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MATERIALS REQUIRED:
FAS (Mohr’s salt) Crystals, Distilled Water, Electronic Balance, 250ml Standard Flask, a
funnel, Wash bottle and diluted H2So4.
PROCEDURE:
Using an electronic balance weigh exactly 4.9g of FAS crystals in a paper. Transfer these
into a funnel which placed in a 250ml standard flask. Add 5ml diluted H2SO4. Dissolve FAS
crystals in the standard flask by gentle stirring. Wash the funnel thoroughly with water to transfer
the solution on the sides of the funnel into the standard flask. Add enough water to the standard
flask so that the level is just below the calibration mark on it. Add water until the lower level of the
meniscus just touches the mark on the standard flask. Fix the stopper and shake gently to make the
solution uniform throughout.
MOLARITY OF FAS:
= ____________ M
RESULT:
Standard solution of M/20 or 0.05M of FAS is prepared.
NOTE:
To weigh the salt, weighing bottle or watch glass or paper can be used.
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 4
REDOX TITRATION – I
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Watch glass, funnel, 250ml standard flask, burette, pipette, burette with stand.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Ferrous ammonium sulphate crystals, KMnO4 solution, 2N sulphuric acid.
CHEMICALS EQUATIONS:
-
MnO-4 + 8 H+ + 5 e → Mn2++ 4 H2O
5 [ Fe 2+ → Fe 3+ + e-]
_________________________________________________
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 Fe 2+ → Mn2+ + 4 H2O + 5 Fe 3+
_________________________________________________
PROCEDURE:
Take a burette and wash it with water. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4
solution and set the initial burette reading as zero. Clamp it vertically to the burette stand. Rinse the
pipette with water and then with the given FAS salt solution. Pipette out 20ml of the given FAS salt
solution into a conical flask and add one test tube (~20ml) full of diluted H2SO4 into it. Titrate it
against the KMnO4 solution taken in the burette till the colour of the solution in the conical flask
changes from colourless to pale permanent pink colour. Note down the final burette reading. Repeat
the titration until concordant values are obtained.
SHORT PROCEDURE:
CALCULATION:
V1 =Volume of Mohr’s salt = 20 ml
M1 =Molarity of Mohr’s salt = ____ M
V2 =Volume of KMnO4 = ____ml
M2 =Molarity of KMnO4 = ?
n1 = 5 & n2 = 1 Example 1 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 moles of Mohr’s salt
M2 =
=
=__________ M.
DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To prepare 250ml standard M/20 oxalic acid from crystalline oxalic acid.
THEORY:
Crystalline Oxalic acid is a primary standard and it can be prepared directly. During the
oxidation Oxalic acid 2 electrons are given out from 1 molecule of Oxalic acid.
Molecular mass of Oxalic acid is 126g. So for preparing 1000 ml of 1M Oxalic acid, 126g of
Oxalic acid is needed.
PROCEDURE:
Using an electronic balance weigh exactly 1.575g Oxalic acid of in a paper. Transfer these
into a funnel which placed in a 250ml standard flask. Dissolve Oxalic acid in the standard flask by
gentle stirring. Wash the funnel thoroughly with water to transfer the solution on the sides of the
funnel into the standard flask. Add enough water to the standard flask so that the level is just below
the calibration mark on it. Add the last few drops of water with a pipette until the lower level of the
meniscus just touches the mark on the standard flask. Fix the stopper and shake gently to make the
solution uniform throughout.
=____________ M
RESULT:
Standard solution of M/20 or 0.05M Oxalic acid is prepared.
NOTE:
To weigh the salt, weighing bottle or watch glass or paper can be used.
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 7
REDOX TITRATION – II
ESTIMATION OF KMnO4 SOLUTION USING OXALIC SALT
DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To estimate the Molarity and the strength of the given KMnO4 solution using M/20 Oxalic
acid as standard solution.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Watch glass, funnel, 250ml standard flask, burette, pipette, burette with stand.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Oxalic acid, KMnO4 solution, 2N sulphuric acid.
CHEMICALS EQUATIONS:
-
[MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e → Mn2+ + 4 H2O] x 2
Take a burette and wash it with water. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4
solution and set the initial burette reading as zero. Clamp it vertically to the burette stand. Rinse the
pipette with water and then with the given Oxalic acid solution pipette out 20ml of the given Oxalic
acid solution into a conical flask and add one test tube (~20ml) full of diluted H2SO4 into it. Heat
the contents of the conical flask to 60-70°C. Titrate it against the KMnO4 solution taken in the
burette till the colour of the solution in the conical flask changes from colourless to pale permanent
pink colour. Note down the final burette reading. Repeat the titration until concordant values are
obtained.
