LEARN PRACTISE SUCCEED LEARN

PRACTISE SUCCEED LEARN PRACTISE

SUCCEED LEARN PRACTISE SUCCEED

LEARN PR ISE LEARN

PRACTISE SUCCEED LEARN PRACTISE
SUCCEED LEARN PRACTISE SUCCEED

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL

CLASS XII CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL MANUAL
ACCORDING TO CBSE SYLLABUS

SUCCEED LEARN PRACTISE SUCCEED

LEARN PRACTISE SUCCEED LEARN
PRAC SUCCEED LEARN PRACTISE
SUCCEED LEARN PRACTISE SUCCEED
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 1
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 2
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No NAMES OF THE EXPERIMENT Pg.no Date Sign

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
1 (i) Preparation of Standard M/20 FAS solution 4
(ii) Redox titration - I Estimation of KMnO4 solution
using Mohr's salt.
5
(iii) Preparation of Standard M/20 Oxalic acid solution 7
(iv) Redox titration - II Estimation of KMnO4 solution
using Oxalic acid.
8
2 CHROMATOGRAPHY 10
PREPARTION OF INORGANIC
3
COMPOUNDS 12
(i) Preparation of Mohr's salt.
(ii) Preparation Potash Alum 13
PREPARTION OF ORGANIC
4 COMPOUNDS 14
Preparation of Dibenzal acetone
CHEMICAL KINETICS 15
5 (i) Rate of reaction - I
(ii) Rate of reaction - II 16
SURFACE CHEMISTRY 17
6 (i) Preparation of Egg Albumin solution
(ii) Preparation of Ferric Chloride solution 18
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
7
(i) General procedure 19
(ii) Basic Radical Group Analysis 21
(iii) Confirmatory test for Basic Radical 22
8 FOOD TEST 26
i) Carbohydrate
ii) Fat
iii) Protein

DETECTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

(i) Test for Alcohol and Phenol 27
9 (ii) Test for Aldehydes and Ketones
(iii) Test for Carboxylic acids
(iv) Test for Amine Groups
10 Naming Reactions 31
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 3
 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
PREAPARATION OF STANDARD M/20 FAS SOLUTION
DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To prepare a 250 ml of Std M/20 FAS Solution from Crystalline ferrous ammonium sulphate.
THEORY:
Crystalline FAS is primary standard. Its standard solution is prepared directly. During
Oxidation of FAS one electron gives out from one molecule of FAS.
Molecular mass of FAS is 392g. So for preparing 1000 ml of 1 Molarity of FAS, 392g of
FAS are needed

Molarity of FAS =Mass of FAS in grams x 1000

Molecular of FAS x Vol. of sol. in ml
Therefore Mass of FAS = 392x250x1
1000x20
=4.9g (in 250ml)

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
FAS (Mohr’s salt) Crystals, Distilled Water, Electronic Balance, 250ml Standard Flask, a
funnel, Wash bottle and diluted H2So4.
PROCEDURE:
Using an electronic balance weigh exactly 4.9g of FAS crystals in a paper. Transfer these
into a funnel which placed in a 250ml standard flask. Add 5ml diluted H2SO4. Dissolve FAS
crystals in the standard flask by gentle stirring. Wash the funnel thoroughly with water to transfer
the solution on the sides of the funnel into the standard flask. Add enough water to the standard
flask so that the level is just below the calibration mark on it. Add water until the lower level of the
meniscus just touches the mark on the standard flask. Fix the stopper and shake gently to make the
solution uniform throughout.

MOLARITY OF FAS:

Mass of the empty watch glass = ______________

Mass of the FAS salt + watch glass = ______________

Mass of the FAS salt in 250 ml = ______________

Therefore, Molarity of FAS = Mass of FAS in gm x 1000

Mol. Mass of FAS x Vol of soln in ml

= ____________ M

RESULT:
Standard solution of M/20 or 0.05M of FAS is prepared.

NOTE:
To weigh the salt, weighing bottle or watch glass or paper can be used.
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 4
 REDOX TITRATION – I

ESTIMATION OF KMnO4 SOLUTION USING FAS SALT

DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To estimate the Molarity and the strength of the given KMnO4 solution using M/20 FAS salt
as standard solution.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Watch glass, funnel, 250ml standard flask, burette, pipette, burette with stand.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Ferrous ammonium sulphate crystals, KMnO4 solution, 2N sulphuric acid.

CHEMICALS EQUATIONS:
-
MnO-4 + 8 H+ + 5 e → Mn2++ 4 H2O

5 [ Fe 2+ → Fe 3+ + e-]
_________________________________________________
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 Fe 2+ → Mn2+ + 4 H2O + 5 Fe 3+
_________________________________________________
PROCEDURE:

Take a burette and wash it with water. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4
solution and set the initial burette reading as zero. Clamp it vertically to the burette stand. Rinse the
pipette with water and then with the given FAS salt solution. Pipette out 20ml of the given FAS salt
solution into a conical flask and add one test tube (~20ml) full of diluted H2SO4 into it. Titrate it
against the KMnO4 solution taken in the burette till the colour of the solution in the conical flask
changes from colourless to pale permanent pink colour. Note down the final burette reading. Repeat
the titration until concordant values are obtained.

SHORT PROCEDURE:

Burette Solution KMnO4 (Potassium permanganate)

Pipette Solution 20ml of standard Mohr’s salt (FAS) solution
Medium Acidic medium (20ml of 2N H2 So4)
Temperature Room Temperature
Indicator KMnO4 ( Self indicator)

Appearance of pale permanent pink colour

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 5

OBSERVATION TABLE:
STD FAS Vs. KMnO4 Indicator: Self (KMnO4)
S.No Volume of Burette reading Volume of Concordant value
Std FAS (ml) Initial (ml) Final (ml) KMnO4 (ml) of KMnO4 (ml)
1 20
2 20
3 20

CALCULATION:
V1 =Volume of Mohr’s salt = 20 ml
M1 =Molarity of Mohr’s salt = ____ M
V2 =Volume of KMnO4 = ____ml
M2 =Molarity of KMnO4 = ?
n1 = 5 & n2 = 1 Example 1 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 moles of Mohr’s salt

M2 =
=
=__________ M.

