WEEK 1: THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF SOCIOLOGY

SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

The Study of Sociology

Sociology – the science of society and the social interactions taking place within it. It is concerned with social interactions involving
social acts, social relationships, social organizations, social structures and social processes plus the changes that take place within it.
It analyzes the patterns and processes of social relations in a scientific and systematic way.

Why Study Sociology?

 We study sociology to obtain factual information about our society and different aspects of our social life.
 It enables us to learn the application of scientific methodology; we learn many examples of objective and non-objective
uses of data.
 Replaces superstitions and misinformation with accurate knowledge about human behavior.
 Enables us to understand our society our society and to analyze the social factors causing problems and, possibly, some
modes of thinking one has to follow.

What is Science?

Science – is the systematized and detailed explanation of any phenomenon. The body of knowledge about this phenomenon is
obtained through observation or experimentation. All fields of science are concerned with the discovery and development of
propositions, general truths, and laws primarily through observation and experimentation.

2 Classifications of Science
1. Natural Science – deal with objects and processes in nature and provide information on the nonhuman and physical aspects in the
natural world. Examples are biology, botany, zoology and bacteriology, physical sciences such as astronomy, geology, chemistry and
physics
2. Social sciences – deal with people, their behavior, and social systems. Human behavior involves a person’s dreams, hopes,
ambitions, activities and problems which involve other people.

SOCIOLOGY AND THE OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. Anthropology – the study of humanity and the similarities and diversity of cultures. It includes the study of the biological, social
and cultural development of humankind.
2. Psychology – interested in wide range of mental, psychological, and behavioral processes such as learning, human and personality
development, perception, emotion, cognition, motivation, creativity, personality disorders and mental illnesses
3. Economics – concerned with human activities related to the production, consumption and distribution of goods, services and
wealth within societies, as well as commercial exchange.
4. Political Science – concerned with the history and theory of government. It examines political processes and power struggle,
noting patterns as these change from previous elections and the nature of voters and political parties.
5. History – primarily interested in the study of past events of human beings. It documents the chronology of significant past events
and the facts surrounding them.

METHODS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Sociological Inquiry – primarily intended to find answers to questions on the observable social world and social actions; it is also the
systematic analysis of the motivation and behavior of individuals within groups, the study of social groups as a whole and of
institutions such as government, the church, professional groups, trade unions or recreational units.

Social Actions – are the ways in which humans interact with each other in social units such as the family, the school, the church and
other social institutions or associations are the primary concern of sociological inquiry

Conducting Sociological Inquiry

1. Define the research problems and review related literature. Select a problem that can be investigated. It is necessary to
limit the scope and breadth of the problem.
2. Formulate the hypothesis. A hypothesis is a proposition or assumption stating what is to be resolved. Sources of hypothesis
are common sense, ideas, folk knowledge, personal and social experience, values and even theories
 Concept – general term that refers to all cases of a particular class of objects, events, persons, relationships, processes and
ideas.
3. Plan the research design. This includes the subjects of the study, method of conducting the research and specific
techniques in collecting the data.
a. Quantitative Method – makes use of statistics and mathematics in studying social behavior like experiments and
social survey
b. Qualitative Method – techniques that descriptive and enables one to secure a subjective understanding,
interpretation, and meaning of a social behavior. This includes participant observation, field study and historical
method
4. Gather the data. Choosing the techniques to identify and record the data to be studied.
5. Analyze the data. Involves testing the hypothesis or answering questions or assumptions using the data gathered.
a. Reliability – consistency in results yielded by a study or research instrument
b. Validity – refers to the accuracy by which the research measures what it is intended to measure.
6. Formulate the conclusion. The hypothesis is either accepted, rejected or modified and a theory is formed. A theory is a
statement of the logical relationships between facts; it is a set of interconnected and propositions presenting a systematic
view of phenomena and provides direction for research. Pictures, tables, charts, and graphs can be used as effective aids for
easier understanding of the result. It may point out the limitations and recommendations of the study.
7. Check or verify results. Assessing the results and making adjustments or corrections as needed.
8. Communicate the results to others. Most common way to do this is to have the research published. Results may also be
presented in social science conferences.

