Shape & Volume

- Gas: Expands to fill its container

- Liquid: A fixed volume that takes shape of its container
- Solid: A definite shape and volume

Arrangement of Particles

- Gas: Randomly arranged, disorganized, and far apart

- Liquid: Randomly arranged but close
- Solid: A fixed arrangement of very close particles

Density

- Gas: Low (> 0 g/mL)

- Liquid: High (approx. 1 g/mL)
- Solid: High (1-10 g/mL)

Interactions between Particles

- Gas: None
- Liquid: Strong
- Solid: Very Strong

Particle Movement

- Gas: Very Fast

- Liquid: Moderate
- Solid: Slow

Existing as a gas, liquid, or solid depends on:

- Balance between kinetic energy of its particles

- Strength of interactions between the particles

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gas

- Consists of particles that move randomly and rapidly

- The size of the particles is small compared to the space between them
- Gas particles exert no attractive force on each other
- Kinetic energy of gas particles increases with increasing temperature
- When gas particles collide with each other, they rebound and travel in new directions

Intramolecular Forces

- Attractive forces that exist between particles

- Ionic, covalent, and metallic

Intermolecular Forces

- Attractive forces that exist between molecules

- In order of increasing strength:
 o London-dispersion forces
o Dipole-dipole interactions
o Hydrogen bonding
- Strength of intermolecular forces determine:
o whether a compound has a high or low melting and boiling point;
o and thus, whether it exists as a gas, liquid, or solid

London-dispersion forces

- Very weak interactions

- Due to momentary change in electron density
a. Change in ED leads to creation of temporary dipole
b. Weak interaction constitutes LDF
- All covalent compounds exhibit LDH
- The larger the molecule, the larger the attractive force and the stronger the IMF

Dipole-dipole interactions

- Attractive forces
- Between polar dipoles of two polar molecules

Hydrogen bonding

- Hydrogen atom bonded to an O, N, or F is electrostatically attracted to another O, N, or F in

another molecule
- Strongest IMF

Summary of IMF

- London-dispersion forces
o Relative strength: weak
o Exhibited by all molecules
- Dipole-dipole interactions
o Relative strength: moderate
o Exhibited by molecules with a net dipole
- Hydrogen bonding
o Relative strength: strong
o Exhibited by molecules with a H-O, H-N, or H-F bond

Evaporation

- Conversion of liquids into the gas phase

- Endothermic (it absorbs heat from the surroundings)

Condensation

- Conversion of gas into the liquid phase

- Exothermic (it gives off heat from the surroundings)

Vapor Pressure
- Pressure exerted by gas molecules in equilibrium with the liquid phase
- Increases with increasing temperature
- Boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to 760 mmHg
- The stronger the IMF, the weaker the vapor pressure at a given temperature