5 – 6 kgs.
TYPES OF LAUNDRY:
a) ON PREMISES/ONSITE/INHOUSE LAUNDRY(OPL)
The laundry which is situated in the hotel
Laundering activities are carried by staff employed by the hotel
b)COMMERCIAL/ OFF SITE/ CONTRACTED LAUNDRY:
In these the laundering activities are performed outside the establishment
Given on a contract basis to specialists in the field.
The contract specifies the laundering costs and other costs.
Usually the soiled linen are laundered and delivered back in 2448 hrs.
c) LAUNDROMATS
A selfservice laundry facility where clothes are washed and dried.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ON PREMISES LAUNDRY:
ADVANTAGES:
Time taken for laundering is reduced because transportation is eliminated.
Linen is readily available especially in the case of emergency.
Control over the wash process and the laundry agents used making the wear and tear on linen
comparatively much lesser.
Pilferage is reduced.
The par stock required is reduced.
Revenue is earned from guest laundry.
Helps to render quality service to the guests.
DISADVANTAGES:
Initial cost of equipment and its maintenance is fairly high.
Related expenses like water tax, energy costs are high.
More staff who are technically qualified are required
High labor costs
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY:
ADVANTAGES:
No heavy investments on capital.
Labor costs saved
Solution for space constraints
Little technical expertise required.
DISADVANTAGES:
Control over standards reduced
Delays of delivery and collection
Higher par stock to be maintained
May result in loss during transportation
THE LAUNDRY CYCLE:
(I)PREWASHING:
Collecting soiled linen – GRAs strip linen from rooms and put them directly into the
hamperbags(soiled linen bag).Soiled linen should be sent to laundry as soon as possible so that stain
does not set in. Items should never be piled on the floor where they can be walked on and soiled or
damaged further.In some hotels soiled linen is sent to linen room for sorting, counting and marking
and then sent to laundry for washing.
Transporting soiled linen to the laundry – Large hotels have linen chutes that runs in a channel to
transport soiled linen from floor pantries to laundry. They can also be carried in laundry
carts/trolleys/skip(elastic net bags for transporting laundry)
Sorting – The on – premises laundry should contain a sorting area large enough to store a day’s worth
of laundry. Here soiled linen is sorted. Generally linen is sorted by :
Degree of soiling
Type of fabric
Size
Colour
Weighing: Linen should be weighed in dry stage before they are put into the washer. This is
necessary as each washing machine has specific loading instructions that have to be followed and also
to measure the output of laundry.
(If Overloaded):
There is no or low centrifugal action because the linen articles are too tightly packed in the drum.
Resultingly, there is inadequate friction and the deeply imbedded soil is not removed so the wash
process is ineffective. Certain synthetics develop creases as a result of overloading that are difficult to
get rid of in the subsequent ironing process. Repeated overloading can cause the machine to
breakdown.
(If Underloaded):
In this case, there is centrifugal action but inadequate friction because the linen articles are too far
apart.There is wastage in terms of time, labour, laundry agents, water andpower.
Loading:For optimum loading, the machine should be loaded up to 80% of it’s capacity.
(II)WASHING:
The proper washing program is indicated by following factors:
1.Length of cycle: (T)
If the cycle is too short, the linen will not be cleaned. If the cycle is too long, there will
be unnecessary wear and tear and the clothes may actually become dirtier as a result
of redeposition of soil.
2.Temperature of water: (T)
If the temperature of water is too high, it is likely to damage the linen. If the
temperature is inadequate, the chemicals will not work effectively.
3.Water level :
Incorrect ‘dip’(water level) can alter the concentration of the laundry agents rendering them
ineffective. In case of a gentle action the water level is usually higher forming a
protective envelope to the delicate linen.
4.Type and amount of detergent and when it will be dispensed in the wash cycle:
This is also a crucial factor that affects the quality of wash. Deciding which laundry
agent should be used is dependent on the nature of the fabric being washed. Too little
detergent will result in an incomplete cleaning process. And too much may remain as
a residue after the rinse cycle is complete. It is important that the laundry agent is
introduced into the wash cycle at the appropriate time if it is to have the required
action.
5.Mechanical action:
This refers to the centrifugal action brought about by the movement of the drum that
causes friction between the linen articles and is radically affected by overloading or
underloading as well as the speed of the drum.
In addition to the correct handling of linen during the laundry procedures, correct
balance of these four factors (TACT)Temperature, Time, Agitation, Chemical is required for
maximum laundering efficiency.
WASH CYCLE:
It consists of nine steps:
a) Flush or Prewash: (1.53mins): Soiled linen is soaked in water. This process dissolves and
dilutes watersoluble soils to reduce the soil load. It is done at a low temperature and high
water level.
b) Break: (410mins, optional): A high alkaline break (heavy soil removal) product is added at
medium temperature and low water level.
c) Suds: (58mins): Detergent is added to hot water and low water level. Then articles are
agitated for removal of dirt.
d) Intermediate rinse/Carryover suds: (25mins): This rinse cycle removes soil and alkalinity to
help bleach work more effectively.
e) Bleach: (58mins, optional): Bleach is added to hot water, to medium water level. Bleach
kills bacteria, whitens fabrics and removes stains. It also weakens the fabric and hence enough
water should be present.
f) Rinse: (1.53mins): Two or more rinses at medium temperature and high water level are used
to remove the detergent and bleach.
g) Intermediate Extract: (1.52mins, optional): This highspeed spin removes detergent and soil
from linen. It should not be used on noiron linen.
h) Sour/ Softener/ Starching (35mins): Softeners and sours are added to condition fabrics, at
medium temperature and low water level. Sours are added for all types of fabrics in order to
get the water pH to 6.57.and starches are added to stiffen cotton fabrics.
i) Final Extract: (212mins): a high spin removes most of the moisture from the linen.
j)
(III)AFTER WASHING:
Rinsing: Once the wash cycle is completed, rinsing becomes essential. Rinsing is washing linen in
clean water.
It is carried out at least twice and the purpose of this stage is to:
1. Remove residue of laundry agents, which might show as patches on the linen after
ironing or irritate the skin.
2. Remove suspended dirt, which remains in the carry over liquor in the load at the
end of the wash.
3. Lower the temperature of the wash load by using a cold water rinse or alternatively
reducing the temperature of water in consecutive rinses.
HydroExtraction –The removal of excess moisture through centrifugal action and is equivalent to
wringing clothes in handwashing. The compact mass of hydroextracted clothes is referred to as
‘cheese’.
(IV)FINISHING:
This gives linen a crisp, wrinkle free appearance. It may require only drying (for noniron fabrics) or
may include ironing.it can be done in following ways:
TumbleDrying – Items that are dried after hydro extraction are towels, blankets,bed spreads etc. This
process makes the linen completely dry by blowing hot air ranging between 40º C to 60ºC onto the
articles as they are slowly circulated in the
rotating drum.The time taken is approx. 30 mins. depending on whether the article is to be completely
or partially dried..
Ironing – Bedsheets, pillowcases, tablecloths, etc, can go directly to flatwork irons in a slightly damp
condition. Uniforms are generally pressed in special ironing equipment.
Folding – After finishing all items are folded. Folding personnel must also inspect linen, segregating
those that are to be reused and rejecting stained, torn or otherwise unsuitable items. This should be
done away from the soiled linen area to avoid resoiling.
Storing – There should be enough storage room for at least one par. Finished items should be allowed
to ‘rest’ on shelves for 24 hours.
Transferring linen to use areas –Laundry Trolleys used for transfer of linen should be cleaned at
least once daily. Separate carts should be used for soiled and clean linen to avoid accidental soiling.
LAUNDRY MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT:
Onpremises laundry is a major investment in itself and affects the lifespan of another major
investment – linen. The choice of machines and equipment could mean the difference between a
financially successful and disastrous onpremises laundry. Machines with insufficient capacity may
result in damaged linen, unsatisfactory cleaning performance, excessive energy and water costs or
increased maintenance costs. Improperly maintained equipment can also lead to higher linen and
equipment costs.
The machines used in the laundry are:
Laundering machines
Pressing machines
Folding machines
Spotting units
Dry cleaning machines
Carts, trolleys, sacks
I)LAUNDERING EQUIPMENTS:
These include washing machines, washer extractors, hydroextractors and tumble dryers.
a)WASHING MACHINES –
The washing machine drums are made up of stainless steel.