Molarity of KMnO4 = __________ M.

Strength of KMnO4 = Molarity x Molecular Mass of KMnO4
= =__________g/L.
RESULT:

Molarity of KMnO4 solution =____________ M.

The strength of the given KMnO4 =____________ g/L

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 6

 PREPARATION OF STANDARD M/20 OXALIC ACID.

DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To prepare 250ml standard M/20 oxalic acid from crystalline oxalic acid.

THEORY:
Crystalline Oxalic acid is a primary standard and it can be prepared directly. During the
oxidation Oxalic acid 2 electrons are given out from 1 molecule of Oxalic acid.
Molecular mass of Oxalic acid is 126g. So for preparing 1000 ml of 1M Oxalic acid, 126g of
Oxalic acid is needed.

Molarity of Oxalic acid = Mass of Oxalic acid in gram x 1000

Mol. mass of Oxalic acid x Vol. of Solution in ml
Therefore Mass of Oxalic acid = 126 x 250 x 1
1000 x 20
=1.575g in 250 ml
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Oxalic acid, Distilled Water, Electronic Balance, 250ml Standard Flask and a funnel.

PROCEDURE:
Using an electronic balance weigh exactly 1.575g Oxalic acid of in a paper. Transfer these
into a funnel which placed in a 250ml standard flask. Dissolve Oxalic acid in the standard flask by
gentle stirring. Wash the funnel thoroughly with water to transfer the solution on the sides of the
funnel into the standard flask. Add enough water to the standard flask so that the level is just below
the calibration mark on it. Add the last few drops of water with a pipette until the lower level of the
meniscus just touches the mark on the standard flask. Fix the stopper and shake gently to make the
solution uniform throughout.

MOLARITY OF OXALIC ACID:

Mass of the empty watch glass = ______________

Mass of the Oxalic acid + watch glass = ______________

Mass of the Oxalic acid in 250 ml = ______________

Therefore, Molarity of Oxalic acid = Mass of Oxalic acid in gm x 1000_______

Mol. Mass of Oxalic acid x Vol of soln in ml

=____________ M

RESULT:
Standard solution of M/20 or 0.05M Oxalic acid is prepared.

NOTE:
To weigh the salt, weighing bottle or watch glass or paper can be used.
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 7
 REDOX TITRATION – II
ESTIMATION OF KMnO4 SOLUTION USING OXALIC SALT
DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To estimate the Molarity and the strength of the given KMnO4 solution using M/20 Oxalic
acid as standard solution.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Watch glass, funnel, 250ml standard flask, burette, pipette, burette with stand.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Oxalic acid, KMnO4 solution, 2N sulphuric acid.

CHEMICALS EQUATIONS:
-
[MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e → Mn2+ + 4 H2O] x 2

[C2 O42- → 2 CO2 + 2 e-] x 5

_________________________________________________
2 MnO4 -+ 16 H+ + 5 C2 O42- → 2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O +10 CO2
_________________________________________________
PROCEDURE:

Take a burette and wash it with water. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4
solution and set the initial burette reading as zero. Clamp it vertically to the burette stand. Rinse the
pipette with water and then with the given Oxalic acid solution pipette out 20ml of the given Oxalic
acid solution into a conical flask and add one test tube (~20ml) full of diluted H2SO4 into it. Heat
the contents of the conical flask to 60-70°C. Titrate it against the KMnO4 solution taken in the
burette till the colour of the solution in the conical flask changes from colourless to pale permanent
pink colour. Note down the final burette reading. Repeat the titration until concordant values are
obtained.

SHORT PROCEDURE:

Burette Solution KMnO4 (Potassium permanganate)

Pipette Solution 20ml of standard Oxalic acid solution

Medium Acidic medium (20ml of 2N H2 So4)

Temperature Room Temperature

Indicator KMnO4 ( Self indicator)

End point Appearance of pale permanent pink colour

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 8

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Std Oxalic acid (C2 H2 O4) Vs. KMnO4 Indicator: Self (KMnO4)
S.No Volume of Burette reading Volume of Concordant value
Std Oxalic Initial (ml) Final (ml) KMnO4 of KMnO4 (ml)
acid (ml)
1 20 0
2 20 0
3 20 0

CALCULATION:
V1 =Volume of Oxalic acid = 20 ml
M1 =Molarity of Oxalic acid = ________ M
V2 =Volume of KMnO4 = ________ml
M2 =Molarity of KMnO4 = ?

n1 = 5 & n2 = 2 example 2 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 moles of Oxalic acid

=

M2 =
=

=__________ M.

Molarity of KMnO4 = __________ M.

Strength of KMnO4 = Molarity x Molecular Mass of KMnO4
=
=__________g/L.
RESULT:

Molarity of KMnO4 solution =____________ M.

The strength of the given KMnO4 =____________ g/L

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 9

 CHROMATOGRAPHY
DATE: EXP.NO:

OBJECTIVE

To separate the coloured components in the mixture of red and blue inks by ascending paper
chromatography and find their Rf values.

THEORY

The separation of components depends on the difference in rates at which the individual
components move through the paper strip. For any component

Rf =

MATERIALS REQUIRED

A. Apparatus: Gas jar, jar cover, capillary tube, whatman filter paper no. 1.

B. Chemicals: A mixture of red and blue inks, alcohol and distilled water mixture (50-50).

PROCEDURE:
1. Take whatman filter paper no. 1 and cut a strip (20 x 2 cm) of the length of gasbjar

2. Draw a line With pencil at about 3 cm from one end of paper strip.

3. With the help of fine capillary put a drop of the mixture of inks at the centre of the pencil line

4. Pour mixture of ethyl alcohol and water in the gas jar to a depth of about 2 cm.

5. Suspend the filter paper vertically erect in the centre of the gas jar with the spot such that the
paper dips in the eluent mixture but the pencil line (with the spot) remains 2 cm above the solvent
level.

6. Cover the gas jar and keep it undisturbed. Notice the rising solvent. Wait till the solvent rises to
about 15 cm and two different coloured spots are seen on the paper.

