2.

Internet Services
Search Engine: Search engine is an application that allows Internet users to search for content via the World Wide Web
(WWW). A user enters keywords or key phrases into a search engine and receives a list of Web content results in the
form of websites, images, videos or other online data. The list of content returned via a search engine to a user is known
as a Search Engine Results Page (SERP).

How does a Search Engine works:

1. Spider/Crawler: A software that combs out the web and fetches as many documents as possible by matching the
web contents with the given keyword. These spiders crawl from one server to another in a matter of
microseconds and compile a massive list of matching results.
2. Indexer (Indexing Software): Another program, called an indexer, then reads these documents and creates an
index based on the words contained in each document. This information is stored in a database.
3. Search Algorithm: Each search engine uses a proprietary algorithm to create its indices such that, ideally, only
meaningful results are returned for each query. When we perform a search by entering a keyword, the search
engine searches its indexed database using some techniques/algorithm like linear, binary etc. to generate a list
of hyperlinks (URL) containing the search results. The techniques employed to do so is called search algorithm.

Protocols and their need: Protocol is a set of rules or procedures for transmitting data between electronic devices, such
as computers, mobiles, laptops, PDAS over networks/internet. In order for computers to exchange information, there
must be a preexisting agreement as to how the information will be structured and how each side will send and receive
it.

Types of Protocols:

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files between
computers on the Internet over TCP/IP connections. FTP is a client-server protocol that relies on two communications
channels between client and server: a command channel for controlling the conversation and a data channel for
transmitting file content. Clients initiate conversations with servers by requesting to download a file. Using FTP, a client
can upload, download, delete, rename, move and copy files on a server.

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): HTTP is a set of standard protocol used by WWW to exchange hypertext
information over the internet. It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what action web servers and
browsers should take in response to the various commands. When accessing any web page entering http:// in front of
the address tells the browser to communicate over HTTP.

SMTP: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending e-mail. However, since it is limited in its
ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it is usually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, which
let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server. In other words, users
typically use a program that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-mail.

IMAP and POP (Internet Message Access Protocol and Post office Protocol):

Both POP (Post Office Protocol) and IMAP (Internet Message access protocol) allow people to get access to their email
from a remote server but in different manners.

IMAP allows you to access your email wherever you are, from any device. When you read an email message using IMAP,
you are not actually downloading or storing it on your computer; instead, you're reading it from the email service. As a
result, you can check your email from different devices, anywhere in the world: your phone, a computer, a friend's
computer.

POP works by contacting your email service and downloading all of your new messages from it. Once they are
downloaded onto your PC or Mac, they are deleted from the email service. This means that after the email is
downloaded, it can only be accessed using the same computer. If you try to access your email from a different device,
the messages that have been previously downloaded won't be available to you.

Note: IMAP is suitable for people who need to access email from multiple computers because it stores our email on the
mail server.

ESMTP (Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): It allows multimedia files to be delivered as e-mail.

Downloading: It refers to the transfer of file from internet server (remote server) to the local computer.

Uploading: It refers to the transfer of file from local computer to the remote/Internet server.

Email (Electronic Mail): Email is short for 'electronic mail'. It is a method of exchanging messages between people using
electronic devices. Similar to a letter, it is sent via the internet to a recipient. An email address is required to receive
email, and that address is unique to the user. We can also attached files with an email message.

Email consists of two main parts i.e. Header and Body: The Header contains the name and address of the recipient and
the Body contains the message.

The Header contains To, CC, BCC, Subject

To: refers to the address of the recipient.
CC (Carbon copy): CC recipients are visible to all other recipients.
BCC (Blind Carbon Copy): BCC recipients are not visible other recipients.

Key benefits and features of using email

 It's quick – your recipient receives your email as soon as they go online and collect their mail.
 It's secure.
 It's low cost.
 Photos, documents and other files can be attached to an email, so that more information can be shared.
 One email can be sent to more than one recipient at a time.