They are sized by their capacity. Capacities vary from 7200 kg.
The machine may be top loading (lesser capacity), front loading or side loading (for large loads in
industrial laundering).
The machine rotates for 15 seconds in one direction, stops and reverses direction for 15 seconds. This
prevents the ‘roping’ of linen in the drum. Centrifugal action of the drum causes friction between the
clothes thereby suspending dirt.
The speed of rotation of the drum depends on the diameter and ranges between 40 to 60 r.p.m..
The temperature of water ranges from 30º C to 95º C.
Machines operate on manual switches, dial settings, computerized cards or on computer panels. The
detergent feed is known as HOPPERS
Modern machinery have sensors that can gauge the length of cycle, level and temperature of water,
amount of laundry agent and when it should be added in the wash cycle as well as the type of drum
action, for a specific wash load.
Machines with capacity of 100 kg or more generally have a drum that has two or three compartments.
These are referred to as “tunnel washers”. Each compartment is being used for a particular wash
cycle. As soon as the first cycle is over on the first load, it automatically moves on to the second
chamber. The laundry attendant can then reload the first chamber.
b)HYDROEXTRACTORS They come in capacity of 7300 kgs. Modern hydroextractors work on
the centrifugal action. The drum rotates at high speed (at least ten times the wash speed) and the
clothes are pressed against the sides of the drum and water passes out through the perforations and out
through the open drain. It removes 5075% of moisture.
c)WASHER EXTRACTORS
Machines which carry out washing as well as hydroextraction are called washer
extractors. This machine eliminate the need of a separate hydroextractor.
d)TUMBLE DRYER:
It is used for no iron linen like towels, blankets etc .
Dryers remove moisture from articles by tumbling them in a rotating cylinder through which heated
air passes.
Air is heated by gas, electricity or steam.
To avoid wrinkles and ‘hot spots’ (patches on fabric which remain hot and appears crinkled) and the
risk of spontaneous combustion, many dryers have a cooldown cycle at predetermined intervals.
The process of tumbledrying creates a good deal of wear and tear on the fabric as particles of lint
come off the fabric in the drying process.
A lint screen traps the lint particles and must be cleaned regularly
II)PRESSING EQUIPMENTS:
For those articles that require a pressed finish there are many pressing/finishing equipment.
Some of the frequently used equipments are:
Flat bed press/Cotton press
Steam press
Cuff and collar press
Sleeve press
Flatwork ironers/Calendaring machines/Rollers
Suzie/Puffers/genies
Steam cabinets
Tunnel dryers
Hand Iron
a) FLATBED PRESSIt is heated by electricity or steam. Heated metal plate does the pressing work.
Article is placed on a padded bottom on which the plate is lowered. Foot control helps in operation
b)STEAM PRESS–Steam is used to press the garment or linen. The linen is sandwiched between two
plates. One plate is referred to as “head” which gets heated and the other is known as “buck” through
which steam passes.
c) CUFF AND COLLAR PRESS:Consist of firmly padded three spring loaded bucks. A
corresponding head of chrome plated steel bears same shape and this applies pressure. The head is
uniformly heated by steam which does the pressing of the cuff and collar
d) SLEEVE PRESS:Sleeves are fitted into the buck. The air fills the sleeves and creates a pressure
between the heads and removes the wrinkles
e)FLATWORK IRONER/CALENDARING MACHINE:Consists series of rollers connected by
conveyor belts and speed can be adjusted. It is used for flat items like sheets, serviettes, aprons, table
cloths and are passed through heated rollers for ironing
f)SUZIE/PUFFER/GENIE
For coats and articles that do not crease heavily. Consists of nylon air bag in the form of a dummy.
Garment is draped in the dummy and it is inflated with steam to remove crease. Then hot air is blown
to remove moisture created by steam and shapes garment properly.
g)STEAM CABINETS
Is a chamber where lowcrease garments are suspended on hangers and steam or hot
air is circulated through the cabinet.
h)TUNNEL DRYER
Clothes are hung on conveyor belts that pass through a tunnel. Hot air blowing in the
tunnel, renders the articles completely dry by the time they exit.
i) HAND IRON They are of two types
a)Electrical and b) Box type using charcoal for heat.
(III)FOLDING MACHINES – It does not actually fold the linen, but holds one end of it so that
staff can fold it easily (specially used for garments). Some flatwork ironers have a folder inbuilt so
that after ironing the large articles like bedsheets and tablecloths are given a two or four fold
lengthwise as well as crosswise.
(IV)SPOTTING MACHINE This is used for spot cleaning of stains. The stained portion of the
material is spread out on a padded plate and the stain is treated with chemicals. Then a highpressure
steam gun is used to flush out the chemical. Lastly air is blown into the fabric to bring it’s temperature
down and to dry the material.
(V)DRYCLEANING MACHINES – In this machine washing, draining, extraction and drying takes
place in the same machine. Washing is done with drycleaning solvents – perchloro ethylene (perk)
or aviation petrol. This process is quite expensive and is used only for wool, silk and other delicate
materials.
(VI)LINEN CARTS/TROLLEYS/SACKS – These are used for linen transportation. Most laundries
use carts to move linen, and to hold them after sorting. These carts are made of aluminum or steel.
Sacks are made of tough cotton. These carts must be clearly marked for soiled linen and clean linen,
so that there is no mixup.
LAYOUT OF LAUNDRY:
When planning the layout of a laundry, consider the work flow and wherever possible
ensure that the plan does not hinder the smooth flow of operations.
i)Entrances and exitsShould be large enough to allow free movement. Swing doors are good for cart
movement. They should have windows for safety and bumpers or guards to protect their appearance.
ii)WallThey should be impervious to moisture and have good sound absorption properties proof and
sound proof.
iii)Ceiling Should have good sound absorbent properties and should be at least 10ft high.
iii)Floors A cement/concrete floor which is easily cleanable.
iii)Space between adjacent machines and adequate space between the back of the machine and the
wall which is essential to facilitate servicing and repair. At least 2 feet gap between machine and wall
and 18 inches between two machines should be there.
vi)Area for accumulating and sorting linen should be located close to the washer extractor; dryers
should be adjacent to the washer extractor, to save time and employee effort.
vii)Folding area should be located near the area where laundered linen is stored.
viii)Drain locations and proper drainage system
ix)Separate section to deal with guest laundry/valet service.
x)Area must accommodate the total number of staff working at the busiest times
(approx.1 staff for 40Kg of laundry)
DIAGRAM DONE IN CLASS
LAUNDRY AGENTS
CHEMICALS:
Chemicals ensure an effective wash that leaves linen looking fresh.
In general a laundry’s chemical needs depend mainly on the types of linen it washes and the soiling
conditions it encounters.
The following is a brief description of the various chemicals used –
I)WATER :–
It is an Universal solvent
Two to five gallons of water is used for every pound of dry laundry.
Poor wetting properties
Should be used with other cleaning agents
Hard water is unfit for foaming, leaves scum on fabrics and clogs pipes, machines etc.
Hard water causes graying, stiffness etc.
II)DETERGENTS:–
Detergents are chemicals which when used with water loosens and removes dirt and
then holds the dirt in suspension so that soil does not get redeposited on the
surface.
Properties of a good detergent:
Wettinglower the surface tension to help the surface to be wet
Emulsifyingbreak and loosen the grease
SuspendingPrevent redeposition of soil.
CLASSIFICATION OF DETERGENTS:
A)SOAPY DETERGENTS/SOAPS
They are formed when natural oil/fat is treated with alkali(Sodium Hydroxide) and the process is
known as Saponification. Soaps are effective only in soft water and form scum in hot water.
When soaps combine with Ca, Mg in hard water they form SOAP SCUM/SOAP FILM.
Examples are: Toilet soaps, Soap powders
B)SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS They are non soapy and are effective in hard water. They contain
surfactants obtained from petrochemicals, which aid in soil removal and act as anti bacterial agents
and fabric softeners. They can be:
a)Liquid Synthetic Detergents For lightly soiled fabrics
b) Powdered Synthetic Detergents For heavily soiled fabrics
c) Enzyme based detergents Enzymes are added for removing organic stains.