7. Take the filter paper out of the jar and mark the distance that the solvent has risen on the paper
with a pencil. This is called the solvent front.

8.Dry the filter paper and mark the centre of red and blue spots with a pencil.

9. Measure the distance of the two spots from the original line and the distance of the solvent front
from the original line.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 10

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION :

Distance moved Distance moved

Colour of the
S.No by spot from by solvent from Rf Value
spot
reference line reference line
1 Red

2 Blue

RESULT:

1. Rf Value of red ink = ...............

2. Rf value of blue ink = ................

PRECAUTION:

1. A fine capillary should be used.

2. A spot should be small and rich in mixture
3. Size of the spot should not be big
4. Ensure that the Strip does not touch walls of the container.
5. Container should be kept undisturbed.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 11

 PREAPARATION OF MOHR’S SALT
DATE: EXP.NO:
AIM:
To prepare a pure sample of ferrous ammonium sulphate.

THEORY:
Mohr’s salt is prepared by dissolving equimolar mixture of hydrated ferrous sulphate in
water containing dil.H2 SO4. Crystallisation of the resultant solution gives Mohr’s salt.
Fe SO4.7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 → Fe SO4 (NH4)2SO4 .6H2O.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Apparatus : Beaker, China dish, funnel, glass rod, tripod stand, wire gauze
2. Chemicals : Ferrous Sulphate, ammonium sulphate crystal and dil.H2SO4.

PROCEDURE:
3. Take about 14 g of ferrous sulphate and 6.5 g of ammonium sulphate in a clean beaker
4. Add to it about 2 mL of dilute sulphuric acid (to prevent hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate).
5. Boil about 50 mL of water in another beaker for 5 minutes.
6. Add the boiling water into the first beaker containing salt and (hi. 112804 and stir with
glass rod.
7. Filter the hot solution into a china dish to remove impurities, if any.
8. Heat the solution in the china dish on a sand bath till saturation point (tested with a glass
rod).
9. Keep the china dish covered with watch glass for cooling.
10. If necessary, suspend a crystal of Mohr’s salt with a thread for seeding. Wait
crystallization takes place around seed crystal.
11. Remove the crystals and dry by pressing between filter paper.
12. Weigh the crystals obtained.

OBSERVATION:
Colour of crystrals = Light bluish green
Shape of crystals = Monoclinic

Weight of crystals = xg
Percentage yield = x X 100 (Theoretical yield X = x 14)
X
PRECAUTION:
 As ferrous sulphate gets oxidised to yellow ferric sulphate on exposure to air, use only
green coloured ferrous sulphate.
 Do not forget to add dil H2SO4 to ferrous sulphate before adding water, to prevent
hydrolysis.
 Use only boiled water for dissolving salts to prevent oxidation of ferrous sulphate.
Double Salt was tested positive for Fe2+, NH4+ and SO42-
RESULT:

The given double salt weighed _________g

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 12
 PREAPARATION OF POTASH ALUM.
DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To prepare a pure sample of Potash Alum. [K2 SO4 Al2 (SO4)324 H2O].
THEORY:
Potash Alum is prepared by dissolving equimolar mixture of hydrated potassium sulphate
and Ammonium Sulphate in minimum amount of water containing diluted H2 SO4.The resultant
solution gives the crystal of potash alum.

K2SO4 + Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O + 6H2O → K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3.24H2O

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

13. Apparatus : Beaker, China dish, funnel, glass rod, tripod stand, wire gauze
Chemicals : Potassium sulphate, Aluminium sulphate and Concentrated H2SO4.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take about 4.5 g of Potassium sulphate in a beaker and dissolve in minimum quantity of
water.
2. Take 16.5g of aluminium sulphate in another beaker. Add 2-3mL dil H2SO4 to prevent
hydrolysis of Al2(SO4)3 and add 30mL of water.
3. Filter both the solutions in the same china dish and heat on a low flame till crystallization
point is reached.
4. Remove the china dish from the flame cover it and keep it undisturbed.
5. Seeding may be done, if required.
6. Decant off the mother liquor and dry the crystal between the folds of a filter paper
7. Weigh the crystals.

OBSERVATION:
Colour of crystrals = Colourless
Shape of crystals = Octahedral

Weight of crystals = xg
Percentage yield = x X 100 (Theoretical yield X = x 4.5)
X

PRECAUTION:

 Potassium and aluminium sulphate should be dissolved in separate beakers.

 Crystals obtained should be washed with cold water.
 Dil.H2SO4 should be added to water before dissolving aluminium sulphate.
 Solution should not be concentrated beyond crystallization point.
 Allow the solution to cool slowly and undisturbed.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 13

 PREPARATION OF DIBENZAL ACETONE
DATE: EXP.NO:
AIM:
To prepare a pure sample of dibenzal acetone.

PRINCIPLE:
2 Moles of benzaldehyde condense with 1 mole of acetone to give dibenzal acetone.

O O
-
|| OH ||
2C6H5CHO + CH3 – C CH3 -----------> C6H5 – CH = CH – C – CH = CH – C6H5 + 2 H2O

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Apparatus : Conical flask, Beaker, test tube, funnel, filter paper.
Chemicals : Benzaldehyde 2.5ml, Acetone 1ml, 10% NAOH = 5ml, Rectified spirit = 25ml.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take 5 mL rectified spirit in a conical flask. Add to it 5.0 mL benzaldehyde, 2mL
acetone. Cover the flask and shake till a clear solution is obtained.
2. Add 10 mL of 5% NaOH to the above mixture drop by rop with constant shaking of the
flask. Do not allow the temperature to rise.
3. Cover the flask and shake vigorously for 15 min releasing the pressure from time to time.
4. Allow the contents to stand for 20 min and then cool in ace cold water for a few minutes
when the yellow coloured solid precipitates out.
5. Filter the yellow solid and wash it with water to remove traces of alkali.
6. Dissolve yellow coloured solid in minimum quantity of hot rectified spirit. Allow cool
slowly. Pale yellow crystals of dibenzal acetone separates out. Filter and dry the cryls
with folded filter paper. Weigh and record the yield.

