HL

Ques 1.

(i) Crocetin consists of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Determine the empirical
formula of crocetin, if 1.00 g of crocetin forms 2.68 g of carbon dioxide and 0.657 g of
water when it undergoes complete combustion.

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(5)

(ii) Determine the molecular formula of crocetin given that 0.300 mole of crocetin has a
mass of 98.5 g

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Ques 2.

(a) Use the Aufbau principle to write the electron configuration of an atom of germanium.

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(1)

(b) The successive ionization energies of germanium are shown in the following table:

5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st

Ionization energy /
8950 4390 3300 1540 760
kJ mol–1

(i) Identify the sub-level from which the electron is removed when the first
ionization energy of germanium is measured.

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(1)

(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the process occurring when
measuring the second ionization energy of germanium.

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(1)

(iii) Explain why the difference between the 4th and 5th ionization energies is much
greater than the difference between any two other successive values.

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(2)
(iv) Explain why successive ionization energies of an element increase.

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(1)
Ques 3.

Two characteristics of the d-block (transition) elements are that they exhibit variable oxidation
states and form coloured compounds.

(i) State two possible oxidation states for iron and explain these in terms of electron
arrangements.

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(2)

(ii) Explain why many compounds of d-block (transition) elements are coloured.

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(3)

(iii) Explain why complexes of Zn2+ are colourless whereas complexes containing Cu2+ are
coloured.
(3)
(iv)Complete the table below to show the oxidation state of the transition element.
(3)

ion Cr2O72– [CuCl4]2– [Fe(H2O)6]3+

oxidation state

Ques 4.

Copper metal may be produced by the reaction of copper(I) oxide and copper(I) sulfide
according to the below equation.

2Cu2O + Cu2S  6Cu + SO2

A mixture of 10.0 kg of copper(I) oxide and 5.00 kg of copper(I) sulfide was heated until no
further reaction occurred.

(a) Determine the limiting reagent in this reaction, showing your working.

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(2)

(b) Calculate the maximum mass of copper that could be obtained from these masses of
reactants.

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(2)
Ans 1.

(i) n(C)(= n(CO2) = 2.68 g÷44.01 g mol1) = 0.0609 mol;

n(H)(= 2×n(H2O) = 0.657 g÷18.02 g mol1) = 0.0729 mol;
m(C) = 0.0609 mol×12.01 g mol1 = 0.731 g
and m(H) = 0.0729 mol×1.01 g mol1 = 0.0736 g;
m(O) = (1.00  0.731  0.0736)g = 0.195g;

n(C) n(H) n(O)

0.0609 0.0730 0.195
16.00
0.0609 0.0730 0.0122
0.0609 0.0730 0.0122
0.0122 0.0122 0.0122

4.99 5.98 1.00;

empirical formula: C5H6O; 5

For C5H6 award [4 max].
Steps used to arrive at the correct amounts (in moles) are
required for full marks.

(ii) M(crocetin) = 98.5 g÷0.300 mol = 328 (g mol1);

328
(  4)
82.11

molecular formula: C20H24O4; 2

ECF from (i).
Ans 2.

(a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2/[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2; 1
Do not penalize for interchanging 4s2and 3d10.
(b) (i) (4)p; 1

(ii) Ge+(g)  Ge2+(g) + e; 1

Do not penalize for e(g).
Accept loss of electron on LHS.

(iii) 5th electron removed from energy level closer to nucleus/5th electron
removed from 3rd energy level and 4th electron from 4th energy
level/OWTTE;
attraction by nucleus or protons greater (for electrons closer to
nucleus)/OWTTE; 2
[5]
(iv) same nuclear charge, fewer electrons (thus more energy required to
remove successive electrons)/harder to remove an electron from
 an ion with increasing positive charge/nucleus has greater effect
on smaller number of electrons/OWTTE; 1

Ans 3.

(i) +2 and +3/Fe2+ and Fe3+;

both s electrons are lost giving Fe2+ and one more d electron is
also lost to form Fe3+; 2

(ii) presence of unpaired electrons;

the d orbitals are split into two energy levels;
electrons move between these energy levels;
electrons can absorb energy from light of visible wavelength
/OWTTE; 3
Award [1] each for any three.
(iii) Zn2+ has full d sub-shell / Zn2+ does not have partially filled
d sub-shell/
Cu2+ has partially filled d sub-shell/orbitals;
d orbitals are split (into two sets of different energy levels);
colour due to electron transition between (split) d orbitals; 3

(iv)

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ 2[CuCl4]2– Cr2O72– ion

+3 +2 +6 oxidation state

Accept 6+, 2+, 3+. If given as 6, 2, 3 or (VI), (II), (III),

Award [2] only. 3

Ans 4.

(a) n(Cu2O) = 10.0×103÷143.1 = 69.9 mol;

n(Cu2S) = 5.00×103÷159.16 = 31.4 mol;
Penalise failure to convert kg  g once only.

Cu2S is the limiting reagent; 2

ECF from above answers.

(b) n(Cu) = 6×n(Cu2S) = 6×31.4 = 188 mol;

m(Cu) = 188×63.55 = 11900  12000 g/11.9  12.0 kg; 2
If Cu2O given in (a), allow 3×n(Cu2O) and
3×n(Cu2O)×63.55.
Allow ECF from (a).