Chemical composition of detergents :
i)Active ingredient:
Surfactant These molecules dissolve in water and reduces the surface tension of water allowing the
water and surfactant molecule to penetrate the soil and surface.
ii)Builder:Adds bulk to the detergent and increases the efficiency of the detergent. In case of liquid
detergents water is used, in case of powder detergents Sodium Sulphate is used.
iii)Additives:
a)Foaming agentsIncrease or stabilize the foam. eg. Alkalomides, Ethanol amides
b)Chelating agents Mainly found in liquid detergents and combines with mineral salts like calcium
and magnesium saltswhich makes water hard.eg. EDTA(Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic acid) and
NTA(Nitrilo Triacetic Acid)
c)Suspending agents Helps in suspension of soil eg.SCMC(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose).
d)Optical Brighteners/Fluorescent Whiteners Helps to reduce the yellowing of fabrics. They
absorb ultraviolet light and reflect it back as blue light, making the fabrics look whiter.
e)Bleaches Help to remove the stains like Sodium perborate
f)Bulking agent Contributes to the volume of detergente..Sodium Sulphate
g)Enzymes They are complex proteins that breaks down organic stainse.eg. Protease, Amylase.
h)Perfumes :These are added to reduce the unpleasant smell of detergents.
i)Dye: Usually blue and green are used to colour the detergents and make the detergents attractive.
j)Germicides are also added sometimes to prevent growth of bacteria and fungus.
III)BLEACHES – These help in whitening fabrics and removing stains from fabrics.
TYPES OF BLEACH:
A)OXIDISING BLEACH:
These bleaches release oxygen, which combines with the stain to form a colorless compound. These
should be in contact with the fabric only till the stain is removed as; longer contact will weaken the
fabric.
a)Open Air and Sunlight – World’s oldest method of bleaching is of exposing fabrics in sun and
open air. Sunlight bleaching can be used for stain removal from bleached cotton and linen fabrics.
Additional bleaching takes place when the article is laid on grass or spread over a bush, due to
chlorophyll in leaves.
b)Sodium hypochlorite bleach(Javelle water) – This bleach is used only on white cottons and linen,
not on silk and wool as it dissolves these fabrics. It is the most commonly used bleach as it is readily
available and cheap. E.g. – Ala. Robin bleach, etc.
c)Hydrogen peroxide bleach –
It is very effective bleach and can be used on most of the fabrics, but is very expensive.
It can be used in various concentrations, depending on the amount of bleaching required.
d)Sodium perborate bleach – This is a combination of borax, caustic soda and
hydrogen peroxide. Sodium perborate is used in many ‘oxygen’ washing powder,
which when dissolved in water makes an alkaline bleaching solution containing
hydrogen peroxide and tenderizes cotton.
e)Potassium permanganate bleach – This bleach has a high content of oxygen, which
can remove stains like perspiration and mildew. It can be used on animal as well as
vegetable fibers. The use of potassium permanganate however produces brown stains in
fabrics, due to manganese dioxide, which has to be removed before the treatment is
completed.
B)REDUCING BLEACHESThey act by removing oxygen from the colouring matter of the stain.
a)Sodium hydrosulphite – This is a valuable agent for bleaching all fibers. It is
particularly useful for wool and silks that cannot be treated with sodium hypochlorite.
It can be used to remove grass, leather/boot polish, mildew, coloured ink, etc.
stains.
b)Sodium bisulphate – This is a mild reducing agent that results from partial neutralisation of
sulphurous acid by caustic soda. It’s bleaching action is due to the fact that it yields sulphur dioxide
which takes oxygen out of the stain.
RIGHT WAY TO BLEACH:
Do not use bleach directly on fabric
Always use right amount of bleach at temperature below 60*C
Do not over bleach.
Wash off bleach immediately as it weakens the fabric if kept for long
IV)ALKALINE AGENTS –
a)Washing Soda(Sodium carbonate)
Strongest alkali, dissolves proteins, used along with soap, softens water, emulsifies
grease, remove veg. stains, remove acid stains but if used excessively makes clothes
yellowish and is hard on skin
b)Borax (Sodium Tetraborate)
Mildly alkaline, soluble in cold water, safe for all fabrics, helps in removing acid
stains, prevents browning of starch at high temp, cotton and linen yellowed by age
are whitened by boiling in borax solution
c)Ammonium hydroxide
Strong alkali and yellows silk and wool, bleeds colour, tenders fabric if there
Is prolong use.Removes grease and animal stains, neutralises acids, removes smell
left by using by Javelle water
V)ACID AGENTS:
They are useful for neutralizing alkalis and for stain removal.
a)Oxalic Acid:
It is poisonous in nature, should be kept labelled, removes iron moulds and iron stains.It
has strong action and should be neutralized by borax.Should not be used on silk, wool as
brown stains are caused
b)Salt of lemon:
Compound of Potassium Oxalate and Oxalic acid referred as salt of Sorrel.it is also
poisonous and should be use with wooden spoon
c)Acetic acid:
Main constituent of vinegar, also helps in colour fixation and adds to brightness and
used for dyeing silk
d)Oleic acid:
Produces soap when when mixed with alkalis, used for spot removal of machine grease
and oil stain,used for cotton and linen
Mild acids are used to neutralise any residual alkalinity in fabrics after washing and
rinsing. Detergents and bleaches contain alkali and any residual alkali can damage
fabrics and cause yellowing and fading. In addition, residual alkalis can cause skin
irritation and leave odors. These mild acids are referred to as SOURS.
Examples are Acetic Acid, Oxalic Acid.
VI)ORGANIC SOLVENTS:
Solvents can be applied to most delicate fabrics either to remove stains or to ‘dryclean’. They do not
injure the fibers or the colours.
a)Benzene/petrolObtained from distillation of petroleum, is highly
flammable,removes grease stains
b)Carbon tetrachlorideIt is non flammable but has toxic properties and should be used
in well ventilated places,removes paint stains
c)AcetoneIt is highly inflammable and helps in removing stains of nail polish,
lipstick,paint, shoe polish
d)Methylated spiritIt is poisonous and violet in colour and removes silver stains and
sealing wax
e)ParaffinWhite, waxy solid obtained by distillation of petroleum. Used for removing
grease stains
f)TurpentineIt is non flammable and volatile, but has a strange odour,removes grease,
varnish, paint, ink
VII)FABRIC BRIGHTENERS/OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS:
Optical bleaches are used for white fabrics.
They are dyes that absorb light in the ultraviolet and violet region, and reemit light in the blue
region.
These additives are often used to enhance the appearance of color of fabric
causing a "whitening" effect, making materials look less yellow and by increasing
the overall amount of light reflected to the eye
They help to make the linen look more white and fresh
They are premixed with detergents and soaps
Examples are Ranipal, Tinopal etc
VIII)FABRIC SOFTENERS –
Fabrics become hard due to build up of salts in hard water
Softeners make fabric supple, comfortable, fluffier
Softeners are added with sours in the final wash cycle.
They reduce flatwork ironing, speed up extraction, reduce drying time, and reduce static
electricity in the fabric.
Too much softener can decrease a fabric’s absorbency and whiteness.
IX)FABRIC STIFFENERS/STARCHES –
Starches give linen a crisp and fresh appearance
It is added in the final step in the washing process.
Mostly starches consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen similar to sugar in
composition
Should penetrate the fabric well but should leave a smooth glossy finish.
KINDS OF STARCH –
a)Rice Starch – It’s grains are very small and suitable for coldwater starching
b)Wheat and maize starch – Their grains are of an intermediate size. They give a strong viscous
solution leaving the fabric very stiff. Maize starch is often referred to as cornstarch and is extracted
from Indian corn.
c)Tapioca – It is got from the roots of Cassava plant.
d)Coloured starch – Some starches are tinted to give shades of cream and blue. These however are
not very widely used as colours maybe used to disguise an inferior quality of starch.
e)Boiling water starch – This is used for stiffening cotton and linen. The articles are dipped in an up
down motion, in the starch till they are thoroughly saturated. After this they are wrung out and dried.
Care should be taken not to starch fringes, tassels and crochets. If articles are absolutely dry, they
should be dampened evenly before ironing.
f)Cold water starch – This is employed when greater stiffness is required, such as stiff collars, cuffs
and Gandhi caps. It is applied on dry materials. The starch mixture must be absorbed into the mesh of
the fabric and then squeezed out. The surface starch grains are removed with muslin wrung out in cold
water. Iron with quick movements.
g)Borax – This is especially used when light stiffening is required at a short notice. It is useful for
stiffening laces.
h)Other stiffening agents – Special finishes are often used on such fabrics as voiles, organdies and
silks to restore their crisp, new appearance. Dilute solutions of gelatin, gum Arabic, etc. are used for
this purpose.
