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Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 24033–24042 www.materialstoday.com/proceedings

IConAMMA_2017

Coupled effect of superplasticizer dosage and fly ash content on

strength and durability of concrete
Manomi Na, Dhanya Sathyan b*, K B Anandc
a
Post graduate student, b Assistant Professor,c Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore,
Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham,Amrita University,India

Abstract

The incorporation of fly ash in concrete enhanced the durability of portland cement concrete more effectively. Fly ash is
incorporated as a mineral admixture because of its advantageous properties like pozzolanic reaction and pore refinement. At the
point when fly ash is added in concrete, calcium hydroxide, liberated during cement hydration, reacts with the reactive silica
present in fly ash and forms calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H) gel. This research investigates the influence of fly ash in conjunction
with four different superplasticizers (SP) namely Polycarboxylate ether (PCE), Lignosulphonate (LS), Sulphonated Melamine
Formaldehyde (SMF) and Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF) and on the mechanical and durability properties of
concrete. Concrete was made with different levels of class F flyash replacement (0,15, 25, and 35% by mass) of cement, the w/c
ratio were maintained constant as 0.37 and the superplasticizer dosage corresponding to saturation dosage. The saturation dosage
of superplasticizer is measured by conducting marsh cone and minislump tests. The mechanical and durability properties tested
were compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and Sorptivity. PCE based superplasticizers are found to be more effective.
Modification in the mechanical by increase in later age strength and durability properties by increase of the concrete was
observed with the addition of fly ash and superplasticizer in control mix.
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Applications
[IConAMMA 2017].

Keywords: Ordinary Portland cement; Fly ash; Superplasticizers; Compressive strength; Split tensile; Sorptivity.

1. Introduction

Worldwide, substantial scale generation of cement is posing numerous ecological issues .Moreover unhindered
depletion of natural resources on the other hand. To overcome the above stated problems supplementary

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 9894814477.

E-mail address: s_dhanya@cb.amrita.edu, dhanyacivilamrita@gmail.com

2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Applications
[IConAMMA 2017].
24034 Dhanya Sathyan, K B Anand / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 24033–24042

Nomenclature

OPC Ordinary Portland cement

SP Superplasticizer
SNF Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde
SMF Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde
PCE Polycarboxylic Ether
LS Lignosulphates
FA Fly ash

cementitious material (SCM) like flyash, silica fume, etc. can be used in the production of Portland cement concrete.
Fly ash which is available in large quantities as a waste product from thermal power and industrial plants may cause
substantial ecological hazards. The usage rate of fly ash is increased by fusing extensive amounts of fly ash in
structural and paving concrete mixes which thereby improves the properties of the concrete in fresh as well as
hardened states [19-20, 27]. The heat reduction property and pozzolanic reactivity of this fly ash are the two main
properties.15–30% is the typical replacement of fly ash done in cement [5]. David [4] inferred that incorporation of
fly ash into cement its overall pore structure gets improved because it densely fills up the pores in two ways: it acts
as a minute -aggregate and also as a pozzolanic product. Miao[21] inferred that class F fly ash contain less lime
content, gives less heat of hydration, thereby reducing the reaction rate, alkali silica reaction and possibility of
formation of thermal cracks. Nokken et al. [22] concluded that class F fly ash was more durable that class C fly ash.
Strength and durability reduces with increase in water to cement ratio [4].This effect of superplasticizers drastically
improves the performance of the fresh paste and produce flowing concrete which can be effectively used in heavy
reinforced structures at inaccessible areas. The optimum dosage of superplasticizers gives the maximum workability
for the mix [6]. PCE improves the workability of fresh concrete mainly by increasing the surface potential force, the
solid-liquid affinity, and the steric hindrance [5, 19]. Singh et .al [26] presented an overview about geopolymer
concrete generated by the alkaline activation of aluminosilicates. The fresh and hardened state properties of mortars
and its interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between geopolymer and aggregate were studied. Okoye [23] inferred that
the fly ash admixture concrete and normal concrete have shown almost similar properties. Better resistance to
elevated temperature, better steel reinforcing bars bonding and effective resistance to deterioration in various
aggressive environments were also investigated. Seshasayee et al. [28] explained the increase in durability is
because of the micro filler effect of the fly ash. Marthong and Agarwal [20] inferred that class F fly ash can replaced
up to 40% of cement and the splitting tensile strength mostly depends on compressive strength and concrete age.
David et al.[4] discussed about the impact of fly ash on workability and concluded that they displayed high slump
values because of ball bearing effect of spherically shaped fly ash. Huang et al. [7] replaced cement with fly ash up
to 80% and obtained 62MPa using 136 kg Portland cement. Jingjing Feng et al. [18] found out in their study that by
using ultrafine class F fly ash at 20 and 35% increased the resistance to permeability of chloride ions.
Ramachandran [25] presented both fly ash(FA) and superplasticizer (SP) effect concrete on the strength and
durability properties when exposed to sea water environments. XRD and LRS showed betterment of chemical
composition of FA concrete after one year exposure in sea water than NC and SP concrete samples. Ho Huang et al.
[3] briefly enlightened the improved microstructure of polycarboxylates superplasticizer (PCE) based concrete. Less
number of critical diameter pores and lesser porosity in PCE than Polynaphthalene superplasticizer (PNS) concrete.
Nath and Sarker [24] improved the durability effect by adding large percentage of class F fly ash in concrete. Fly
ash addition ensued reduction of 28 day compressive strength with constant w/b ratio. Misra et al.[1] concluded that
fly ash incorporated concrete exhibited less sorptivity value than the control mix concretes.
This project investigates the strength and durability properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength
and sorptivity test of different concrete mixes. OPC was replaced by pozzolanic material such as fly ash in 15%,
25% and 35% and four brands of SP’s are preferred namely Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE), Lignosulphates (LS),
Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF) and Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde (SMF) and Saturation
dosage of superplasticizers were done using marsh cone and mini slump test by varying the superplasticizer dosage.
Study was done on M30 concrete mix with 0.37 water-cement (w/c) ratio.
 Dhanya Sathyan, K B Anand / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 24033–24042 24035