Methodological Designs in Sociology

1. Experimental Method - method for studying the relation between two or more variables under highly controlled conditions.
a. Independent Variable – changed systematically and is expected to bring about a change in the other variable.
b. Dependent Variable – behavior being observed and is dependent on the change in the independent variable.
Limitations in Experiment:
a. It is difficult to control the independent variable and keep the dependent variable stable.
b. There is the ethical question of involving people without the knowledge and consent
c. Difficulty of duplicating experiments in the larger society.

2. Survey Research – systematic and large-scale collection of information from people and about people through the use of a
questionnaire.

2 kinds of Sampling techniques:

a. Random Sampling – everyone in the population has an equal opportunity to be picked out
b. Stratified Random Sampling – population is divided into age, sex, religion, socioeconomic status, and ethnic group.

3. Field Research – the researcher goes to the field, live with people for some months, and participates in their activities in order to
know and feel their culture. It is the study of way of life of people in its natural setting. The researcher can also gain insights into
their problems and can get the meaning and significance of their behavior and motives.

4. Participatory Research – utilizes the people, who are the actual targets of development projects, in the entire research process.

Techniques and Tools in Sociological Inquiry

Qualitative techniques do not involve the intensive use of universal values in the research process. They include the examination of
tools such as historical records, biographies, autobiographies, diaries, speeches, editorials and videotapes.

1. Observation
2 kinds of observation
a. Overt – open observation where the respondent is informed about it
b. Covert – secret observation where the respondent is observed without knowledge. Non – participant observation, the
researcher enters the situation as a third party and simply observes and records what the subjects do or say.
2. Interviews
2 kinds of Interview
a. Non-structured – the researcher leaves it to the interviewee to guide the conversation
b. Structured – the researcher follows a more definite order of questions
3. Historical Research – continuous and systematic search for written information and knowledge about past events related to the
life of a person, group, society or the world.
4. Life History – study of the personal life of a person. It can provide a vivid picture of the culture to which the respondent belongs
and shed light on the norms, values, concerns and problems of their culture.
5. Case Study – extensive examination of a specific group over a long period is carried out in the case study. One can make a case
study of a drug addict, a prostitute, a professional or a gang
6. Content Analysis – analysis of how people communicate and the messages people talk or write about. It usually studies the
content of books and mass media and how they transmit messages.
7. Use of films and tape recorder – making use of photographs and films/videos to record interesting events or record visual
information

Ethical Concerns in Sociological Research

1. The respondents must be informed of research’s subjects and objectives
2. Sociologists must not obtain data other than for its research value
3. Respondents are entitled to their privacy, confidentiality and full anonymity throughout the whole process.
4. Respondents must not be subjected to any physical or mental danger or subjected to violation of human rights
5. Questions about the ethics of using tapes, recording machines and cameras should be resolved

Objective Quiz

Week 2

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND ITS FORERUNNERS

Europe
Sociology, as a science, gradually developed in Western Europe as a response to the vast social, cultural, economic and political
changes. In the 18th and 19th centuries, social changes swept Europe as a result of the industrial revolution.

August Comte
- A French philosopher that believed in applying the scientific method to the study of society and social relations and coined the
term “Sociology: derived from the Latin word socius meaning social or being with others and Greek word logos which means
study of
- Credited as the father of Sociology and advocated the use of positivism or the empirical method for studying and understanding
society.

Karl Marx
- A German economist and philosopher who wrote Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels in 1847
- emphasized the misery of the lower classes caused by the existing industrial order and history as a continuous struggle
between the conflicting ideas and forces.
- Recognized the existence of several social classes in the industrial society: laborers, factory workers, proprietors of small
businesses and moneyed capitalists
- Aspects of society – work, religion, government, law and morality are economically conditioned and controlled by capitalists.

Emile Durkheim
- was the first French Academic sociologist who wrote the books are The Division of Labor in Society, The Rules of Sociological
Method, Suicide, and Elementary Forms of Religious Life
- believed that individuals are more the products rather than the creators of society
- pointed out that rapid social change and specialized division of labor produces strains in the society which leads to a condition
of normlessness and loss of social control called anomie
- conducted classic study on suicide as it varied from one population to another and mentioned that while suicide is a solitary
act, it can be understood only by analyzing society