X)ANTICHLORS:– Antichlors are used in afterwash/rinsing to ensure that all the chlorine in the
bleach has been removed. Polyester fibers retain chlorine, and for these reasons treated with
antichlors.
XI)ABSORBENTS:
They are suitable for removing grease spots from all fabrics, and for general treatment of light
coloured fabrics, that are evenly soiled. E.g., common salt, fullers’ earth, powdered magnesia, french
chalks and breadcrumbs.
XII)MILDEWCIDES: – Mildewcides prevent the growth of bacteria and fungus on linen for up to 30
days. Both these types of microorganisms can cause permanent stains that ruin linen. Moisture makes
a good breeding ground for mildew growth. Therefore soiled, damp linen should be washed promptly
and not allowed to sit in carts for long periods. Clean linen should be dried and/or ironed as soon as
they are removed from washers or extractors.
XIII)LAUNDRY BLUES
Blue is a complimentary colour to white and the ones used in laundry can be classified into two
categories –
1. Insoluble in water, e. g., ultramarine, prussian
2. Soluble in water, e.g., several dyes, methyl violet, methylene blue.
a)ULTRAMARINE BLUE – It is generally used for domestic purposes. It is safe to use, as it is not
harmful to any fabric.
b)PRUSSIAN BLUE – This is also insoluble in water. It is a compound of iron and hence decomposes
with alkalis and turns brown due to the formation of iron oxide. Therefore it’s use is undesirable.
c)SOLUBLE BLUES (METHYLENE BLUES) – These are actually dyes. Since they produce an even
colour and leave no sediment, they are widely employed in largescale in laundries. They are available
in powder form or concentrated solution. Purplish blue is the most popular shade, giving a whitish
appearance. Yellow articles should not be blued, since they turn greenish.
DRY CLEANING
Dry cleaning is the method used for cleaning delicate textiles. It uses the principle that most of the dirt
is held to the fabric by grease, when grease is removed the dirt is removed along with it.
The dry cleaning solvents used are:
1. Perchloroethylene(PERK)
2. Trichlorotrifluoroethane
ADVANTAGES:
i)No shrinkage is there
ii)No color bleeding
iii)Stains are easily removed.
DISADVANTAGE:
i)Expensive than washing.
ii) Dry cleaning solvents are harmful to health
iii) An unpleasant smell remains in the fabrics after dry cleaning.
PROCESS OF DRY CLEANING:
i)Marking Mark the garment for identification
ii)Sorting Done on basis of color(white and dark),woollen and silk, upholstery etc.
iii)Application of absorbents Absorbents like powder, fullers earth are applied to remove grease
spots.
iv)Pre spottingHeavily soiled articles are treated with solvents.
v) Cleaning Load of approx 45 kg is transferred to the machine, solvent is circulated, garments are
agitated and solvent loosens the dirt.
vi) Extraction Excessive solvent is removed by centrifugal action in a perforated cylinder.
vii)DryingAfter extraction of solvent, garments are dried in a perforated drum where temp is around
70*C
viii)Filtering and distillation of solvent Solvent being expensive is filtered and recycled.
ix)Inspection Dried garments are inspected to check if they are properly cleaned or not.
x)Finishing Garments are pressed to give a better look.
xi) Packing Buttons are replaced and garment is packed in packets.
VALET SERVICE
Valet service means the hotel will take care of the guest laundry needs. Laundry service may be
a)Normal (Ordinary) Laundry picked up before 10am and returned by evening.
b)Urgent (Express) – Laundry is returned within 23 hrs and charged 50% extra.
Factors to decide for valet services are:
i)Set times for laundry pickup and delivery
ii)Determine how laundry will be delivered to the guestrooms.
iii)Determine the final hotel liability policy in accordance with state and local laws.
iv)Handle lost and damaged items
v)Field guest comments, complaints and special requests.
vi)The valet staff also requires special training
ADVANTAGES OF ONPREMISES VALET SERVICE – Hotels providing onpremises valet
services have four main advantages –
It is quicker
It promotes goodwill of the guests.
Equipment required for valet service allows the onpremises laundry to handle employee uniforms,
as well as special linen items.
Most important is the revenue generated by the valet service.
PROCEDURE OF HANDLING GUEST LAUNDRY:
i)Guests fill up the laundry list with details like the date, room no, name of guest, no. of type of
articles and service required
ii)He puts the soiled laundry and list in laundry bags/ If the hotel provides a Laundry Hanger, the
guest may hang this out on the doorknob indicating that there is laundry for collection.
iii)The guest calls up valet extension number to have their laundry pickedup from rooms.
iv) The valet staff runner collects soiled laundry, matches the article with the list and he brings it to
the valet service area of the laundry.
v) The valet checks out for tears and damages or any guest belongings left behind on/in the articles
vi)Then the valet staff does marking.Marking is done on a marking machine which
usually indicates only the room number but may also indicate the initials of the guest.
The heatsealed tape used for marking does not come out in the normal wash
procedure but can be peeled off if so desired.
vii)As per guest instruction then it is sent for washing/dry cleaning/ironing.
v)When the laundry processing is finished, it is packed or put on hangers and ticketed with a bill, the
runner returns it to the guestroom and gets it signed by the guest.
vi) The charges are then posted to the guest room account and bill is send to Front Office.
LAUNDERING OF COTTONS:
The process of laundering cotton fabrics is dependent on the texture of the fabrics,
fastness of colour and the finish appropriate to its use.
Sorting is a major stage according to:
Fine ,delicate cotton (mulmul, muslin)
White and light fast colours
Dark, fast colours
Nonfast colours
The articles need to be weighed, loaded in the machine, add detergents,starch,bleach and set the
machine for washing, rinsing and extraction. After this put the articles like towels, uniforms in the
dryers and bed linen in the calendaring machine for pressing. Fold the article and store.
LAUNDERING OF SILK:
Silk should be washed frequently as perspiration damages the fabric. Never soak
articles as it weakens the fabric nor should they be subjected to high heat (wash
temperature approx. 30º C)
The detergent should have a good surfactant and should not depend on mechanical
action for cleaning. No harsh chemicals should be used. The final rinse of silk articles
should be carried out with a little vinegar in it. (1 tspn /10 litres water) in order to
preserve lustre. Silk is too delicate to be hydroextracted. Silk should never be sundried
as this damages the fabric and causes yellowing of the fabric. Ironing is on
medium heat as silk scorches easily. The article must be evenly dampened and water
should never be sprinkled on the fabric as it leaves watermarks.
Ensure that the articles are completely dry so that creases do not reappear on the
portion which is damp. Ironing is carried out on the reverse in order to preserve
lustre and air all silk garments after ironing. Silk is usually drycleaned.
LAUNDERING OF WOOL:
In the laundering of wool, the articles must be shaken out to remove the dust particles
that are held in the loosely constructed weave. Handknitted garments are very
susceptible to felting and stretching. Mark the outline of the article prior to washing
and arrange it in its original size and shape after laundering and dry flat.
In the laundering of wool, the following should be avoided:
application of friction
fluctuating and high temperatures
use of strong laundry agents
wringing tightly and hydroextraction
hanging the fabric when wet
prolonged soaking as it makes the fabric weak
The capacity of the machine, may have to be disregarded due to the bulkiness of the
article.The movement of the drum should be gentle and a scrubbing brush should
never be used.The wash cycle should be short and water temperature (not more than
35º C). The rinse cycle should be thorough and borax is added to the final rinse water. No hydro
extraction is permitted but there is instead a pumping
action for the removal of moisture. Usually ironing is not required, but wherever
necessary, iron when the article is completely dry, using a low temperature and
ironing on the reverse of the article. It is very essential to air to fabric after ironing.
LAUNDERING OF SYNTHETICS:
These are manufactured so that they shed dirt quickly in the wash. However if they
become heavily soiled, (especially collars and cuffs and saree borders) they become
difficult to clean, so it is better to wash them after every use.