SHORT PROCEDURE:
CALCULATION:
V1 =Volume of Oxalic acid = 20 ml
M1 =Molarity of Oxalic acid = ________ M
V2 =Volume of KMnO4 = ________ml
M2 =Molarity of KMnO4 = ?
M2 =
=
=__________ M.
OBJECTIVE
To separate the coloured components in the mixture of red and blue inks by ascending paper
chromatography and find their Rf values.
THEORY
The separation of components depends on the difference in rates at which the individual
components move through the paper strip. For any component
Rf =
MATERIALS REQUIRED
A. Apparatus: Gas jar, jar cover, capillary tube, whatman filter paper no. 1.
B. Chemicals: A mixture of red and blue inks, alcohol and distilled water mixture (50-50).
PROCEDURE:
1. Take whatman filter paper no. 1 and cut a strip (20 x 2 cm) of the length of gasbjar
2. Draw a line With pencil at about 3 cm from one end of paper strip.
3. With the help of fine capillary put a drop of the mixture of inks at the centre of the pencil line
4. Pour mixture of ethyl alcohol and water in the gas jar to a depth of about 2 cm.
5. Suspend the filter paper vertically erect in the centre of the gas jar with the spot such that the
paper dips in the eluent mixture but the pencil line (with the spot) remains 2 cm above the solvent
level.
6. Cover the gas jar and keep it undisturbed. Notice the rising solvent. Wait till the solvent rises to
about 15 cm and two different coloured spots are seen on the paper.
7. Take the filter paper out of the jar and mark the distance that the solvent has risen on the paper
with a pencil. This is called the solvent front.
8.Dry the filter paper and mark the centre of red and blue spots with a pencil.
9. Measure the distance of the two spots from the original line and the distance of the solvent front
from the original line.
2 Blue
RESULT:
PRECAUTION:
THEORY:
Mohr’s salt is prepared by dissolving equimolar mixture of hydrated ferrous sulphate in
water containing dil.H2 SO4. Crystallisation of the resultant solution gives Mohr’s salt.
Fe SO4.7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 → Fe SO4 (NH4)2SO4 .6H2O.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Apparatus : Beaker, China dish, funnel, glass rod, tripod stand, wire gauze
2. Chemicals : Ferrous Sulphate, ammonium sulphate crystal and dil.H2SO4.
PROCEDURE:
3. Take about 14 g of ferrous sulphate and 6.5 g of ammonium sulphate in a clean beaker
4. Add to it about 2 mL of dilute sulphuric acid (to prevent hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate).
5. Boil about 50 mL of water in another beaker for 5 minutes.
6. Add the boiling water into the first beaker containing salt and (hi. 112804 and stir with
glass rod.
7. Filter the hot solution into a china dish to remove impurities, if any.
8. Heat the solution in the china dish on a sand bath till saturation point (tested with a glass
rod).
9. Keep the china dish covered with watch glass for cooling.
10. If necessary, suspend a crystal of Mohr’s salt with a thread for seeding. Wait
crystallization takes place around seed crystal.
11. Remove the crystals and dry by pressing between filter paper.
12. Weigh the crystals obtained.
OBSERVATION:
Colour of crystrals = Light bluish green
Shape of crystals = Monoclinic
Weight of crystals = xg
Percentage yield = x X 100 (Theoretical yield X = x 14)
X
PRECAUTION:
As ferrous sulphate gets oxidised to yellow ferric sulphate on exposure to air, use only
green coloured ferrous sulphate.
Do not forget to add dil H2SO4 to ferrous sulphate before adding water, to prevent
hydrolysis.
Use only boiled water for dissolving salts to prevent oxidation of ferrous sulphate.
Double Salt was tested positive for Fe2+, NH4+ and SO42-
RESULT:
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
13. Apparatus : Beaker, China dish, funnel, glass rod, tripod stand, wire gauze
Chemicals : Potassium sulphate, Aluminium sulphate and Concentrated H2SO4.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take about 4.5 g of Potassium sulphate in a beaker and dissolve in minimum quantity of
water.
2. Take 16.5g of aluminium sulphate in another beaker. Add 2-3mL dil H2SO4 to prevent
hydrolysis of Al2(SO4)3 and add 30mL of water.
3. Filter both the solutions in the same china dish and heat on a low flame till crystallization
point is reached.
4. Remove the china dish from the flame cover it and keep it undisturbed.
5. Seeding may be done, if required.
6. Decant off the mother liquor and dry the crystal between the folds of a filter paper
7. Weigh the crystals.
OBSERVATION:
Colour of crystrals = Colourless
Shape of crystals = Octahedral
Weight of crystals = xg
Percentage yield = x X 100 (Theoretical yield X = x 4.5)
X
PRECAUTION:
PRINCIPLE:
2 Moles of benzaldehyde condense with 1 mole of acetone to give dibenzal acetone.
O O
-
|| OH ||
2C6H5CHO + CH3 – C CH3 -----------> C6H5 – CH = CH – C – CH = CH – C6H5 + 2 H2O
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Apparatus : Conical flask, Beaker, test tube, funnel, filter paper.