Max Weber
- a German Economist who wrote significant books The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The Sociology of Hinduism
and Buddhism, Theory of Social and Economic Organization and Methodology of the Social Sciences.
- he believed that power and prestige are the major causes of inequality
- dwelt on the significance of subjective meaning people give to their interactions with others.
- Understands human action by examining the subjective meaning that people attach to their own behavior and the behavior of
others.
United States
The first department of sociology was established in the University of Chicago and eventually, the American Sociological Association
was founded.
The Chicago School of Sociology produced scholars such as:
a. Robert E. Park – pioneered in the multidisciplinary approach and social ecology
b. Jane Adams – made studies in the impoverished areas of Chicago
c. Charles Horton Cooley
d. George Herbert Mead
e. W.I. Thomas – all contributed in the emphasis of the importance of social interaction in the development of human
thought and action later known as symbolic interaction perspective
f. William G. Summer – collected volumes of data on the customs and moral laws of different societies.
g. Talcott Parsons – advocated that sociology should be concerned with large-scale phenomena like society. He added that
societies possess four features: religion, communication, social organization through kinship and technology
h. Robert K. Merton – known for the middle-range theory and was more concerned with linking general theory to empirical
testing and developing concepts of social structure.

3 MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIOLOGY

Macro-analysis – looks at the broad, large picture such as social institutions and social organizations.
Micro-analysis – is centered on small groups of individuals interacting with one another.

Structural-Functionalism Perspective
Proponents: Durkheim, Weber, Cooley, Thomas, Pareto, Parsons, Merton, A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, Marion Levy, Robert Bales
AKA: Social System Theory, Equilibrium Theory, functionalism

Claim: Society can be likened to a biological structure like the human body which is composed of various organs, each with unique
functions but interdependent of one another. In the same way, social system has several parts like family, neighborhoods, schools,
banks, etc. that all work together to preserve the society. It focuses on order and stability to the neglect of the processes of change.

2 Functions of Social Systems:

a. Manifest – intended or recognized functions
b. Latent – unintended or unrecognized functions

Conflict Perspective
Proponents: Marx and Weber

Claim: Marx maintained that history was a series of class struggles between the owners of production and the workers, the
dominant and the dominated, the powerful and the powerless. Inequalities in the economic system bring about revolutionary class
conflict when the exploited classes realize their inferior status and rebel against the dominant property owners and employers.
Views society as being in a state of competition, conflict, constraint and change and that society is continually in a struggle for
improvement, neglecting its less conflictive and more integrative facets.

Neo-Marxist approach – holds that the struggle between social classes is inevitable and is the primary source of change. Also
focuses on ethnic inequalities and even gender.

Symbolic Interaction Perspective

Proponents: George Herbert Mead, W.I. Thomas, Herbert Blumer and Charles Horton Cooley

Claim: Society is reflected in every socialized individual, and its external forms and structures are likewise reflected through the
social interactions occurring among individuals at the symbolic level. Human behavior is influenced by the definitions and meaning
people develop and maintain through the medium of language.

Quiz, Essay
Week 3: The Nature, Characteristics, Types and Components of Society
a. Society Defined
- the term society is derived from the Latin word socius which means companionship or friendship
- is a large grouping that share the same geographical territory, shares a common culture and social structure and expected to abide
by the same laws.
- according to Aristotle, “Man is a social animal”. Man needs society for the attainment of his optimum happiness and where he can
work and enjoy his life.
- Members of a society may be from different ethnic group

Nature of Society
1. Society consists of people – without people, there can be no society, no social relationship and no social life at all.
2. Mutual awareness and mutual interaction
3. Society depends on likeness – men have many things in common
4. Society rests on differences too – people pursue different activities because of their differences in looks, personality, ability,
talent, attitude, aptitude, interest, taste, faith, etc.
5. Co-operation and division of labor
6. Society functions interdependently too
7. Society is dynamic – No society can even remain constant for any length of time. Changes may take place gradually or abruptly
8. Social Control

Types of Society
1. Hunting – Gathering Society
- demonstrate the strongest dependence on the environment. These groups were based around kinship or tribes. Hunter-gatherers
relied on their surroundings for survival—they hunted wild animals and foraged for uncultivated plants for food. When resources
became scarce, the group moved to a new area to find sustenance, meaning they were nomadic. Existing tribes are the indigenous
Australian tribes sometimes referred to as “aborigines,” or the Bambuti, a group of pygmy hunter-gatherers residing in the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
2. Pastoral

- Changing conditions and adaptations led some societies to rely on the domestication of animals where circumstances permitted.
Pastoral societies, such as the Maasai villagers, rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival. Pastoral groups were
able to breed livestock for food, clothing, and transportation, and they created a surplus of goods. Herding, or pastoral societies
remained nomadic because they were forced to follow their animals to fresh feeding grounds.