RESULT:
1. Yield of dibenzal acetone = _________g
2. Colour of the crystals = Yellow

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 14

 CHEMICAL KINETICS
RATE OF REACTION – I
DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between Sodium thio sulphate and
Hydrochloric acid.

PRINCIPLE:
Rate of reaction is directly proportional to the product of molar concentration of reactants.
Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction is studied by using the reaction between Na2S2O3and
HCl.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl  2 Na Cl + SO2 + H2O + S
Insoluble S formed makes the solution turbid. Rate of reaction is studied by determining the
time taken for turbidity to occur.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Apparatus : Conical flask, stop watch, measuring cylinder, glazed tile.
Chemicals : 0.1 M Sodium Thio sulphate (Na2 S2 O3), and 1M HCl.

PROCEDURE:
1. A clean conical flask is taken and 50ml of 0.1M (Na2S2O3) Sodium Thio sulphate is
transferred into it.
2. 10ml of Hydrochloric acid is added and stop watch is started immediately.
3. Conical flask is placed on the tile with a mark and shake.
4. The time needed for the mark to become invisible is noted.
5. The flask is washed and the experiment is repeated using 40, 30, 20, 10ml of Sodium
Thio sulphate with 10, 20, 30, 40ml of water respectively, a graph is plotted with the
volume of Sodium Thio sulphate solution against time in seconds.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO Volume of Volume of Volume of Concentration of Time taken by the

HCl Sodium Thio water solution in cross to disappear
(ml) Sulphate (ml) (ml) M (in secs)
1 10 50 0 0.05
2 10 40 10 0.04
3 10 30 20 0.03
4 10 20 30 0.02
5 10 10 40 0.01

RESULT:
Rate of reaction increases with increase in the concentration of reactant.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 15

 RATE OF REACTION – II
DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between Sodium Thio sulphate and
Hydrochloric acid.

PRINCIPLE:
Rate of reaction is directly proportional to increase is temperature. The increase in temperature
increases the kinetic energy of molecular. Hence the fraction of molecules possessing the threshold
energy also increases.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Apparatus : Conical flask, stop watch, measuring cylinder, glazed tile.
Chemicals : 0.1 M Sodium Thio sulphate (Na2 S2 O3), and 1M HCl.

PROCEDURE:
1. A clean conical flask is taken and 50ml of 0.1M (Na2 S2 O3) Sodium Thio sulphate is
transferred into it.
2. Note the temperature and then add 10ml of Hydrochloric acid and stop watch is started
immediately.
3. The flask is shaken gently till the cross mark on the tile becomes invisible. The time is
noted. The contents of the flask are emptied and cleaned with concentrated HNO3 and
water.
4. Again 50ml of 0.1M Sodium Thio sulphate is taken in a conical flask and heated to
temperature 50C above the initial temperature.
5. Immediately Hydrochloric acid is added and stop watch is started. Time taken for the
mark become invisible is noted.
6. The experiment is repeated for various temperatures 100 C, 150C, 200C and 250C above
the initial temperature. Observations are recorded and a graph is plotted with time along
x-axis and temperature along y-axis.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO Volume of Volume of Temperature Time taken by the

HCl Sodium Thio cross to disappear
(ml) Sulphate (ml) (in secs)
1 10 50
2 10 50
3 10 50
4 10 50
5 10 50

RESULT:
Rate of reaction between Sodium Thio sulphate and Hydrochloric acid increases with
increase in temperature.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 16

 SURFACE CHEMISTRY
I. PREPARATION OF EGG ALBUMIN SOUTION
DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To prepare a colloidal solution of albumin.

PRINCIPLE:

Egg albumin forms stable hydrophilic solution with cold water.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Apparatus : 250ml beakers, test tube, glass rod, Funnel, Filter-paper,

Chemicals : 5% Na Cl solution, egg and distilled water.

PROCEDURE:

1. Break the outer shell of an egg by striking it with a glass rod.

2. Collect the colourless liquid along with the yellow yolk in a beaker.
3. Decant the colourless liquid into another beaker. This colourless liquid is known as egg
albumin.
4. Take 100 ml of 5% Na Cl solution in a 250 ml beaker. Add egg albumin into the NaCl
solution in small proportions while constantly stirring.
5. Filter the contents of the beaker through a filter paper fixed in a funnel and collect the
filtrate. Label the filtrate as Egg-Albumin solution.

RESULT:
Colourless opaque colloidal solution of egg albumin is obtained.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 17

 II. PREPARATION OF FERRIC CHLORIDE SOUTION
DATE:
EXP.NO:
AIM:
To prepare a colloidal ferric Chloride solution.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Apparatus : 250 ml conical flask, 250 ml beaker, Glass tube, Funnel, Dropper, Wire gauze,
Tripod stand, Bunsen burner

Chemicals : 2% solution of ferric chloride, Distilled water.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take a 250 ml clean conical flask and to this add 100 ml of distilled water using a
measuring cylinder.
2. Bring the water to boil by placing the flask over a Bunsen burner.
3. Add ferric chloride solution drop wise to the boiling water using a dropper.
4. Continue heating until a deep red or brown solution of ferric hydroxide is obtained.
(Note: Replace the water lost by evaporation during boiling at regular intervals).
5. Keep the contents of the conical flask undisturbed for some time at room temperature.
Label the solution as Ferric Hydroxide Sol.

PRECAUTIONS:
Since ferric hydroxide sol is affected by impurities, the apparatus required for the preparation
of sol should be thoroughly cleaned by the steaming out process.