Soaking the garments before laundering is beneficial as it loosens the dirt. Care must
be taken when loading the machine as overloading results in creases which may be
difficult to remove later. The application of friction should avoid the use of a
scrubbing brush and should be restricted to heavily soiled parts only. The wash cycle
is short and carried out at a low temperature (30º C) Rinsing should be carried out in
water at room temperature. The hydroextraction cycle is also short as synthetic
articles have a low absorbency. Iron on low heat but quickly as if there is a prolonged
contact it is likely to scorch the fabric.
WASHING TEMPERATURES :–
Sheets and pillowcases 95 degrees C
Towels and bathmats 60 degrees C
Table linen 60 degrees C
Blankets and bedspreads 30 degrees C
Curtains 30 degrees C
Kitchen and stewarding uniform 95 degrees C
Gardening uniform 60 degrees C
Silk, nylon, polyester 30 degrees C
Jeans 40 degrees C
TShirts 60 degrees C
Shirts 40 degrees C
Dusters and cleaning cloths 95 degrees C
WASH SYMBOLS/CARE LABELS: (SEPARATE CHART GIVEN IN CLASS)
Laundry symbols, also called care symbols, are pictograms which represent different methods of
washing, drying, drycleaning and ironing.
They are written on labels attached to clothing to indicate how a particular item should best be
cleaned.
There are different standards for care labels for the different countries/regions of the world.
THE WASH SYMBOLS ARE:
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LINEN ROOM
Linen is a material woven from flax fibre, but the term linen is often used to denote launderable
articles found in the linen room.
The linen room is a control centre for storage and distribution of hotel linen used in an
establishment. Therefore it serves as a base of operation for the housekeeping department.
TYPES OF LINEN ROOM:‑
Centralized‑Linen from all floors are collected and sorted in one central area mostly for
smaller hotels. The linen room supervisor has complete control over the linen room. All
linen issues are made from here.
Decentralized‑ In this system, each floor maintains its own par stock of linen. The floor
supervisor maintains this linen room. These are found in hotels where there are larger no.
of floors.
ACTIVITIES OF THE LINEN ROOM:‑
i. Collection and Transportation:‑ Soiled linen should be sent to linen room as soon as possible
for dispatch to laundry to avoid misuse if left lying around and will develop stains if left in damp
conditions. The linen are transported in canvas bags, trolleys, chutes etc.
ii. Sorting and Counting:‑Badly stained articles require special attention and hence should be
sorted out and sent to laundry separately. Sorting can be carried in four ways according to:‑
‑ Type of fabric
‑ Degree of stains,
‑ Weight of fabric,
‑ Colour.
Counting is done in order to keep a record of the count of linen sent to laundry for washing.
iii. Packaging:‑ Similar linen are packed in canvas bags or trollies to prevent damage to the
linen article. Those articles that need mending and those heavily stained are segregated and
put into separate bags.
iv. Dispatch:‑
The articles are sent to laundry for washing along with a list of no. and names of linen articles
v. Receiving deliveries from laundry:‑
As soon as the clean linen is delivered by the laundry, the articles are checked (for tear and
stains), sorted according to types and counted and noted.
vi. Checking and Inspection:‑
The quantity should be checked to ensure that the amount of washed linen match with the soiled
linen count. In terms of quality, it should be checked that stains and dirt is not there, no colour
fading is there, no patches are there, it is properly ironed etc.
vii. Storage‑ The articles are stored in the linen room for at least 24 hours. Care must be
taken to see that there is proper circulation of air and the atmosphere is dust free
viii. Distribution to units :‑
The articles are sent to the required areas as per the need.
Apart from this other activities of linen room are:‑
ix. Monogramming:‑
The name or logo of the establishment is put onto the linen item for identification and
differentiation between hotel linen and guest linen.. The different ways of monogramming are:‑
‑Embroidering,
‑Sewing,
‑Weaving
‑Marking with chisel ink
x. Repairs and Stitching:‑In the hotel damaged items are mended by stitching or darning.
xi. Stock‑taking and Records:‑ Records are entered on a day‑to‑day basis for the exchange of
linen between the linen room, laundry and floors/departments. Periodical stocktaking is carried
out and the annual stocktaking is recorded in the stock register. Also condemned linen and
purchased linen records are maintained.
xii. Security:‑The linen room supervisor closes the room and the keys are kept with the security
officer. It is important that the access of linen room is restricted so as to prevent misuse and
pilferage.
WORKING HOURS OF LINEN ROOM:‑
This varies from one organization to another but is usually from 7a.m. to 7 p.m. or at least for 10
hours in the day.
In the event of an urgent requirement of linen during the night, the Duty Manager or the Night
Houseperson may remove items from an emergency store or from the main Linen Room and
leave a note with details of what has been removed
LINEN ROOM PLANNING FEATURES:‑
Location‑ Should be near to the elevators for transportation to laundry. Should be away
from kitchen to avoid odours and pests etc.
Spacious‑ Should be spacious enough for storing linen in the linen room
Well ventilated‑ It should be airy and well ventilated for storing linen to avoid dampness
and smell
Properly secured‑The linen room should be properly secured and locked for preventing
theft of linen
Well lighted‑ Adequate lighting should be there in the linen room
Proper shelves for storage‑ There should be proper shelves and racks for proper storage
Away from kitchen odours‑ Necessary for keeping linen fresh
Free from pests‑ Protection of linen from pests
Near to elevators‑ For smooth transportation of linen to elevators
LINEN ROOM EQUIPMENTS/AREAS:‑
i)Storage shelves (both open and closed)
ii)Hanging rods
iii)Trollies for clean linen
iv) Soiled linen hampers
v) Linenkeeper’s desk and storage space for records
vi) Telephone and computer
vii)Stepladder
viii)Washbasin
ix)Iron and ironing board
x)Sewing machines
xi)Work tables
xii)Area for accumulation for soiled linen
xiii)Area for receiving soiled linen
xiv)Area for sorting and counting
CALCULATION OF LINEN:‑
The linen required is calculated on the basis of:‑
‑No. of rooms
‑No. of restaurant tables.
‑Occupancy of rooms.
‑Frequency of laundry collection.
PAR STOCK:‑
Par stock is the minimum linen required in housekeeping so as to ensure smooth operations.
This is established at the beginning, before the hotels becomes operational, by the linen
supervisor. It is also known as Linen Coverage/house set up.
Par levels are very important because if par levels are set too low there will be shortage of linen
and if the par is set too high it will lead to excessive amount of cash resources tied up in an
overstocking of supplies.
One par of linen equals the total no. of each type of linen that is needed to outfit all guest rooms
one time. One par of linen is also referred as HOUSE SET‑UP.
Setting par number of linen:‑
1st par is in rooms
2nd par is fresh linen in floor pantries
3rd par is soiled linen from rooms
4th par is stored fresh stock of linen for replacement
5th par is for emergency situations
6th par is in transit if the laundry is outsourced
LINEN ISSUE METHODS:‑
The linen issue methods used are:‑
Fresh for soiled/one for one‑Fresh linen is provided when equal amount of soiled linen is
deposited back
Topping up‑Replenish stock in each floor when it falls short
Requisition‑This method is used mostly for banquets where requirement differs and they
give a requisition to the linen room. Accordingly the linen is issued to the usage areas.
LAYOUT OF LINEN ROOM:‑ done in class
ROOM LINEN EXCHANGE PROCEDURE:‑
Fresh linen is used in rooms
Soiled Linen is stored in pantries.
Floor supervisor counts linen.
Enters count in room linen control form, form is prepared in duplicate and sends it
alongwith the soiled linen to linen room
Linen room in charge matches count and stamps “Received” in the form.
One copy of the form is returned to the floor, the second copy is filed at the linen room.
Linen room issues fresh linen and enters the balance amount in the form and issues them
with the next lot.
Floor supervisor signs one copy and is given to the linen room.
ROOM LINEN CONTROL FORM
FLOOR/AREA:‑ DATE:‑ TIME:‑
LINEN ARTICLE SOILED LINEN SOILED LINEN FRESH LINEN BALANCE
SENT FROM RECEIVED BY ISSUED BY
FLOORS LINEN ROOM LINEN ROOM
SHEET(SGL)
SHEET(DBL)
PILLOWSLIPS
DUVET COVER
SIGN: FLOOR LINEN ROOM
SUPERVISOR. SUPERVISOR
RESTAURANT LINEN EXCHANGE PROCEDURE:‑
‑ Articles of restaurant linen are exchanged at fixed timings.
