General Chemistry 2

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

BLOCK NAMES GROUP #
K 2
LABORATORY SCHEDULE DATE
12:30-2:30 01/13/2020

Properties of Liquids and Phase Change

INTRODUCTION
Intermolecular forces give rise to a number of structural features and properties of liquids. One
of the properties of liquids is viscosity. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. The
greater the viscosity, the slower the liquid flows. Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces
have higher viscosities than those that have weak intermolecular forces. Viscosity decreases
as temperature increases: hot molasses flows much faster than cold molasses.
Phase changes, transformations from one phase to another, occur when energy (usually in
the form of heat) is added or removed from a substance. Phase changes are physical
changes characterized by changes in molecular order; molecules in the solid phase have the
greatest order, and those in the gas phase have the greatest randomness.
The change in temperature of a substance as it is being heated can be shown in a graph
called the heating curve. The heating curve is a plot of temperature and heat added to the
substance. Often, time is used instead of heat added in the abscissa, because it is assumed
that heat is uniformly added per unit time.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• calculate the viscosity of liquids from data obtained in the experiment; and
• compare the viscosity of some liquids.
• construct and interpret a heating curve for water;
• demonstrate how heat energy can be used to raise the temperature of a substance and
weaken intermolecular forces to cause a phase change.

MATERIALS
 Marble  50 mL Graduated cylinder
 Water  150 mL beaker
 Cooking oil  Tripod
 Hand sanitizer  Bunsen burner
 150 mL crushed ice  Wire mesh
 Ruler  Thermometer
 Triple beam balance

PROCEDURES
A. Viscosity
1. Use a marble for the sphere and one of the liquids for this measurement.
2. Calculate the density of the sphere.

The formula for density is , so you will need to determine the sphere’s mass, ms and
volume, Vs in turn.
a. Measure mass by placing the sphere on a balance.
b. Determine the volume of the sphere. Volume of a sphere is calculated by using the
𝟒
formula: Vs= 𝝅𝒓𝟑 , where Vs is the volume and r is the radius of the sphere.
𝟑
c. Use two parallel surfaces such as flat boards, to measure the diameter of the sphere.
Place the sphere between two parallel surfaces: if the surfaces are parallel and the sphere is
just touching each, the distance between the surfaces is the diameter, ds of the sphere. Use
the formula: to get the radius, r.

Properties of Liquids and Phase Change

3. Calculate the density of the liquid you are measuring.
• Measure the mass of the liquid, mL by first weighing the empty graduated cylinder, m1.
Pour your liquid into the graduated cylinder and then weigh it again, m2. Subtract the mass
of the empty cylinder, m1 from that of the cylinder with the liquid, m2 to obtain the mass of
the liquid, mL.
mL = m2 - m1
• To find the volume of the liquid, VL simply determine the amount of liquid you poured into
the graduated cylinder by using the scale on cylinder’s side. Record the volume in cm3 (1
mL = cm3).
• Use the formula and your measurements to find the density of the liquid.

4. Fill the graduated cylinder with the liquid to be measured.

When you fill the graduated cylinder with the liquid, make a point not to come too close the
top. Leave sufficient space for the displaced liquid caused by the sphere.

5. Make a mark at a fixed position near the bottom of the graduated cylinder, around 2.5
cm (1 inch) or 5 cm (2 inches) from the bottom. Then make a mark at a fixed position at the
top of the cylinder, around 2.5 cm (1 inch) or 5 cm (2 inches) from the top of the liquid.

6. To get distance, dt measure the difference between the top mark and the bottom mark
using a ruler.

7. Drop the marble into the liquid.

NOTE: Make sure there is no water or other liquid in the graduated cylinder when the activity
starts. The presence of another liquid could throw off measurements. The sphere should be
dried before it is placed in the graduated cylinder. The liquid should be cleaned or wiped off
the sphere.

8. When the bottom of the ball reaches the mark at the top of the cylinder, start the
stopwatch. Then when the ball reaches the mark you made at the bottom of the cylinder,
stop the stopwatch. Determine the time travelled by the sphere, tt

9. Calculate the velocity, v of the sphere by using your measurements and the formula:

where v is the velocity of the sphere, dt is the distance travelled, and tt is the time it took the
sphere to travel the distance.

10. Use the given formula for viscosity:

Properties of Liquids and Phase Change

where Δρ is the difference between the density of the solid and the liquid
(Δρ = Ds – Dl ), g is the acceleration of gravity (980 cm/s2), r is the radius of the sphere and v
is the velocity.