RESULT:
A colloidal solution of Ferric Chloride solution is prepared.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 18

 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
GENERAL PROCEDURE
NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 COLOUR:
Noted the colour of the salt. Blue Presence of Cu2+
Pale Green Presence of Fe2+
Reddish brown Presence of Fe3+
Pale Pink Presence of Mn2+
Purple Presence of Co2+
Green Presence of Ni2+
Colourless / White Absence of all
2 ACTION OF HEAT:
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test White turns yellow Presence of Zn2+
tube Blue salt turns white Presence of CuSO4
Colourless gas turning Presence of CO32-
limewater milky
Reddish brown vapour are Presence of No3-
formed
White residue glows Presence of Sr 2+

Decriptation Presence of
Pb(No3)2
White sublimation is formed Presence of NH4Cl
on the inner sides of the test
tube
3 FLAME TEST:
A pinch of salt taken in a watch Bluish Green flame. Presence of Cu2+
glass, a drop of concentrated HCl is Cu2+ + 2HCl  CuCl2 + 2H+
added and make into a paste. The Apple Green flame. Presence of Ba2+
2+ +
paste is introduced into the non Ba + 2HCl  BaCl2 + 2 H
luminous flame. Brick Red flame. Presence of Ca2+
Ca2+ + 2HCl  CaCl2 + 2H+
Crimson Red coloured flame Presence of Sr2+
Sr2+ + 2HCl  SrCl2 + 2H+
4 ASH TEST:
To a little of the salt solution in the Blue colour ash Presence of Al3+
test tube added concentrated HNO3 Al2O3 + CoO  Al2O3.CoO
and Cobalt Nitrate. A filter paper is Green colour ash Presence of Zn2+
dipped in the solution and ignited. ZnO + CoO  ZnO.CoO
Pink colour ash Presence of Mg2+
MgO + CoO  MgO.CoO
5 ACTION OF HCl:
To a little of the salt in the test tube Brisk effervescence is seen. Presence of CO32-
added diluted HCl A colourless gas turning lime
water milky Presence of S2+
Colourless gas with the smell
of rotten egg
Reddish brown vapours. Presence of NO3-
6 ACTION OF H2SO4 AND MnO2:
To a little of the salt is added MnO2 Greenish yellow gas is evolved Presence of Cl-

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 19

 and concentrated H2SO4 and heated. which turns starch iodide paper
blue
Reddish brown vapour Presence of Br-
Violet vapours evolve. Presence of I-

2Cl- + MnO2 + 3H2SO4  HSO4- + MnSO4 + 2H2O+ Cl2

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST:

To a little of a salt in a dry test tube Reddish brown vapours Presence of NO3-
added few Copper turnings and
concentrated H2SO4
2KNO3 + H2SO4  K2SO4 + 2HNO3
4HNO3 + Cu  Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + 2H2O
8 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST:
(i) A little bit of the salt is heated
with Potassium Dichromate crystals Reddish Orange vapours
and concentrated H2SO4 Presence of Cl- is
(ii) Pass the vapours through Na OH Yellow solution is obtained confirmed
solution
(iii) Lead Acetate is added to the Yellow precipitate is formed
above solution
4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4  4NaHSO4 + 2KHSO4+2CrO2Cl2+3H2O
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH  Na2CrO4 + 2H2O + 2NaCl
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb  PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
Yellow ppt

9 AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE
TEST:
To a little of the salt added Canary Yellow precipitate is Presence of PO43-
concentrated HNO3 till the fumes formed is confirmed
cease to evolve and then added
ammonium molybdate.
PO42- + 3(NH4)2MoO42(NH4)3PO4+MoO42-
MoO42- + 2HNO3H3MoO4 + NO3-
H2MoO4 MoO3 + H2O
(NH4)3PO4 + 12MoO3+6H2O (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3.6H2O
Canary Yellow ppt

10 ESTER FORMATION TEST:

To a little of the salt added ethanol
and add concentrated H2SO4 and Pleasant fruity smell of ester is Presence of
pour the mixture into the water. formed CH3COO- is
confirmed
CH3COO- + H2SO4  CH3COOH + SO4-
CH3COOH + C2H5OH  CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
11 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST:
To a little of the salt solution added (i) White precipitate soluble in Presence of CO32-
Barium Chloride solution concentrated HCl is confirmed

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 20

 (ii) A white precipitate Presence of SO42-
insoluble in concentrated HCl is confirmed
SO42- + BaCl2  BaSO4 + Cl-
White ppt
12 SILVER NITRATE TEST:
To a little of the salt solution added A curdy white precipitate is Presence of Cl- is
diluted HNO3 and silver nitrate obtained which is soluble in confirmed
solution NH4OH
A pale yellow precipitate Presence of Br- is
sparingly soluble in NH4OH confirmed
Deep yellow precipitate in Presence of I- is
soluble NH4OH confirmed
Cl- + AgNO3  AgCl + NO3-
AgCl + 2NH4OH  [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
13 BROWN RING TEST:
To a little of the salt solution added A dark brown ring is formed at Presence of NO3- is
freshly prepared Fe SO4 solution the junction of two liquids confirmed
and then added H2SO4 concentrated
along the sides of the test tube
- -
NO3 + H2SO4  HSO4 + HNO3
6FeSO4 + H2SO4 + 2HNO3  3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O+2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O  [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
Brown Ring

14 LEAD ACETATE TEST:

To a little of the salt solution added A white precipitate is obtained Presence of SO42-
lead acetate solution is confirmed
SO42- + Pb(CH3COOH)2  PbSO4 + CH3COO-
15 MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
TEST: A white precipitate is obtained Presence of CO32-
To a little of the salt solution added is confirmed
Magnesium sulphate solution
CO32- + MgSO4  MgCO3 + SO42-
White ppt

BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SALT SOLUTION
To a little of the given salt add water and dissolve. If insoluble, it is prepared with small
quantity of dil.HCl or dil.HNO3
NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To a little of the original salt A white precipitate is Presence of group I radical
solution add diluted HCl obtained. (Pb2+).
No characteristic precipitate Absence of group I radical
is obtained. (Pb2+).
2 To a little of the original salt A black precipitate is Absence of group II radical
solution add diluted HCl and obtained. (Pb2+, Cu2+).
then passed H2 S gas A Yellow precipitate is Presence of group II radical
obtained. (Cu2+).