Chemicals : Benzaldehyde 2.5ml, Acetone 1ml, 10% NAOH = 5ml, Rectified spirit = 25ml.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take 5 mL rectified spirit in a conical flask. Add to it 5.0 mL benzaldehyde, 2mL
acetone. Cover the flask and shake till a clear solution is obtained.
2. Add 10 mL of 5% NaOH to the above mixture drop by rop with constant shaking of the
flask. Do not allow the temperature to rise.
3. Cover the flask and shake vigorously for 15 min releasing the pressure from time to time.
4. Allow the contents to stand for 20 min and then cool in ace cold water for a few minutes
when the yellow coloured solid precipitates out.
5. Filter the yellow solid and wash it with water to remove traces of alkali.
6. Dissolve yellow coloured solid in minimum quantity of hot rectified spirit. Allow cool
slowly. Pale yellow crystals of dibenzal acetone separates out. Filter and dry the cryls
with folded filter paper. Weigh and record the yield.
RESULT:
1. Yield of dibenzal acetone = _________g
2. Colour of the crystals = Yellow
PRINCIPLE:
Rate of reaction is directly proportional to the product of molar concentration of reactants.
Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction is studied by using the reaction between Na2S2O3and
HCl.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2 Na Cl + SO2 + H2O + S
Insoluble S formed makes the solution turbid. Rate of reaction is studied by determining the
time taken for turbidity to occur.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Apparatus : Conical flask, stop watch, measuring cylinder, glazed tile.
Chemicals : 0.1 M Sodium Thio sulphate (Na2 S2 O3), and 1M HCl.
PROCEDURE:
1. A clean conical flask is taken and 50ml of 0.1M (Na2S2O3) Sodium Thio sulphate is
transferred into it.
2. 10ml of Hydrochloric acid is added and stop watch is started immediately.
3. Conical flask is placed on the tile with a mark and shake.
4. The time needed for the mark to become invisible is noted.
5. The flask is washed and the experiment is repeated using 40, 30, 20, 10ml of Sodium
Thio sulphate with 10, 20, 30, 40ml of water respectively, a graph is plotted with the
volume of Sodium Thio sulphate solution against time in seconds.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
RESULT:
Rate of reaction increases with increase in the concentration of reactant.
PRINCIPLE:
Rate of reaction is directly proportional to increase is temperature. The increase in temperature
increases the kinetic energy of molecular. Hence the fraction of molecules possessing the threshold
energy also increases.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Apparatus : Conical flask, stop watch, measuring cylinder, glazed tile.
Chemicals : 0.1 M Sodium Thio sulphate (Na2 S2 O3), and 1M HCl.
PROCEDURE:
1. A clean conical flask is taken and 50ml of 0.1M (Na2 S2 O3) Sodium Thio sulphate is
transferred into it.
2. Note the temperature and then add 10ml of Hydrochloric acid and stop watch is started
immediately.
3. The flask is shaken gently till the cross mark on the tile becomes invisible. The time is
noted. The contents of the flask are emptied and cleaned with concentrated HNO3 and
water.
4. Again 50ml of 0.1M Sodium Thio sulphate is taken in a conical flask and heated to
temperature 50C above the initial temperature.
5. Immediately Hydrochloric acid is added and stop watch is started. Time taken for the
mark become invisible is noted.
6. The experiment is repeated for various temperatures 100 C, 150C, 200C and 250C above
the initial temperature. Observations are recorded and a graph is plotted with time along
x-axis and temperature along y-axis.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
RESULT:
Rate of reaction between Sodium Thio sulphate and Hydrochloric acid increases with
increase in temperature.
PRINCIPLE:
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Colourless opaque colloidal solution of egg albumin is obtained.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a 250 ml clean conical flask and to this add 100 ml of distilled water using a
measuring cylinder.
2. Bring the water to boil by placing the flask over a Bunsen burner.
3. Add ferric chloride solution drop wise to the boiling water using a dropper.
4. Continue heating until a deep red or brown solution of ferric hydroxide is obtained.
(Note: Replace the water lost by evaporation during boiling at regular intervals).
5. Keep the contents of the conical flask undisturbed for some time at room temperature.
Label the solution as Ferric Hydroxide Sol.
PRECAUTIONS:
Since ferric hydroxide sol is affected by impurities, the apparatus required for the preparation
of sol should be thoroughly cleaned by the steaming out process.