‑The F & B employee brings the soiled linen to the linen room.
‑ The linen room staff checks the soiled linen received for damages.
‑ All the items are counted and verified with the exchange register for F&B
‑ Fresh linen is issued and details are entered in the exchange register.
F&B LINEN EXCHANGE REGISTER
RESTAURANT DATE:‑ TIME:‑
DESCRIPTION PAR STOCK SOILED LINEN FRESH LINEN BALANCE
TABLE CLOTH
FRILL(MAROON)
NAPKIN
SIGNATURE LINEN ROOM SUPERVISOR‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ CAPTAIN‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
LINEN CONTROL:‑
Linen control involves FOUR STEPS:‑
I)Routine checking of linen for appearance:‑
Inspection of fresh and soiled linen.
Spot checking of linen in lockers, service rooms
Right linen for the right job
Clear standards of ‘use’ for each department
Ongoing monitoring by senior housekeeping personnel
Disciplinary action for misuse
Effective security personnel and Lockable storage
Clear standards for washing and drying
Purchase good quality linen
Train and educate employees on how to use linen
Good quality cleaning chemicals
Recycling
II)Quantity control of daily flow of linen:‑
a)Proper linen exchange records are maintained daily
b) Specific timings for different outlets are maintained for exchange of linen.
c) Maintain proper records of all documents in Linen Room entry book
LINEN ROOM ENTRY BOOK
Linen 1st 2nd 3rd Bar Coffee Rest I Rest kitchen Staff Total Total remarks
article shop II soiled fresh
linen linen
received delivered
Bedsheet
Pillowslip
Signature Linen
room
supervisor
III)STOCKTAKING:‑
a) Stocktaking is physical verification of linen, it is counting what you have(ACTUAL OR
PHYSICAL STOCK) and comparing it with BOOK STOCK.
b) Done at periodic intervals
c) Determines shortage and excess amounts of linen, acts as control measures by highlighting
discrepancies.
d) It is carried on every month with‑
‑ROOM LINEN INVENTORY FORM &
‑MASTER LINEN INVENTORY FORM.
PROCEDUREOF STOCKTAKING:‑
i) The linen inventory is conducted by the Executive Housekeeper and Laundry Manager
together.
ii) Executive housekeeper plans the day of Inventory(day with less occupancy) and departments
concerned are intimated at least one day in advance.
iii) On the day of inventory all linen movement are halted.
iii) All linen are counted on the same day in all locations‑ guest rooms, floor pantry, room
attendants trolleys, soiled linen trolleys, linen room, laundry, extra beds, cots, cribs etc. and the
linen count is entered in the room linen inventory form.
iv) All the sheets are collected from the floors and then the data is compiled in the Master
Inventory control sheet.
v) Once the totals are collected the results of the inventory are compared to the previous
inventory count to determine the losses.
vi) The completed Master Inventory Control Sheet along with the Linen Discard report is sent to
the hotel GM. The GM after verification sends it to the Accounts department
ROOM LINEN INVENTORY FORM
FLOOR DATE FLOOR.
SUPER
ROOM BEDSHEET BEDSHEET PILLOWSLIP NIGHT BATH HANDTOWEL
NO. SPREAD TOWEL
101
102
103
TOTAL
STOCK
Pantry
GRAND SIGNATURE FL.SUP.
TOTAL
MASTER LINEN INVENTORY CONTROL SHEET
PART I DATE: MADE BY:
1 Linen item B/sheet(S) B/sheet(D) Pillowslip Bathtowel
2 Opening stock
3 New received
4 Subtotal(2+3)
5 Recorded discard
6 Total(4+5)
PART II
7 Rooms
8 Pantry
9 Linen room
10 Laundry
11 Trolley
12 Rollaway beds
13 Total(7+8+..+12)
PART III
14 Losses(6‑13)
15 Par stock
16 Amount needed(15‑
13)
17 On order
18 Need to order
(16‑ 17)
IV) #Proper documentation of linen‑
The master inventory control sheet helps the EHK to analyze results of inventory
Helps to determine losses
The linen in circulation should be brought to the par number and ordered accordingly
The completed record should be send to General manager and then to Accounts
department which calculates cost per occupied room, loss and helps in departmental
budget
PURCHASE OF LINEN:‑
Linen should be purchased only after it is determined that hiring system would be
inappropriate. Before purchasing all types of samples should be laundry tested to ensure that
they meet the desired performance. Next the prices, size and the extent to which they meet the
required characteristics should be compared of the various samples provided by various
manufacturers
There are three major factors to be considered when purchasing linen:‑
I)Quantity:‑
The quantity of linen purchased is largely dependent on the following factors:‑
1. Size of the establishment
2. Standard of the organization (will determine frequency of change)
3. Turnover or occupancy
4. Laundering facility
II)Quality:‑
To select good quality linen , it is necessary to give due importance to:‑
1. QUALITY OF FIBRE‑ To know the quality of fabric we need to know the process of
making fabrics and the different types of fabric available in the market.
Process of making a fabric:‑
Basic unit of fabric is fibre
Fibre is spinned to produce yarn
Yarn is knitted and weaved in loom to produce Fabric
Spinning‑ Drawing out and twisting out a fibre into a continuous thread
Weaving‑ Forming fabric by interlacing yarns often using loom
Knitting‑ Made by looping continuous lengths of yarn
Finishing‑ Final process in garment manufacture like mercerization, pressing
The types of fibres are:‑
A)CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SOURCE:‑
a)Natural‑The fibres obtained from natural sources.
i)Vegetable fibres‑ Found in cell walls of plants eg. Cotton, linen,jute, ramie, sisal.
ii)Animal fibres‑ Derived from insects and mammals. Eg, Wool, Silk etc.
iii)Mineral fibres‑ These are mined from certain rocks. Eg. Asbestos
b) Manmade fibres‑ These fibres are manufactured.
i)Synthetic fibres‑ These are manufactured from petrochemicals. eg.Polyester, Acrylic etc.
ii)Regenerated‑ These are made from substances retrieved from natural sources and are then
converted into fibre form. Eg. Wood pulp is converted into cellulose fibres like viscose and rayon
etc.
iii) Metallics‑ These are produced from metals such as Gold, Silver,Aluminium and obtained by
mining and refining.
iv) Mineral fibres‑ These manmade fibres are made from substance such as glass or graphite. Eg.
Glass fibre
B)CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES LENGTH WISE:‑
a)Staple fibres are shorter in length and measured in inches or centimeter .All natural fibre
except Silk are Staple fibres
b)Filament fibres are long and continuous. They are measured in Yards or meter. Silk is the only
natural fibre in Filament form
The strength of fibre depends upon type of fibre used. The synthetic fibres(polyester, acrylic)
have more strength than natural ones (cotton, wool).
Some fibres are blended to overcome the limitations of natural fibres. Blended fabrics are made
of yarns in which two or more fibres are mixed while the yarn is spun. Another class of blends is
union fabric. In union fabrics each yarn is of single type of fibre. For example, the warp yarns
may be made of cotton and weft yarns are made of wool. Basically in most blends, fibres are
mixed before spinning, while in union fabrics fibres are mixed during weaving.
2. THREAD COUNT‑ The total number of warps(vertical threads) & wefts(horizontal threads) in
1sq. inch of fabrics. The balance between warp and weft is also important. The warp count
should be higher than the weft.
3.SELVEDGE‑‑ The intersection point of horizontal and vertical thread and the selvedge should
be strong. The longitudinal and visibly distinct edge of a fabric closed by loops of weft yarns and
hence stronger than rest of fabric.
4.TENSILE STRENGTH:‑ It is determined by the unit of weight it takes to tear 1 inch X 3 inch of
fabric.
5.FINISH‑ Also the finishes need to be checked. The fabrics coming directly from looms without
receiving finishes are called Grey goods. A finish is a treatment imparted to fabrics to improve
its qualities. The finishes applied are Mercerisation(fabric is treated with Caustic Soda which
increases strength and lustre of fabric),Sanforizing(It reduces the shrinkage of cotton)
6. SHRINKAGE‑ Synthetics do not shrink whereas natural fibres shrink by about 6‑8 percent
unless they have been sanforized.
7. COLOUR‑Pattern, texture and color in fabrics can impart character to a room. At the same time
one should not forget the need for ease of maintenance. Most hotels prefer white linen as they
can be safely laundered without fear of color fading.