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 21


3 To a little of the original salt
solution add NH4Cl, NH4OH
4 To a little of the original salt
solution add NH4Cl, NH4OH
and H2S gas is passed (yellow
(NH4)2S).
5 To a little of the original salt
solution add NH4Cl, NH4OH
and (NH4)2CO3.
No characteristic precipitate
is obtained.
A gelatinous white
precipitate is obtained.
A grassy green precipitate is
obtained.
A reddish brown precipitate
is obtained.
No characteristic precipitate
is obtained.
A white precipitate is
obtained.
A black precipitate is
obtained.
A buff coloured precipitate
(pale pink) is obtained.
No characteristic precipitate
is obtained.
A white precipitate is
obtained.
No characteristic precipitate Absence of group V radical
is obtained.
Absence of group II radical
(Pb2+, Cu2+).
Presence of group III
radical (Al3+).
Presence of group III
radical (Fe2+).
Presence of group III
radical (Fe3+).
Absence of group III
radical (Al3+, Fe3+).
Presence of group IV
radical (Zn2+).
Presence of group IV
radical (Ni2+, CO2+).
Presence of group IV
radical (Mn2+).
Absence of group IV
radical.
Presence of group V radical
(Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+).
(Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+).

6 To a little of the original salt A crystalline white Presence of group VI

solution add NH4Cl, NH4OH
and Na2HPO4
7 To a little of the original salt A pungent smelling gas is
solution add NaOH
precipitate is obtained on radical (Mg2+).
scratching the sides of the
test tube with glass rod.
No characteristic precipitate Absence of group VI
is obtained. radical (Mg2+).
evolved, Dense white fumes
are observed when a glass Presence of group zero
rod dipped in concentrated radical (NH4+).
HCl is brought to mouth of
the test tube

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL.

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Confirmatory test for Pb2+
(i) To a little of the original A yellow precipitate is
salt solution add potassium obtained.
chromate solution.
(ii) To a little of the original A yellow precipitate is Presence of Pb2+ is
salt solution add KI solution. obtained. When hot water is confirmed.
added to the precipitate boiled
and cooled under the tap

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 22

 golden yellow spangles are
obtained.
Pb2+ + K2CrO4  PbCrO4 + 2K+
Yellow ppt
Pb2+ + KI  PbI2 + 2K+
Yellow ppt
2+
2 Confirmatory test for Cu
(i)To a little of the original salt A blue precipitate is obtained
solution add NH4 OH which dissolves on addition
excess of NH4OH and only
blue colouration is seen. Presence of Cu2+ is
(ii) To a little of the original A chocolate brown precipitate confirmed.
salt solution add Potassium is obtained.
Ferro cyanide solution.
Cu2+ + NH4OH  [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 4H2O
Blue Solution
Cu2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6]  Cu2[Fe(CN)6] + 2K+
Chocolate brown colour
2+
3 Confirmatory test for Fe
To a little of the original salt A Prussian blue colour is Presence of Fe2+ is
solution add Potassium Ferri obtained. confirmed.
cyanide solution.

Fe2+ + K3 [ Fe ( CN ) 6] + 5H2O  2K+ + KFe[ Fe(CN)6 ]. 5H2O

Prussian blue

4 Confirmatory test for Al3+

(i)To a little of the original salt A white precipitate is formed
solution add NaOH which dissolves in excess of
NaOH. Presence of Al3+ is
(ii)To a little of the original A bright red lake is observed. confirmed.
salt solution add aluminon
reagent.

Al3+ + OH-  Al( OH )3

White ppt

5 Confirmatory test for Fe3+

To a little of the original salt A Prussian blue colour is Presence of Fe3+ is
solution add Potassium Ferro obtained. confirmed.
cyanide solution.

Fe3+ + K4 [ Fe ( CN ) 6] + 5H2O  2K+ + KFe[ Fe(CN)6 ]. 5H2O

6 Confirmatory test for Zn2+

(i)To a little of the original salt A white precipitate in excess
solution add Na OH of Na OH Presence of Zn2+ is
(ii)To a little of the original Bluish white precipitate is confirmed.
salt solution add Potassium obtained.
Ferro cyanide solution.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 23

 Zn2+ + NaOH  Zn(OH)2 + Na+
White ppt
Zn2+ + K4 [ Fe ( CN )6]  Zn[ Fe(CN)6 ] + K+
Bluish white ppt
2+
7 Confirmatory test for Mn
To a little of the original salt A white precipitate is formed Presence of Mn2+ is
solution add NaOH solution, which turns brown on adding confirmed.
in excess Bromine Water.

Mn2+ + 2NaOH  Mn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Br2+ H2O  2HBr + [O]
Mn(OH)2 + [O]  MnO(OH)2 + 2NaCl
Brow ppt

8 Confirmatory test for Ni2+

To a little of the original salt A rosy red precipitate is Presence of Ni2+ is
solution add NH4 OH in obtained. confirmed.
excess and then add Dimethyl
glyoxime

9 Confirmatory test for Ba2+

To a little of the original salt Yellow precipitate is obtained. Presence of Ba2+ is
solution add K2CrO4 confirmed.
Ba2+ + K2CrO4  BaCrO4
Yellow ppt

10 Confirmatory test for Ca2+ No yellow precipitate but

(i)To a little of the original salt yellow solution is obtained.
solution add K2CrO4 Presence of Ca2+ is
(ii)To a little of original salt A white precipitate is obtained. confirmed.
solution add (NH4)2C2O4
Ca2+ + (NH4)2C2O4  CaC2O4 + NH4+
White ppt
2+
11 Confirmatory test for Sr
Take the precipitate obtained
in the group analysis add dil White precipitate is obtained Presence of Sr2+ is
CH3COOH and add confirmed.
(NH4)2SO4 solution
SrCO3 + CH3COOH Sr(CH3COO)2 + CO2 + H2O
Sr(CH3COO)2 + (NH4)2SO4  SrSO4 + NH4OOCCH3
White ppt

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 24

 12 Confirmatory test for Mg2+ A crystalline white precipitate
To a little of the original salt is obtained on scratching the Presence of Mg2+ is
solution add NH4Cl and a few sides of the test tube with glass confirmed.
drops of Disodium hydrogen rod.
phosphate.
Mg2+ + NH4Cl  MgCl2 + NH4+
MgCl2 + NaHPO4 + NH4OH  Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NaCl + H2O
White ppt
12 Confirmatory test for NH4+
To a little of the original salt
solution add NaOH and A reddish brown precipitate is Presence of NH4+ is
Nessler’s reagent obtained. confirmed.