11. Record all your data and calculations on your laboratory notebook.

B. HEATING CURVE
1. Set up the beaker on the wire mesh above the Bunsen burner (alcohol lamp) using either
the tripod or iron ring attached to an iron stand. DO NOT light the burner yet.
2. Put about 150 mL of crushed ice cubes into the beaker. Record this temperature at time 0.
Do not let the thermometer rest on the glass.
3. Record the temperature and phases WITHOUT adding heat every minute for five minutes.
4. Adjust the burner or lamp so medium heat is applied to the beaker with ice and stir the
ice occasionally with a spatula.
5. Record the temperature and phases (solid, liquid, gas) every one minute until the water is
boiling (with lots of bubbles) for 5 minutes.
Remember, there may be more than one phase present. Record all phases present.
6. After water has boiled for five minutes, all remaining water can go into the sink. Dry off
your lab table and return all lab materials.
7. Use the results to plot your own heating curve for water. Use a separate graphing paper
and paste it on your notebook.
Label the following points on the graph above:
• Phase change between solid and liquid as “A.”
• Phase change between liquid and gas as “B.”
• Heating the liquid as “C.”

DATA AND OBSERVATIONS

4. VISCOSITY
Quantities Liquid 1 Liquid 2 Liquid 3
Water Cooking oil Hand Sanitizer
Mass of sphere, ms 4.5 4.5 4.5
Diameter of 0.6 0.6 0.6
sphere, ds
Radius of sphere, rs 0.3 0.3 0.3
Volume of sphere, 0.11 0.11 0.11
Vs
Density of sphere, 40.91 40.91 40.91
Ds
Mass of cylinder, 63.5g 63.5g 63.5g
m1
Mass of cylinder + 113.5g 108g 104.5g
liquid, m2
Mass of liquid (m2 50g 44.5 41g
– m1), mL
Volume of liquid, 50 cm3 50cm3 47cm3
VL
Density of liquid, DL 1 g/cm3 0.84 g/cm3 0.87 g/cm3
Distance travelled, 4.4 inch 4.4 inch 4.4 inch
dt
Time travelled, tt 0.6 s 2.60 s 19.76 s
Velocity, v 7.33 1.69 1.42*10-3
Acceleration of 980 cm/s2 980 cm/s2 980 cm/s2
gravity, g
Viscosity of liquid, μ 106.72 464.14 552,664.74

Properties of Liquids and Phase Change

 Time Temp °C Phases present Time Temp °C Phases
present

Starting 0 °C Ice(solid) 15 90 Liquid

temp
0 Solid 16 90 Liquid
1 5 Solid 17 90 Liquid
2 6 Solid 18 88 Liquid
3 8 Solid 19 88 Liquid
4 15 Solid 20 88 Liquid
5 30 Liquid 21 87 Liquid
6 52 Liquid 22 88 Liquid
(light the
burner/lump)

7 80 Liquid 23 87 Liquid
8 86 Liquid 24 83 Liquid
9 89 Liquid 25 90 Water
evaporated
10 90 Liquid 26 90 Water
evaporated
11 90 Liquid 27 90 Water
evaporated
12 90 Liquid 28 90 Water
evaporated
13 89 Liquid 29 90 Water
evaporated
14 89 Liquid 30 90 Water
evaporated

QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH

1. a. How does thickness of a material relate to viscosity?
The thicker the material, the higher the viscosity.
b. From the results of the experiment, rank the liquids in terms of viscosity from the
greatest to the least.
1 Hand sanitizer
2 Oil
3 Water
2. What is the significance of the viscosity of blood to health?
The blood must have low viscosity to flow normally because people with thicker and more
viscous blood may be at a greater risk for a heart attack or for developing heart disease.

3. a. Describe the phase change that occurs during solidification (freezing).

The substance changes from liquid to solid. The particles settle into a fixed position,
causing the substance to take shape and become a solid.
b. Describe the phase change that occurs during condensation.
The substance changes from a vapor/gas to a liquid. As temperature decreases, the
kinetic energy of the molecules also decreases causing the molecules to stick together and
resulting in condensation.

Properties of Liquids and Phase Change

 4. What happens to the intermolecular forces of attraction inside an ice cube when it
melts? The intermolecular forces of attraction inside an ice will become weak when it
melts.
5. Why did the temperature of the liquid remain unchanged right around 100˚C even
though water was continuously heated?The temperature remains constant because
the energy added goes into the escaping steam, and not into the temperature of
the water
6. Describe the difference between a phase change and a temperature change.
The change of phase always occurs with a change of heat. However the temperature does
not change. There is no temperature change until a phase change is complete.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

_Therefore after the lab activity we observed that the as the temperature rises the ice
become liquid while it was heated and as far as we know the temperature rises the liquid
turned into gas. For the viscosity we observed that when the liquid is thick the travel time of
the marble is slow just like in the hand sanitizer but when the liquid is thin just like water the
marbles travel time was
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REFERENCES
How Thick Is Your Blood?(2020). Retrieved form https://www.everydayhealth.com/heart-
health/blood-viscosity-how-thick-is-your-blood.aspx?fbclid=IwAR2-
Q3kMZjqEJ75GuDT4gYEGc9LiEbxPtPlHLPpeI1YCLrHtWSuCarvjADo
Odom J. (1974). Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/Why-does-the-temperature-of-
boiling-water-remain-constant?fbclid=IwAR1B4X1BEocntMbNDBqdhgBSvvz-
hwQec1W8bhTv0V9i82e59mw7qjVja-o

Properties of Liquids and Phase Change