RESULT:
A colloidal solution of Ferric Chloride solution is prepared.
Decriptation Presence of
Pb(No3)2
White sublimation is formed Presence of NH4Cl
on the inner sides of the test
tube
3 FLAME TEST:
A pinch of salt taken in a watch Bluish Green flame. Presence of Cu2+
glass, a drop of concentrated HCl is Cu2+ + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H+
added and make into a paste. The Apple Green flame. Presence of Ba2+
2+ +
paste is introduced into the non Ba + 2HCl BaCl2 + 2 H
luminous flame. Brick Red flame. Presence of Ca2+
Ca2+ + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H+
Crimson Red coloured flame Presence of Sr2+
Sr2+ + 2HCl SrCl2 + 2H+
4 ASH TEST:
To a little of the salt solution in the Blue colour ash Presence of Al3+
test tube added concentrated HNO3 Al2O3 + CoO Al2O3.CoO
and Cobalt Nitrate. A filter paper is Green colour ash Presence of Zn2+
dipped in the solution and ignited. ZnO + CoO ZnO.CoO
Pink colour ash Presence of Mg2+
MgO + CoO MgO.CoO
5 ACTION OF HCl:
To a little of the salt in the test tube Brisk effervescence is seen. Presence of CO32-
added diluted HCl A colourless gas turning lime
water milky Presence of S2+
Colourless gas with the smell
of rotten egg
Reddish brown vapours. Presence of NO3-
6 ACTION OF H2SO4 AND MnO2:
To a little of the salt is added MnO2 Greenish yellow gas is evolved Presence of Cl-
9 AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE
TEST:
To a little of the salt added Canary Yellow precipitate is Presence of PO43-
concentrated HNO3 till the fumes formed is confirmed
cease to evolve and then added
ammonium molybdate.
PO42- + 3(NH4)2MoO42(NH4)3PO4+MoO42-
MoO42- + 2HNO3H3MoO4 + NO3-
H2MoO4 MoO3 + H2O
(NH4)3PO4 + 12MoO3+6H2O (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3.6H2O
Canary Yellow ppt
-
NH4+ + OH → NH3 + H2O
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
White fumes
2K2HgI4 + 4NH3 + H2O NH2HgO . HgO. HgI + 4KI + 3NH4I
Iodide of millions base
(Red Brown ppt)
RESULT:
RESULT
The given food sample contains Carbohydrate
RESULT
The given food sample contains Fat
RESULT
The given organic sample contains hydroxyl group (-OH)
RESULT
The given organic sample contains carbonyl group (=C=O)
4 IODOFORM TEST
To a little of the given organic A yellow precipitate is Confirms methyl ketone
compound add iodine solution and obtained or acetaldehyde or 2-
aqueous NaOH propanol
RESULT
The given organic sample contains Carboxylic acid (-COOH)
RESULT
The given organic sample contains Amino group (-NH2)
The Br, Cl and Cn nucleophiles can be easily present in the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salt
in the presence of Copper ion.
2. Gattermann Reaction
Bromine and Chlorine can be present in the benzene ring by preparing the benzene diazonium salt
solution with similar halogen acid present with copper powder.
3. Balz-Schiemann Reaction
When arenediazonium chloride is prepared with fluoroboric acid, arene diazonium fluoroborate is
precipitated and decomposes to yield aryl fluoride which on heating.
4. Finkelstein Reaction
Alkyl iodides are prepared easily with the reaction of alkyl chlorides with Nal in dry acetone.
5. Swarts Reaction
When alkyl chloride is heated in the presence of a metallic fluoride like AgF, Hg2F2, SbF3 or CoF2 ,
we get alkyl fluorides.
6. Wurtz Reaction
When Alkyl halides get reacted with sodium with dry ether, we get hydrocarbons that include the double
number of carbon atoms present in the halide.
7. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 31
When a mixture of alkyl halide and aryl halide gets treated with sodium in dry ether, we get an alkyl arene.
8. Fittig Reaction
Aryl halides prepared with sodium in dry ether to give analogous compounds where two aryl groups joined.
10. Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction: We get acetyl benzene when an acetyl halide is reacted with
benzene in the presence of Lewis acids.
Benzene is prepared with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of anhydrous
aluminium chloride to give benzaldehyde.
(a) The reaction of benzenesulfonyl chloride with primary amine yields N-ethyl benzenesulfonyl amide.
The hydrogen attached to nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly acidic due to the presence of strong electron
withdrawing sulfonyl group. Hence, it is soluble in alkali.
(b) In the reaction with secondary amine, N,N-diethyl- benzenesulfonamide is formed. Since N, N-
diethyl benzene sulphonamide does not contain any hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen atom, it is not acidic
and hence insoluble in alkali.