-
NH4+ + OH → NH3 + H2O
NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl
White fumes
2K2HgI4 + 4NH3 + H2O  NH2HgO . HgO. HgI + 4KI + 3NH4I
Iodide of millions base
(Red Brown ppt)

RESULT:

The given salt contains

BASIC RADICAL: ________________

ACID RADICAL: ________________

Therefore the given salt is ______________________

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 25

 FOOD TEST

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
MOLISCH TEST
To little of the given sample in a A reddish violet ring is Presence of
test tube, add 2 drops of molisch formed at the junction of carbohydrate
reagent (1% Napthol) and two layers
concentrated H2SO4 along the sides
of the test tube
2 BENEDICT’S SOLUTION TEST
To a little of the sample add 2 ml of A red precipitate is obtained. Presence of reducing
Benedict’s reagent and heat it. sugar.
3 IODINE TEST
To a little of the sample, add a few Deep blue colour is Presence of starch.
drop of iodine solution. observed.

RESULT
The given food sample contains Carbohydrate

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 TEST FOR OILS AND FATS
TRANSLUCENT SPOT TEST
A little of the given sample is put on A translucent spot is Presence of oils and
filter paper and folded and pressed obtained on unfolding filter fats
tightly. paper
2 ACROLEIN TEST
To a few drops of the given sample Pungent smelling solution is Presence of oils and
add potassium bisulphate (KHSO3) obtained due to the fats
and heat strongly formation of acrolein

RESULT
The given food sample contains Fat

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 TESTS FOR PROTEINS
MILLON’S TEST
To a little of the sample, add a few Brick red colour is seen Presence of proteins
drops of millon’s reagent
2 BIURET’S TEST
To a little of the sample add 2-3 Violet coloration is seen Presence of proteins
drops of biuret reagent
3 XANTHO PROTEINS TEST
To a little of the sample, add Appearance of yellow colour Presence of proteins
concentrated HNO3, mix well and is seen.
keep it for sometime
RESULT
The given food sample contains Proteins

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 26

 DETECTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
DATE:
EXP.NO:

CHEMICAL TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC (-OH) GROUP

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 TEST FOR ALCOHOLS
REACTION WITH Na:
Take about 1ml of given organic A brisk effervescence due to Presence of Alcoholic
compound in a dry test tube and a the evolution of H2 is seen group
small piece of sodium metal is
added to it.
2R-OH + 2Na  2R-O-Na+ + H2

2 ESTER FORMATION TEST

To 1 ml of given organic compound A fruity smell is observed Presence of Alcoholic
add 1 ml and 2-3 drops of due to the formation of ester. group
concentrated H2So4 the mixture and
poored into a beaker containing a
saturated solution of Na2CO3

R-OH + R’COOH + H+  R’COOR + H2O

3 CERIC AMMONIUM NITRATE Wine red colouration Presence of Alcoholic
TEST group
Take a dry test tube and add 1-2 ml
of alcohol and a few drops of Ceric
Ammonium Nitrate reagent to it.

2R-OH + (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6  [(ROH)2Ce(NO3)4] + 2NH4NO3

1 TEST FOR PHENOLS

LITMUS TEST
A little of the organic compound is Blue litmus turns red. May be due to phenolic
placed on moist blue litmus paper group
2 NEUTRAL FeCl3TEST
To a little of the sample, add neutral Violet colourization is seen Presence of phenolic
FeCl3 solution group
3-
6C6H5OH + FeCl3  [Fe(OC6H5)6] + 3HCl

RESULT
The given organic sample contains hydroxyl group (-OH)

CHEMICAL TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC (-CHO) GROUP

1 TESTS FOR ALDEHYDES &
KETONES
2,4 DNP TEST Yellow orange precipitate is Confirms presence of
To 1 ml organic compound add 1 ml seen carbonyl group
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 27
 of alcoholic 2,4 dinitro phenyl
hydrazine solution and boil the
moisture and cool.

2 SODIUM BISULPHITE TEST

To an aqueous solution of the A white precipitate is seen Confirms presence of
organic compound add saturated carbonyl group
solution of sodium bisulphite

RESULT
The given organic sample contains carbonyl group (=C=O)

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 TOLLEN’S REAGENT TEST
To an alcoholic solution of the given
organic compound add Tollen’s
reagent and heat gently in water bath
and allow it to cool
Formation of shiny silver Confirms the presence of
mirror is seen along the sides aldehydes
of the test tube.

2 SCHIFF’S BASIC TEST

To 1 ml of given organic compound Pink colour is obtained Presence of aldehydes
add 1 ml and 3-4 drops of Schiff’s group is confirmed
base reagent
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 28
3 FEHLING’S SOLUTION TEST
To a little of the organic compound, Formation of red precipitate Presence of non-aromatic
add fehling’s solution heat it in water aldehydes
bath for 5 minutes

4 IODOFORM TEST
To a little of the given organic A yellow precipitate is Confirms methyl ketone
compound add iodine solution and obtained or acetaldehyde or 2-
aqueous NaOH propanol

CH3COCH3 + 3I2 +4NaOH  CHI3 + CH3COONa + 3NaI + 3H2O

TESTS FOR CARBOXYLIC

ACIDS
1 To a little of the organic compound Brisk effervescence is seen due Presence of carboxylic
add sodium metal to evolution of H2 acid
2RCOOH + 2Na  RCOONa + H2

2 To a little of the organic compound Brisk effervescence of CO2 is Presence of carboxylic

add NaHCO3 or Na2CO3 solution seen acid

RCOOH + NaHCO3  RCOONa + H2O + CO2

3 ESTER FORMATION TEST
To a little of the organic compound A fruity smelling liquid is Presence of carboxylic
add ethanol and add 2-3 drops of obtained acid
concentrated H2SO4 pour the mixture
into beaker containing water.