3. Horticultural

- is based on the newly developed capacity for people to grow and cultivate plants. Horticultural societies formed in areas where
rainfall and other conditions allowed them to grow stable crops. They were similar to hunter-gatherers in that they largely depended
on the environment for survival, but since they didn’t have to abandon their location to follow resources, they were able to start
permanent settlements. This created more stability and more material goods and became the basis for the first revolution in human
survival.

4. Agricultural

- While pastoral and horticultural societies used small, temporary tools such as digging sticks or hoes, agricultural societies relied on
permanent tools for survival. Around 3000 B.C.E., an explosion of new technology known as the Agricultural Revolution made
farming possible—and profitable. Farmers learned to rotate the types of crops grown on their fields and to reuse waste products
such as fertilizer, which led to better harvests and bigger surpluses of food. New tools for digging and harvesting were made of
metal, and this made them more effective and longer lasting. Human settlements grew into towns and cities, and particularly
bountiful regions became centers of trade and commerce.

5. Industrial Society

- What made this period remarkable was the number of new inventions that influenced people’s daily lives. In 1782, James Watt and
Matthew Boulton created a steam engine that could do the work of twelve horses by itself. Farmers were able to purchase
mechanical seeders and threshing machines that caused agricultural productivity to soar. Products such as paper and glass became
available to the average person, and the quality and accessibility of education and health care soared. Gas lights allowed increased
visibility in the dark, and towns and cities developed a nightlife. Workers flocked to factories for jobs, and the populations of cities
became increasingly diverse. The new generation became less preoccupied with maintaining family land and traditions and more
focused on acquiring wealth and achieving upward mobility for themselves and their families.
6. Post-industrial Society

- information societies are based on the production of information and services. Digital technology is the steam engine of
information societies, with computer moguls such as Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. Since the economy of information societies is driven
by knowledge and not material goods, power lies with those in charge of storing and distributing information. Members of a
postindustrial society are likely to be employed as sellers of services—software programmers or business consultants, for example—
instead of producers of goods. Social classes are divided by access to education, since without technical skills, people in an
information society lack the means for success.

Social Structure – is how the people of a certain civilization are organized. It usually involves people being put into classes. Examples
are caste systems, feudalism, class systems, etc.

Components of the social structure

a. Roles – the behavior expected of an individual who occupies a given social position or status. A role is a comprehensive pattern
of behavior that is socially recognized, providing a means of identifying and placing an individual in a society.
Ex. a teacher may be expected not only to deliver lectures, assign homework, and prepare examinations but also to be dedicated,
concerned, honest, and responsible.

b. Status - the relative rank that an individual hold, with attendant rights, duties, and lifestyle, in a social hierarchy based upon
honour or prestige. Status may be ascribed—that is, assigned to individuals at birth without reference to any innate abilities—or
achieved, requiring special qualities and gained through competition and individual effort.

c. Groups - any set of human beings who either are, recently have been, or anticipate being in some kind of interrelation. The
term group, or social group, has been used to designate many kinds of aggregations of humans. Aggregations of two members and
aggregations that include the total population of a large nation-state have been called groups.

d. Institutions – consists of a group of people who have come together for a common purpose. These institutions are a part of the
social order of society and they govern behavior and expectations of individuals. examples are family, education, religion, economic
institutions, government

WEEK 4: THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF CULTURE

A. CULTURE DEFINED
Culture – refers to the total and distinctive way of life or designs for living of any society. It includes learned behavior, beliefs,
attitudes, values and ideals characteristics of certain societies. It is the sum total of human creations – intellectual, technical, artistic,
physical and moral that guide social life.
- it also refers to people’s social heritage which refer to the customary ways in which groups organize their ways of behaving,
thinking and feeling transmitted from one generation to another through language and arts.

B. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
1. Culture is learned – the norms, skill, values and knowledge which constitute one’s culture are acquired during the course of one’s
life and not transmitted genetically through language or symbols. Culture is derived from the family and other social groups through
conditioning, imitation, suggestion, informal and formal instruction and mass communication

2. Culture is transmitted – only humans can transmit their acquired habits and knowledge to their offspring. Humans are able to
convey their ideas to the next generation.