2. Materials and properties

The materials used in this study and their properties are as follows:

2.1. Cement

Cement used was locally available OPC. The physical properties of the cement are tested according IS 4031[8,9,10]
are tabulated in table 1.

2.2. Fine aggregate

Locally available river sand of maximum size 4.75 mm was used in this study. The physical properties of the sand
tested according to the codal provisions of IS 2386 [9] and given in table 1.

2.3. Coarse aggregate

Coarse aggregate (CA) of maximum size 20 mm was used in this study. The physical properties of the CA tested
according to the codal provisions of IS 2386 [11] was tabulated in the table 1. In the entire concrete mix the ratio of
weight of the CA of different size range (between 20 and 12.5 mm, 12.5 and 4.75 mm) are maintained as 1.5:1.

Table 1: Material Properties

Property Value
Specific gravity 2.86
Initial Setting time 85 mins
Cement
Fineness modulus 0.50%
Normal Consistency 33%
Specific gravity 2.45
Coarse Aggregate Water absorption 1.50 %

Bulk density 1.63 kg/L

Specific gravity 2.517
Fine aggregate Water absorption 2.14 %
Fineness modulus 2.86 %
Class F
Fly ash Specific gravity 2.11
Fineness modulus 1.2 %

2.4. Fly ash

Locally available class F fly ash is used and was tested in accordance with the codal provisions of IS 1727 [17].
Physical and chemical properties of the fly ash used are listed in the table 1 and 2 respectively.

Table 2.Composition of fly ash

Composition CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO TiO2 P2O5 Na2O LOI Total
% 10.19 56.52 22.52 5.78 3.16 1.2 0.06 0.49 0.08 100
24036 Dhanya Sathyan, K B Anand / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 24033–24042

2.5. Superplasticizers:

Four different families of superplasticizers are used. The solid content and density of the superplasticizer were
determined as per IS 9103 [13] and tabulated in Table 3.

Table 3. Properties of superplasticizers

Specific
SP Solid content (%) pH
gravity(g/cc)
PCE2 37 1.079 ≥6
LS1 40 1.158 ≥6
SMF1 31.65 1.227 7
SNF1 33.3 1.217 7-8

Experimental Details

After the identification of objectives, a carefully designed methodology was adopted. Properties of concrete in
which cement partially replaced with fly ash are to be studied including compressive, split tensile and durability
properties. The variation in properties of concrete was studied by varying fly ash and superplasticizers in cement.
OPC was partially replaced with fly ash and durability properties like Sorptivity were studied. The saturation
dosages of all the 4 families of superplasticizers were determined using marsh cone and mini slump tests. A M 30
grade concrete mix was designed as per IS 10262 [15] specifications and the same was used to prepare the test
samples. A w/c ratio of 0.37 and maximum aggregate size of 20 mm was used. Cement was partially replaced with
15, 25 and 35 % of fly ash in OPC. Totally 20 mixes were prepared by varying flyash quantity, superplasticizers
dosage (only saturation dosage) and family. Mix details were given in table 5. Mixing was done carefully in a batch
mixer to ensure the availability of homogeneous and non-segregated mix for this study. De-molded specimens were
given water curing for 28 days. Mechanical as well as durability tests were conducted as per standard BIS practices

3.1 Saturation dosage of superplasticizer

The workability of the concrete mainly depends on the amount of superplasticizer added to the mix. If these values
exceed the actual requirement, it may lead to segregation and bleeding. So it was necessary to determine the
saturation dosage of superplasticizer in a mix. Saturation dosage of the superplasticizer was determined by
performing marsh cone test and mini slump test.