8. PATTERN AND TEXTURE‑A patterned fabric hides more marks. Large patterns makes a large
area look more filled up. The textured patterns attracts more dust.
9. FLAME RETARDANCY‑ Wool is naturally flame retardant. Synthetic fabrics such as Teklan‑
which are manufactured to be flame retardant should be used. Flame retardant fabrics should be
used for upholstery, drapery and carpets.
10. THERMAL INSULATION‑ The warmth of a fabric used for blankets and duvets is determined
by thermal insulation properties measured in units called “togs”. This must be checked for
blankets. The draperies should also be able to maintain the temperature of a room to some
extent.
11. LAUNDERING COSTS‑ Synthetics require lower temperature and shorter time for laundering
than cotton. No iron blends do not require pressing.
12. COMFORT
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SEWING ROOM
Space is generally allocated in the linen room or uniform room, where linen, uniform, guest garments
are repaired and stitched or there can be a separate sewing room too close to the linen and uniform
room. A well run sewing room is definitely an economic decision for an organization.
ACTIVITIES OF A SEWING ROOM:
i) Alteration of uniforms
ii) Repairing of guest garments and uniforms.
iii) Repairing of linen like towels, table and bed linen by darning.
iv) Repairing hems of bedsheets and flaps of pillowcases,
v) Stitching curtains, cushion covers for guest rooms and public areas.
vi) Stitching buttons, hooks and zips of uniforms
vii) Converting condemned linen (cutting down of linen) into usable form like making pillowslips
from bedsheets, making salvar mats from table cloths etc.
viii) Stitching sheets and pillowcases for baby cots.
ix) Machine marking or monogramming of linen, usually on the right side of the linen the name of the
organisation, department, date when put in circulation is marked. This helps to estimate the life span
of fabric.
x) Suggesting fabrics quantity for uniforms, curtains and cushion covers
ROLE OF SEAMSTRESS:
i) To mend torn articles using the methods of patching and darning
ii) Makes articles like draperies(curtains), lampshades.
iii) Cutting down of linen into makeovers.
iv) Maintain cost of stitched materials.
AREAS AND EQUIPMENTS IN THE SEWING ROOM:
i)Work table
ii)Ironing Board
iii)Sewing machines.
iv)Blind stitch machines used form uniform hems.
v)Over edging machines used for remaking discards e.g. Towels are converted into wash cloths. It
cuts, seams and overcasts in one operations.
vi)Heat patching machines used for neat repair of holes in linen.
vii)Zigzag machines are used for mending, darning and button sewing.
viii)Threads of different colours, buttons, zippers, trimmings should be stored in basket or a drawer.
ix)Cutting tools
Fabric shears/scissors(1012 inches) used for cutting fabrics, embroidery, cutting cotton threads.
Seam ripper Has a tiny protected blade and cuts stitches without harming fabrics.
Pinking shears Gives a zig zag finish to raw edges.
x)Measuring toolsMetre Ruler and measuring tape
xi)Needles – Graded by numbers from No. 1(longest and thickest) to No. 24(smallest and finest) for
different fabrics.
xii)Thimbles are protective covers worn on the thumb and second finger when sewing. Steel thimbles
are the best.
xiii)Patterned paper Marked pattern papers can be used to make drawings.
xiv)Marking Equipment Tailors chalk and pencil.
FEATURES OF A SEWING ROOM:
1) Good lighting is necessary.
2) Adequate storage space should be provided.
3) Work surface should be large.
LAYOUT OF SEWING ROOM: From copy
BASIC HAND STITCHES:
Stitches can be:
a) Temporary:
These are stitches such as tacking and basting used for holding two or more layers of materials
together before permanent stitches are made. These stitches are done in different colour threads so that
it is easy to remove it later.
They are:
Even basting Stitches and spacing between them are equal in length.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Uneven bastingLength of stitches on upper side(1.5 cm) is twice that on the underside.
____ ____ ____ ____
Extra firm basting Long stitch of 1.5 cm is made and then two or three short stitches is made and
then repeated.
_____ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _____
b) Permanent Stitches:
Single strand of thread matching the colour of fabric is used. Some important permanent stitches are:
Running stitch Simplest form of hand stitching, used for handmade seams, mending etc. Very fine
stitches are used (0.1 0.3 cm in length).
Back stitch Strong stitch, substituted for machine stitching. Stitches are small and without any
spaces.
Hemming Used to stitch the folded edge of fabrics.
Button hole stitches Also known as blanket stitch and used for edging on blankets.
Darning is a sewing technique for repairing holes or worn areas in fabric or knitting using needle and
thread alone
Overcasting This stitch is used for finishing raw edges of fabric.
Whipping This stitch is used for joining two edges and for smooth finish.
Other stitches
a) Satin stitch b) Cross stitch c) Chain stitch
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STAIN REMOVAL
Stain is spot or mark of discolouration left on fabric by the contact and absorption of foreign
substances. Stain removal and ‘spotting’ is a skill, which calls for long experience and demands
special attention. Two essential factors to be considered in stain removal are–
Composition and colour of fabric
Nature and age of stain.
General rules for stain removal:
Identify the stain
Classify stain
Select reagents to be used
Select procedure to be used
Proceed step by step to remove stain
I)IDENTIFICATION OF STAINS:
Identification of stains helps in selecting the reagents and procedures to be used for stain removal.
Stains can be classified based on:
Based on color for example a red stain can be of tomato, lipstick, nail polish, blood etc.
Based on Textureby touching surface of stain it can be deduced:
If hard it may be egg; if soft it may be oil, ghee, lipstick; if sticky can be of glue and gum.
Based on Smell every stain has a distinct smell like eggs, medicine, food, perfume
II)CLASSIFICATION OF STAINS:
BASED ON SOURCE:
Animal stains such as blood, eggs, milk, meat etc
Vegetable stains these are caused by plant products such as tea, coffee, juices, fruit etc
Grease and oil stains These stains are from grease or some pigmented matter eg. Butter, oil,
paint, tar, grease.
Mineral stain These stains are caused by rust, writing ink, medicines.
Dye stains Caused by henna, tobacco, chocolate, tea, coffee etc.
Wax stains Caused by nail polish, lipstick and shoe polish
Acidic stains these include vinegar, perspiration, urine, medicines etc.
BASED ON DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
Absorbed stains the stains which penetrate the fabric completely like ink, tea, coffee, syrup
Built up These stains which leave residue on top of fabric like lipstick, nail polish, chewing
gum, chocolate
Compound when it is combination of both of above
III)STAIN REMOVING AGENTS:
There are five main stain removing agents:
Organic solvents
Acids
Alkalis
Bleaches
Enzymes
i)Organic solvents – These dissolve grease and require care because they are inflammable and
harmful if inhaled. Generally, it does not harm any fibres or dyes. When using, an absorbent cloth
should be placed underneath and work from the outside of the stain inwards.
E.g. Flammablebenzene, acetone, amyl acetate, methylated spirit, white spirit,
Non inflammableCarbon tetrachloride(Ccl4), Perchloroethylene(PERK), trichloroethylene. These
take out stains like chewing gum (after scraping), grease, oil paint, lipstick, ballpoint ink, etc.
ii)Acids –Dilute acids can be used on most white fabrics, but most coloured ones get affected. They
affect all animal fibres. It is always better to use weak acidic solutions several times than using
stronger acidic solution. After treatment, wash using detergent or thorough rinsing should be done. eg.
Acetic acid, Citric Acid, Oxalic Acid.
Acids remove metal stains (specially iron moulds, rust and iron stain left by blood).
iii)Alkalis – Alkalis remove old and heavy vegetable stains (tea, coffee, wine, etc.) from white linen
or cotton effectively. Animal fibres may be adversely affected by it. E.g. soda, borax.
iv)Bleaches – Bleaching is the process in which a coloured substance is changed into a colourless one.
Bleaching weakens fabrics; hence extreme care should be taken.
Oxidizing bleaches liberate oxygen from the stain and render it colourless. Most commonly
used is Sodium Hypo chlorite. It removes obstinate stains in white cotton and linen but it ‘fixes’ iron
stains. Hydrogen Peroxide is slower acting and is used on white fabrics. Sodium per borate is the
bleach present in most detergents and safe on most fabrics.
