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Printed-circuit board layout is one of the last steps in the design process, but for high-
speed circuits, it often proves to be one of the most critical. Many of today's high-
speed amplifiers can operate well into the RF spectrum. At these frequencies, circuit
performance is heavily dependent on the board layout. A poor or sloppy layout can
take your high-flying circuit and cause it to crash and burn. Thinking ahead and
paying attention to detail throughout the layout process will help ensure that the
circuit performs as expected.
Do
Don't
• Connect analog and digital grounds to the same ground plane. Keep them
separate, tying them together at a single-point ground only. Circulating ground
currents can corrupt references and cause noise in the ground plane, which can
be coupled into other sensitive sections of the board, producing erroneous
results.
• Use a ground plane under the input and output pins of high-speed op amps.
The parasitic capacitance formed by the amplifier mounting pad and the
ground plane can lead to ringing, overshoot and instability. The effect of 1
picofarad of parasitic capacitance at the inverting input of a high-speed
amplifier is shown in the figure. Note that the 1 pF causes 1.8 dB of peaking in
the frequency response. This is why we caution designers to use ground planes
judiciously.
• Forget about parasitics. Excessive trace length can lead to stray inductance;
large pads, test points or meandering lines can lead to parasitic capacitance,
which can cause ringing and peaking in the frequency response. Vias
introduce stray capacitance and inductance: Avoid using vias in high-
frequency signal paths because the stray parasitic capacitance and inductance
can lead to degraded frequency response and ringing on pulses. Keep the
layout compact and streamlined to minimize parasitics.
• Run long parallel traces; this can cause unwanted coupling and lead to loss of
isolation. If you need to run long traces, use different layers. Add a power or
ground plane in between the layers and run the traces orthogonally to each
other. Use inner layers for running sensitive signal paths or controlled-
impedance lines.