UNIT 1

1. Explain the type of service field in IP datagram.

2. Explain the steps to subnet IPv4 address.
3. Explain the following:
i) Variably subnetted address
ii) Discontagious subnets
iii) Summary route
iv) Administrative distance
v) Floating static route
4. Explain the following:
i) Equal cost load sharing
ii) Non-equal load sharing
iii) Recursive table lookup
5. Explain Proxy ARP and Gratuitous ARP.
6. What is routing protocol? What basic procedures should routing algorithm perform?
Why do routing protocols use metrics?
7. Explain the following:
i) Metrics
ii) Convergence time
iii) Neighbors
iv) Hold-down timer
v) Route invalidation timer
8. What are the different types of metrics? Explain.
9. Discuss the common characteristics of distance vector routing protocol.
10. Explain the problem of instability in RIP. How is it overcome?
11. Explain the split horizon and split horizon with Poison reverse.
12. What is load balancing? What are the different types of load balancing?
13. Explain the SPF algorithm.
14. Explain the difference between Interior Gateway Protocol and Exterior Gateway
Protocol.
15. What are sequence numbers? Explain Linear, Circular and Lollipop shaped sequence
number spaces.
16. Explain different functions of EGP and EGP message types.
UNIT 2
17. Explain the high-level operation of OSPF.
18. What is the purpose of hello protocol? What information does hello packet contain?
19. What are the different types of networks defined by OSPF? Explain each type.
20. What are designated routers and backup designated routers? Explain the election
procedure of designated and backup designated router. Which type of networks support
and which type of networks do not support election of designated and backup
designated routers? Why?
21. Explain the components of OSPF interface data structure.
22. What are the states of OSPF enabled interfaces? Explain OSPF state machine.
23. Explain the components of OSPF neighbour data structure.
24. Explain the OSPF neighbour state machine.
25. Explain the process of building adjacency in OSPF.
26. What are the different types of OSPF routers? Explain.
27. Compare partitioned and isolated areas.
28. Enumerate the differences between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3.
29. Explain the different types of Link State Advertisements.
30. Explain the OSPF neighbourships over the following:
i. Frame Relay Point to Point Subinterfaces
ii. MPLS VPN
iii. Metro Ethernet
31. Explain LSA Type 1 in detail.
32. Explain LSA Type 2 in detail.
33. Explain LSA Type 3 in detail.
34. Explain how database exchange takes place with and without a designated router.
35. How is the best OSPF route selected? How are metric and SPF calculated? Explain.
36. Explain Type 3 LSA filtering.
37. How is OSPF filtering done with distributed lists? Explain.
38. How does OSPF summarize on Area Border routers and Autonomous System
Boundary routers? Explain.
39. What are stubyy areas? What are the features of stubby area? What are types of stubby
areas?
40. Explain the concept of OSPF virtual link.
41. What are the different challenges when OSPF uses multipoint Frame relay
subinterfaces?
UNIT 3
42. What is policy based routing? What are the functions of policy based routing?
43. What is IP Server level agreement? Explain the concepts of IP service level agreement.
44. What is tracking object? Why is it used?
45. How are public IP addresses assigned?
46. Explain the concept of Internet route aggregation.
47. Explain the impact of network address translation on IPv4 address assignment.
48. Compare OSPF and BGP.
49. What are the two classes of BGP neighbours? Explain.
50. Discuss in detail BGP and default routing for enterprises.
51. Explain in detail the requirements for forming eBGP neighbourships.
52. Explain the different BGP neighbour states.
53. Explain in detail the different BGP message types.
54. What are the next-hop reachability issues with iBGP?
55. Explain how routing loops can be avoided when packets are forwarded to the Internet
using BGP.
56. Explain BGP filtering.
57. Explain the different BGP path attributes that affect the best path algorithm.
58. Explain the BGP best path algorithm.
59. Explain the concept of multi exit discriminator.
60. What are different types of IPv6 addresses? Explain.
61. Explain the functions used by neighbour discovery protocol.
62. Explain IPv6 header format.
63. What are extension headers in IPv6? Explain.
64. Explain the concept of IPv6 tunnelling encapsulation and decapsulation.
UNIT 4
65. Explain the building blocks of enterprise campus infrastructure.
66. How is High availability obtained in a campus? Explain.
67. What is the need for implementing spanning tree protocol? What are the features of
spanning tree protocol?
68. What is a trunk? Explain VLAN trunking protocol.
69. Explain the features of dynamic trunking protocol and its encapsulation types.
70. What is Etherchannel? What are the protocols involved in it? Explain.
71. Explain the three design modes for access distribution blocks.
72. What are the Quality of Service Considerations in Enterprise Campus Network
Design?
73. Why is IP redesign necessary? Explain the applications that need additional subnets.
74. Explain:
i) NAT in an Enterprise
ii) NAT with external partners
75. Enumerate design considerations for IPv6 in Campus networks.
76. Discuss the use of route filtering in network design and different techniques to apply
route filtering in various protocols.
77. What is redistribution? What is filtered redistribution? Explain.
78. Enumerate the factors on which the workload imposed by OSPF depends.
79. How are OSPF areas designed? Explain.
80. Explain fast convergence in OSPF. What are the parameters that control the OSPF
LSA propagation? Explain.
81. Discuss the scaling issues in internal BGP and techniques to alleviate these issues.
82. With the help of a neat diagram explain the advanced WAN service layers.
83. Explain dense wavelength digital multiplexing.
84. With the help on a neat diagram explain Metro-Ethernet Architecture.
85. Explain the architecture of Virtual Private LAN Service.
86. Enumerate the characteristics of multiprotocol label switching at Layer 2 and Layer 3.
What are the considerations that must be taken into account when designing customer
multiprotocol label switching virtual private networks?
87. What is SLA? Enumerate the technical metrics included in good SLA.
UNIT 5
88. With the help of a neat diagram explain the architecture of data center.
89. Enumerate the benefits of Layer 2 access topology.
90. Enumerate the benefits and drawbacks of Layer 3 access layer designs.
91. What are blade servers? What challenges need to be considered while designing and
supporting the data center network?
92. Discuss High availability and failover times in data centers.
93. What is virtualization? What are its categories? Explain.
94. What is storage area network? What are its components?
95. Explain the different storage topologies.
96. Explain the following SAN technologies:
i) SCSI
ii) Fibre Channel
97. Explain the following SAN technologies:
i) Virtual SAN
ii) Inter VSAN routing
98. Explain the following SAN technologies:
i) Fabric Shortest path first
ii) Zoning
99. Explain the following SAN technologies:
i) Fibre Connectivity
100. Discuss the different SAN extension protocols.
101. Explain the SAN protocol stack.
102. Explain the remote access virtual private networks.
103. What is SSL? What is its use in virtual private networks?
104. Explain the different design considerations for remote access virtual private networks.
105. How are site-to-site virtual private networks designed? What are the considerations for
design of such networks?
106. Explain IPSec virtual private networks.
107. Explain dynamic multipoint virtual private network.
108. How are virtual private networks managed and scaled? Explain.