Email Address: An email address consists of two parts i.e. username and domain/host name separated by @ (‘at’) sign.
Example: anilsharma@gmail.com

user name domain/host name

There are many sites on internet which provide free email facility like gmail.com, yahoo.com, refiffmail.com

Chat: A chat is an online conversation in which we can instantly send messages back and forth to one another.

Video Conferencing: A two way audio-video conversation between multiple participants is called video conferencing.
This technology is mainly used for virtual meetings among group of people to discuss political, business or social affairs.
It needs a computer, a web cam and a video conferencing software like Skype, Whatsapp etc.

Advantages of Video Conferencing:

 Easier to conduct corporate meeting.

 Beneficial for students in e-learning.
 More economic conversation as compared to other modes.
  Can save time, travel cost, hotel cost etc. in case of virtual business meetings.

E-Learning (Electronic Learning): eLearning is learning utilizing electronic technologies to access educational curriculum
outside of a traditional classroom.

Benefits of E-learning

1. No time barriers (24×7 access) 4. interact with everyone online and also clear your doubts if any.
2. No geographical barriers 5. promotes active and independent learning
3. Can learn at our own pace/speed 6. helpful for the students living in remote and employs
E-Banking (Electronic Banking): If, some or all forms of banking services and transactions performed through electronic
means is called E-banking. E-banking includes the systems that enable fund transfer, check balance, make FD, applying
for loans or access any other bank services through a public or private network, including the internet.

Advantages of E-banking:
 Do not have to wait in long queues
 Grant access to our account any time regardless of working hours
 Easy to keep a regular check on your account balance.
 Worldwide connectivity to the website of banks.

E-Shopping: The act of purchasing products or services over the Internet is called E-shopping. It is an application of E-
commerce. Ex. amazon.com, ebay.com, myntra.com, flipkart.com
Advantages of E-shopping:
 Provides access to the Global market
 Anytime and anywhere shopping facility.
 Provides attractive offers and discounts.
 Flexible modes of payments.
 Availability of a variety of items for selection and comparison of the prices made easy globally.

Disadvantages of E-shopping:

 Huge risk of online frauds.

 Making payments online is not always safe.
 We experience the lack of touch and feel the product.
 Unable to try the products like clothes, footwear, cosmetics etc.

E-Reservation: E-reservation is a convenient way of finding and booking flights, buses, trains, hotel etc. over the
internet. Ex. irctc.co.in, trivago.com ETC. We can check the payable charges at the same moment also can make
payments using credit cards or debit cards.

E-Groups: eGroups are online message boards, designed to send the same message to all members of the community.
These allow users to create, post, comment to and read from their own interest. eGroup messages can have
attachments, all of which become documents in that Community's Library. eGroups are restricted to community
members. Only members of a community can access the eGroup of that community. Ex. groups.yahoo.com

Social Networking: A social network, in technology parlance, is a website or other application where people, often of
similar interests, come together to communicate with each other and share information including photos, videos, audio
and written messages. Social networking can occur for social purposes, business purposes or both through sites such as
Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn etc.
Blogs: Blog (a truncation of the expression "weblog") is a websites or a web page that is updated on a regular basis by its
author. The author may be an individual or a small group. It can contain information related to a specific topic. In some
cases, blogs are used as daily diaries about people's personal lives, political views, or even as social commentaries.

Newsgroups: A newsgroup is a discussion about a particular topic/subject consisting of notes written to a central
internet site and redistributed through Usenet (a worldwide network of news discussion group). These texts are stores
in a news server maintained by a company, group of individual. Usenet used NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol).
People can post to existing newsgroups, respond the previous posts and create new newsgroups.

UseNet: UseNet stands for User’s Network. Usenet is a worldwide system for Internet discussion that consists of a set of
newsgroups that are organized by subject. It is an internet service which enables its users to join a newsgroup for
discussion on various topics of their interest like science, politics, news, sports, cooking, jokes etc.

Telnet: Telnet (TN) is a networking protocol and software program used to access remote computers and terminals over
the Internet or a TCP/IP computer network. It allows an internet user to login at some remote computer and then work
on it.