3. Culture is social, collective and learned – it is developed through group interaction and results from the accumulation of
knowledge and group expectations. We share cultural characteristics with segments of our population based on ethnicity, religion or
occupation.

4. Culture is ideational – within the culture are group habits considered as ideal patterns of behavior which the members are
expected to follow.

5. Culture is gratifying – culture has provisions to satisfy the biological and sociocultural needs of people.

6. Culture is adaptive – all cultures are always changing and these changes represent adjustments to the environment. Culture
adapts to meet specific sets of circumstances such as climate, level of technology, population, and geography.

7. Culture is integrated whole – the various parts of the culture are closely interrelated and integrated into a whole. The various
elements tend to fit each other for a better adaptive process.
C. TYPES OF CULTURE
1. Real Culture - Real culture can be observed in our social life. We act upon on culture in our social life is real, its part which the
people adopt in their social life is their real one. The whole one is never real because a part of it remains without practice
2. Ideal Culture - The culture which is presented as a pattern or precedent to the people is called ideal. It is the goal of the society. It
can never be achieved fully because some part of it remains out of practice
3. Material Culture - Material culture consists of man-made objects such as furniture, automobiles, buildings, dams, bridges, roads
and in fact, the physical matter converted and used by man. It is closely related with the external, mechanical as well as useful
objects. It includes, technical and material equipment like a railways engine, publication machines, a locomotive, a radio etc. It
includes our financial institutions, parliaments, insurance policies etc. and referred to as civilization.
4. Non – Material Culture - It is something nonphysical ideas which include values, beliefs, symbols, organization and institutions
etc. Nonmaterial culture includes words we use, the language we speak, our belief held, values we cherish and all the ceremonies
observed.

D. ASPECTS OF CULTURE
• Artifacts - Objects made by human beings, either hand-made or mass produced
• Arts and Recreation - Arts, Music, Drama and Literatures, Games and Sports, and Use of Leisure Time
• Clothes - The people usually wear in the community
• Customs and Traditions - The things we do
• Food - The staple food that the people in the community often eat
• Government - The one that implement rules, keep peace and order, and address conflicts in the community
• Knowledge - The psychological result of perception, learning, and reasoning
• Language - The mental faculty or power of vocal communication
• Religion - A strong belief in a supernatural power that control human destiny
• Shelter - A structure that provides privacy and protection from danger
• Tools - Objects used to improve the performance of a task
• Values - The morals that we live by

E. FILIPINO VALUES, TRADITIONS AND PRACTICES

Values – defined as standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty. Some are good guidelines for social living
and are statements about what ought to be. Human behavior is judged by the standards of good and bad and members of society
tend to pattern and standardize their behavior in accordance with values.

FILIPINO VALUES
Four basic Filipino Values (based on the studies of Fr. Jaime Bulatao)
1. Emotional closeness and security in a family. value for extended family
2. Approval from authority and of society. Filipinos have the desire to please and be accepted by the society.
3. Economic and Social development. Refers to the Filipino value of uplifting one’s state in life.
4. Patience, endurance and suffering. Shows the matiisin attitude of Filipinos

Values adapted from the Americans in the Philippine Culture

1. Equal opportunity
2. Achievement and success
3. Material Comfort
4. Activity and work
5. Practicality and efficiency
6. Progress
7. Science
8. Democracy and free enterprise
9. Freedom
10. Racism and group superiority

RACE AND ETHNICITY

Race – refers to physical characteristics transmitted at birth to a group of people. This is manifested in the shape of head and face,
shape and color of eyes, shape of nose, lips and ears, texture and color of hair, skin color, height, blood type, etc.

Ethnic group – refers to a group of people with common cultural background

Minority Group – refers to a group of people that is numerically lesser than the rest of the population, in a non-dominant position,
whose members possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics which distinguish them from the rest of the population.

ETHINIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Luzon

Apayao Ibanag Ivatan Negrito

Bago Ifugao Iwak Palanan
Balagao Ikalahan Kalinga Pangasinan
Bicol Ilocano Kankanaey Sambal
Bontoc Ilongot Kankanay Tagalog
Ibaloi Isinay Kapampangan Tinggian
Ga'dang Itawit Malaweg Yogad

Visayas
Abaknon Boholano Hiligaynon Rombloanon
Aklanon Bukidnon Kiniray-a Sulod
Bantoanon Cebuano Masbateno Waray

Mindoro
Mangyan

Palawan
Aguyatanen Kuyonen Palawan Tau't batu
Batak Molbog Tagbanwa

Suli / Tawi-tawi
Jama Mapun Sama Tausog
Yakari Sam Dilaut

Mindanao
B'taan Kamayo Mandaya
Bagobo Kamiguin Manobo T'boli
Butuanon Kolibugan Maranao Tasaday
Ilanun Maguindanao Sangil / Sandir Tururay
Kalangan Mamanwa Subanun

WEEK 5: THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION

Personality refers to the sum total of all the physical, mental, emotional, social and behavioral characteristics of the individual.

Socialization – refers to how an infant develops into a functioning social being and emerges with a self-identity, a social self and a
personality. It enables us to develop our human potentials and learn the ways of thinking, talking, and acting that are necessary for
social living and are essential for human survival and human development. how one eats, walks, talks, raises children, makes love
and dies are functions of the culture in which one is raised. Socialization starts from birth and ends when one is dead.
NATURE VS NURTURE

In the human infant’s development, there are two important factors at work – heredity and sociocultural environment. Most
scientists agree that both heredity and the social environment interact in complex ways and influence personality development.

Biological traits transferred from parents to offspring though genes are composed of biological structures, psychological processes,
reflexes, urges, capacity, intelligence and other physical traits.

Cultural definitions also affect socialization. Some biological traits are regarded as more socially desirable than others. A physically fit
individual can easily qualify for sports and in work. These genetically determined qualities set limits on the range of things a person
can do.

The influence of cultural environment is not limited to childrearing techniques. Culture continues to shape a person’s personality
throughout life by providing models.

Social environment on the other hand refers to the various groups and social interactions going in the groups of which one is a
member.

THE LOOKING GLASS SELF

According to George Horton Cooley, this is the ability of children to visualize themselves through the eyes of other, to imagine how
they appear to others. The self is seen through the eyes of other people and how they evaluate our appearance.

ROLE TAKING THEORY

George Herbert Mead believed that the behavior and perception held by individuals are influenced by the social groups of which
they are members. The self emerges in the process of socialization mediated by language. It is the process by which a person
mentally assumes the role of someone in order to understand the worlds from that person’s point of view.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

FAMILY – most influential group in the child’s life. The formative years and the development of the self and personality are
undertaken by the family. The family gives care, emotional support, shelter, medical attention, and educational training.

The parents give moral guidance and discipline to the children. The cultural heritage is transmitted by the parents to the children.
The child gets affection, love and a sense of belonging which are important in the development on one’s identity.

The older members usually set as an example to the younger members who learn the habits, attitudes, and values of the group
through some system of reward and punishment.

PEER GROUP

As the child grows older, the family’s role in socialization is replaced by the peer group. The informal grouping of two or more
members, more or less of the same age, neighborhood, or school is called peer group, friends, clique, gang or barkada.

Children can learn a number of things in the peer group, like engaging in competitive, conflicting and cooperative relationships with
others, making decisions, engaging in activities involving self-expression; and experimenting with new ways of thinking, feeling and
behaving. Members of a peer group are pressured to follow the expectations of the group.

THE CHURCH
The church provides for the spiritual and moral needs of the child. Children learn the norms of conduct and codes of behavior set
forth by the church. Expectations of what would result from doing good, fear of sin, a concept of life after death and the concepts of
heaven and hell motivate individuals to do what is good in order to be at peace with their Maker.

THE SCHOOL
The potentials of the child are developed and he or she learns to relate with others. Self-expression and creativity, cooperation and
respect for others are also developed. The child is gradually weaned from the parents and then proceeds to elementary school. The
schools are responsible for inculcating knowledge and skills, which prepare them for adulthood and become productive and
effective citizens of the country.
MASS MEDIA
Its functions are primarily to inform, entertain and educate. Radio and television programs transmit music and other forms of
entertainment to the viewers. To children, television is very appealing and has, to a certain extent, become a substitute for activities
like reading and playing.

THE WORKPLACE
When an individual joins in the workplace, there is the realization that he or she passes from adolescence to adulthood. There are
times when one feels bored or harassed but gradually one may learn the skills, knowledge and techniques needed in the job.