RESULT
The given organic sample contains Carboxylic acid (-COOH)

TESTS FOR AMINE GROUPS

1 SOLUBILITY TEST
To a given organic compound, add The compound dissolves May be due to presence
HCl and shake well completely in aqueous medium of amine group
2 AZO DYE TEST
To 2-3ml of given organic compound, A scarlet red coloured Primary aromatic amino
add a mixture of sodium nitrite precipitate is formed. group is confirmed.
(NaNO2) and concentrated HCl and
cool it.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 29

3 CARBYLAMINE TEST
To 2-3ml of given organic compound, Offensive smelling compound Aliphatic and aromatic
add 2ml of chloroform (CHCl3) and is formed primary amine group is
2ml of potassium hydroxide confirmed
(KOH)solution warm the test tube for
a few minutes

RESULT
The given organic sample contains Amino group (-NH2)

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 30

 IMPORTANT CHEMICAL EQUATIONS FOR CHEMISTRY CLASS 12
1. Sandmeyer Reaction
A chemical reaction which is used to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts. This reaction
is a method for substitution of an aromatic amino group by preparing diazonium salt that is followed by its
displacement and copper salts often catalyze it.

The Br, Cl and Cn nucleophiles can be easily present in the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salt
in the presence of Copper ion.
2. Gattermann Reaction
Bromine and Chlorine can be present in the benzene ring by preparing the benzene diazonium salt
solution with similar halogen acid present with copper powder.

3. Balz-Schiemann Reaction
When arenediazonium chloride is prepared with fluoroboric acid, arene diazonium fluoroborate is
precipitated and decomposes to yield aryl fluoride which on heating.

4. Finkelstein Reaction
Alkyl iodides are prepared easily with the reaction of alkyl chlorides with Nal in dry acetone.

5. Swarts Reaction
When alkyl chloride is heated in the presence of a metallic fluoride like AgF, Hg2F2, SbF3 or CoF2 ,
we get alkyl fluorides.

6. Wurtz Reaction
When Alkyl halides get reacted with sodium with dry ether, we get hydrocarbons that include the double
number of carbon atoms present in the halide.

7. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction
UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 31
 When a mixture of alkyl halide and aryl halide gets treated with sodium in dry ether, we get an alkyl arene.

8. Fittig Reaction
Aryl halides prepared with sodium in dry ether to give analogous compounds where two aryl groups joined.

9. Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction

Benzene is prepared with an alkyl halide in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride to give
Alkyl benzene.

10. Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction: We get acetyl benzene when an acetyl halide is reacted with
benzene in the presence of Lewis acids.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 32

11. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
When preparing phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, -CHO group is
present at ortho position of benzene ring which results into salicylaldehyde.

12. Kolbe’s Reaction

Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium peroxide which then reacts with carbon dioxide
in acidic medium to give hydroxybenzoic acid.

13. Rosenmund Reduction

When Acyl chloride is hydrogenated over catalyst, we get palladium on barium sulphate.

14. Stephen reaction

Nitriles with stannous chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid reduced to corresponding imine,
and gives corresponding aldehyde after hydrolysis.

15. Etard reaction

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 33

 Chromyl chloride oxidises methyl group to get chromium complex which on hydrolysis provides
corresponding benzaldehyde.

16.Gatterman – Koch reaction

Benzene is prepared with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of anhydrous
aluminium chloride to give benzaldehyde.

17. Clemmensen Reduction

Carbonyl group of aldehyde and ketones on treatment with zinc-amalgam and concentrated
hydrochloric acid reduced to CH2 group.

18. Wolff Kishner Reduction

Carbonyl group of aldehyde and ketones on treatment with hydrazine which on heating with sodium
hydroxide in high boiling solvent (ethylene glycol) reduced to CH2 group.

19. Tollens’ test

Heating an aldehyde with fresh prepared ammonical silver nitrate solution produces a bright silver
mirror due to formation of silver metal.

20. Fehling’s test

Fehling’s solution A (aqueous copper sulphate) and Fehling solution B (alkaline sodium potassium
tart rate) are mixed in equal amounts before test. A reddish brown precipitate is obtained when
an aldehyde is heated with Fehling’s reagent.

21. Aldol reaction

Aldehydes and ketones having one α-hydrogen undergoes a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali
as catalyst to produce β-hydroxy aldehydes or β-hydroxy ketones.
Aldol condensation
Aldol and Ketol loses water to provide α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds which are aldol
condensation products.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 34

22. Cross aldol condensation
Aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehyde and ketones. It gives a mixture of
four products if both of them includes α-hydrogen atoms.

23. Cannizzaro reaction:

Aldehydes without α-hydrogen atom undergoes self oxidation and reduction reaction when prepared
with concentrated alkali.

24. Kolbe electrolysis

An aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt of a carboxylic acid gives alkane containing even
number of carbon atoms on electrolysis.

25. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ )reaction

Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at the α-position give α-halo carboxylic
acids on treatment with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 35

26. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
Phthalimide prepared with ethanolic potassium hydroxide produces potassium salt of phthalimide
when heated with alkyl halide followed by alkaline hydrolysis forms the corresponding primary amine.

27. Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction

An amide with bromine in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide produces primary amines.
Migration of an alkyl or aryl group takes place from carbonyl carbon of the amide to the nitrogen atom. The
amine so produced includes one carbon less than that present in the amide.

28. Carbylamine reaction

Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines when heated with chloroform and ethanolic potassium
hydroxide produces isocyanides or carbyl amines which are foul smelling substances.

29. Hinsberg’s Test

Benzenesulfonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl) reacts with primary and secondary amines to produce
sulphonamides.

(a) The reaction of benzenesulfonyl chloride with primary amine yields N-ethyl benzenesulfonyl amide.
The hydrogen attached to nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly acidic due to the presence of strong electron
withdrawing sulfonyl group. Hence, it is soluble in alkali.

(b) In the reaction with secondary amine, N,N-diethyl- benzenesulfonamide is formed. Since N, N-
diethyl benzene sulphonamide does not contain any hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen atom, it is not acidic
and hence insoluble in alkali.

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 36

(c) Tertiary amines do not react with benzenesulfonyl chloride.

30. Coupling Reactions:

Benzene diazonium chloride gets reacted with phenol in which the phenol molecule at its para
position is mixed with the diazonium salt to give p-hydroxyazobenzene.

*************************** ALL THE BEST *****************************

UNITY PUBLIC SCHOOL 37