Reducing bleaches remove oxygen from the stain and add hydrogen to the coloured stain
rendering it colourless. Sodium hydrosulphite is the most commonly used one. It is used on white
clothes for removal of iron stains and stripping dyes.
v)Enzymes – Enzymes like powdered pepsin are used to remove protein stains like egg, perspiration,
blood, etc. at a temperature of 4050 degrees.
IV)STAIN REMOVAL METHODS:
According to mode of action:
a)Solvent action Here solvent or water is able to dissolve the stain like ball point ink stain.
b)Mechanical action: This dislodges the stain without dissolving it.
c)Chemical action Chemicals produce an oxidation or reduction reaction which helps to remove the
stain.
d)Absorption Certain powders such as fullers earth are able to absorb the stain like grease and oil.
According to method of application:
a)Drop method the stained part of the fabric is stretched and small drops of stain removal agents are
poured on it with a dropper.
b)Dip method The stained area of the fabric is immersed in the stain remover solution. This is the
ideal method when stain is large or if there are many spots on the fabric.
c)Steam method Stains on wool, silk or any coloured fabric can be removed by steaming. The
stained area is saturated with steam by spreading the cloth over a basin half filled with hot water into
which a small amount of appropriate removal agent has been placed.
d)Sponge method the stain removal agent is applied on the stained area of the fabric with a sponge.
This is the most frequently used method of stain removal.
Stain repellants
Fabrics may be treated to make them ‘stain repellant’ by using fluorochemicals like Scotch guard,
making it both water and oil repellant. Stains will then stand on the surface and can be blotted away.
This finish does not change the colour or texture of the fabric and can withstand drycleaning and
about five washes but is expensive. Water repellency is induced by the use of silicones like Velan,
Drisil, etc. polyurethane is also used as a thin coating sometimes to make fabrics waterproof. Oil
borne stains can be removed easily from these fabrics with solvent cleansers that do not affect the
silicone finish.
STAIN WHITE COTTON AND COLOURED SYNTHETICS
LINEN COTTON, SILK &
WOOL
I. ANIMAL STAIN –
1.Blood (fresh) Soak in cold water and wash in Same as white cotton and Same as white cotton
dilute ammonia linen and linen
2. Blood (dry) Soak in cold saline water Do Do
II. VEGETABLE
STAIN –
1. Beverage (fresh) Pour boiling water through Steep in warm water and Steep in warm
then in dilute borax sodiumperborate
solution solution
2. Beverage (dry) 1. Spread borax and pour boiling Steep in glycerin and rub
water. Do
2. Steep in glycerin
3. If stain persists steep in javelle
water
3. Fruit & Wine (fresh) Cover the stain with starch paste 1. Soak in warm borax Steep in sodium
and leave for sometime. Rub. solution. perborate solution
Pour boiling water through. 2. Soak in salt solution
4. Fruit and wine (dry) 1. Spread borax and salt over the Sponge with dilute Steep in warm sodium
stain and pour boiling water potassium permanganate perborate solution.
through solution and then apply
2. Bleach with javelle water hydrogen peroxide
solution (1:2 with water)
5. Grass Steep in Eucalyptus oil or Same as white cotton and Steep in kerosene or
glycerin followed with spirit or linen turpentine.
washing
III. GREASE AND OIL
STAINS –
1. Butter Wash with warm soapy water Cover the stain with Same as coloured silk
French chalk, place the and wool
stained portion between
clean blotting paper and
iron with hot iron
2. Oil and ghee Wash with warm water and soap 1. Treat with grease Same as coloured silk
absorbent and wool.
2. Spread French chalk.
Leave to dry. Brush off.
AN ALPHABET FOR TREATMENT OF PARTICULAR STAINS
Treatment for all fabrics unless otherwise stated
Stain Reagent required Method of application
Animal stains Acetic acid In all cases of animal staining on coloured articles (e.g. carpets), the treatment
Ammonia consists of alternate application with a moderately strong solution of acetic
acid (up to 20%) and 5% solution of household ammonia. The stains area is
thoroughly soaked with the acid for about 2 hours after rinsing the acid with
water. The ammonia is applied to ensure complete neutralization.
Ball point stains Methylated spirit Rub lightly with Methylated spirit
Boot polish Solvents (boot polish is made by dissolving certain colour in wax). The wax is
Methylated spirit removed by means of solvent. This will also remove the colour. If the colour
still remains, treatment with methylated spirit will completely remove the stain.
Dye stains Warm soap solution, Treatment of dye is difficult operation depends on nature of fabrics, its colour,
ammonia, suitable nature of stains. The greatest success is obtain on white materials.
bleach White wool:
i. treat with warm soap solution containing S.F.A. for half an hour.
Repeat if improvement is seen.
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ii. Treat with 1% of 88 ammonia containing the trace of S.F.A. use
almost boiling point.
iii. Treat stains with hot solution hydrosulphite solution (1oz. per
gallon).
iv. Bleach with hydrogen peroxide solution. Leave it in contact with
material for ½ 1 hour.
White silk:
i. Treat with hot soap solution with little S.F.A. The time of
application must be only 1015 minutes.
ii. Bleach as for wool. Try hydrosulphite solution first and then
hydrogen peroxide.
Warm soapy solution White cotton and linen:
Alkali or acid suitable Soap either in dilute alkali or dilute acid. Some dye stains respond
bleach to one, and some to other. Strong alkaline liquors and higher
temperature are permissible on these fabrics. Immerse the article in
hot (nearly boiling) sodium hydrosulphite solution (4 oz. per
gallon) for 510 minutes.
Food Stains Javelle Water On Cotton and Linen
Chlorinated water i. Treatment with Laundry bleach (sodium hypochlorite sol. or Javelle
water)
ii. A weak solution of the above for a long time is the safest method.
The progress of the treatment should be noted every 15 mins.
Glue and Gum Hot water and Treat with hot water to soften and dissolve the stain. The addition of a few
stains Glycerin or Acetic drops of glycerin will assist in the dissolving of stains in some cases, while a
acid or Methylated few drops of Acetic acid will help in others.
Spirit
Spirit gum must be dissolved by Methylated spirit.
Hardcourt stains Hydrosulphite of soda On white flannels
i. Remove with soap and water and brush ‘turns ups’ by hand.
ii. Bleach red colour by solution of hydrouslphite of soda.
Iodine Ammonia solution i. Ammonia solution
Photographer’s hypo ii. Photographer’s hypo. Dissolve 1 tbsp hypo in ¾ pint water; apply
(Sodium thiosulphate) immediately over the mark.
Lead pencils stains Oleic acid i. Generally removed by normal washing.
Ammonia ii. Treat with Oleic acid. Then dip in warm solution of ammonia.
Lipstick Bleach i. Treat as grease.
ii. Bleach.
Medicine Ethyl alcohol Steep in Ethyl alcohol or surgical spirit. Treat any resulting by the usual
Surgical Spirit method.
Mercurochrome Denatured alcohol Mercurochrome stains are very hard to remove unless treated properly.
Glycerin
Ammonia and First sponge the stain well with a liquid made of equal parts of alcohol and
Soap water water. On acetate rayon and coloured materials, use 1 part alcohol and 2 parts
water. Next work glycerin into the cloth to help loosen the stain, a dn
continues using as long as any colour doesn’t bleed from the stain. Then wash
well with soapsuds and rinse with water to which a few drops of ammonia
solution has been added.
If stain remains after the above treatment, apply 10% acetic acid with the help
of a dropper and rinse well in water.
Mildew Javelle water This is formed due to growth of fungus on damp fabric.
Potassium i. Bleach by sunlight
permanganate, Oxalic ii. Bleach with javelle water
acid. iii. Bleach with potassium permanganate
iv. Bleach with hydrogen peroxide
Cotton and Linen
Use 1oz. Permanganate crystals in 1 gallon water
Silk and wool
Use ½ oz. Permanganate crystals in 1 gallon water
Method: steep material for 5 minutes until it becomes dark brown. Then
remove brown stain by Appling any of the following dilute solution of
sulpher acid, or oxalic acid or acidified hydrogen peroxide. Rinse thoroughly
in three water. Wash according to material.
Mildew proofing:
The following house hold recipe is helpful to give a protective finish against
mildew;
1½ oz. of cadmium chloride (poison),
1 gallon of hot water. All mix together.
Method: wash fabric in a neutral soap. Do not rinse out the soap. Apply the
above solution.
This finish will withstand several laundering.
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