3.1.1 Marsh cone test

This test determines the saturation dosage and fluidity of SP in cement paste. In this study, a metal cone with a
nozzle of 8mm diameter was used and cement paste with 0.37 w/c ratio was prepared. Mixes were prepared by
varying the flyash content and superplasticizer to cement percentage from 0.1 to 1.0%. 1000 ml of the prepared mix
was poured in the marsh cone of standard dimension and time required to flow 500ml of mix are noted down. The
graph was plotted connecting marsh cone log time in seconds and dosage of superplasticizer and the dosage point
were the angle is 140 ±10 gives the saturation dosage point. A typical graph is shown in fig 1.

3.1.2 Mini slump test

With above mentioned same paste mix (3.1.1) this test was also performed. Mix was poured to the mould of
standard dimension and the mould was lifted gently. The paste spreads uniformly, the diameter was taken from 4
different directions and its average value gives the mini slump diameter in centimetre. The SP dosage beyond which
there was no increase in the spread diameter is considered as saturation dosage of SP.
 Dhanya Sathyan, K B Anand / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 24033–24042 24037

a b

Fig 1: Typical relation between: (a) spread diameter and SP dosage; (b) marsh cone log time and SP dosage

Table 4.Saturation dosage of different superplasticizers

Saturation dosage of OPC
Type of SP Fly ash content (%)
+ fly ash

0 0.5

15 0.5
PCE2
25 0.5

35 0.5

0 0.6

15 0.7
LS1
25 0.7

35 0.6

0 0.6

15 0.4
SMF
25 0.5

35 0.5

0 0.7

15 0.4
SNF1
25 0.5

30 0.5

3.2 Mechanical properties of concrete

Compressive and split tensile strength tests were carried out after 28 day of water curing to determine the
strength of concrete made with different replacement level of flyash and superplasticizer.

3.2.1 Compressive strength

As per IS 516 [16] compression test was conducted on concrete cubes of dimensions 150 ×150 × 150 mm.
Uniform Compressive load was applied on the cube specimen at rate of 140 kg/cm2 using a compressive testing
machine of 200 T capacity and failure load was measured.

3.2.2 Split tensile test

As per IS 5816 [14] this test was performed by using a universal testing machine. Three cylindrical specimens of
150 mm dia and 300 mm height were cast and subjected to 28 days of water curing .Testing were done for each mix
and average of three samples was determined.
24038 Dhanya Sathyan, K B Anand / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 24033–24042

3.3 Durability of concrete

3.3.1 Sorptivity test:

As per ASTM C 1585 [2], sorptivity test was conducted to determine the absorption rate of water. A standard
test specimen of 100 mm diameter and 50mm length disc was cast. After 28 days of curing the specimen sides was
sealed with suitable sealing materials and then placed over a support device. The support device was placed at the
bottom of a pan and 1 to 3 mm from bottom of specimen water was filled. Mass of specimens were noted down at
60s, 5min, 10min, 20min, 30min, 60min, 6hr, 3rd day, 7th day and 9th day. The initial rate of water absorption
(mm/s1/2) are determined by taking the slope of line which is the best fit to I and plotted against the square root of
time (s1/2).

I=
∗

Where : I= absorption, a= exposed area of the specimen in mm2, m= change in specimen mass in grams at the time t,
and d= density of the water in g/mm3 .

3. Results and discussions

Test result of compressive strength, split tensile strength and sorptivity tests are included in this section and its
graphical representation was also shown in figure 2 and 3.

4.1 Mechanical properties of concrete

The strength of specimens are determined after 28 days. Obtained properties of concrete like compressive
strength, split tensile strength of all the concrete mixes tested are tabulated and discussed in the following section in
table 5 and its graphical representation is shown in the fig 2 and 3 respectively. From fig 2 and 3 it was inferred that
there was no much difference in compressive strength and split tensile strength in OPC with the addition of
superplasticizer. But in most of the mixes an increase in the compressive strength was observed. Improvement in
the compressive strength of the Superplasticized concrete mixtures was mainly due the improved compaction
obtained in the concrete by the addition of superplasticizer. The 28-day strength of all the concrete specimens with
w/c ratio of 0.37 continues to decrease with increase in fly-ash content from 15% to 35%. This was because of slow
reaction rate of pozzolans. Many previous work portraited similar findings [17].
Table 5: Compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete

Compressive strength Split tensile

Mix
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

OPC (Control mix) 46 4.7

OPC+15% Fly Ash 48 4.8

OPC+25% Fly Ash 45 4.6

OPC+35% Fly Ash 41 4.4
OPC + PCE2+0% Fly Ash 53 5.02
OPC+PCE2+15% Fly Ash 48 4.8

OPC+PCE2+25% Fly Ash 50 4.9

OPC+PCE2+35% Fly Ash 52 5

OPC +LS1+ 0% Fly Ash 52 5.04

 Dhanya Sathyan, K B Anand / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 24033–24042 24039

OPC+LS1+15% Fly Ash 51 4.9

OPC+LS1+25% Fly Ash 41 4.4
OPC+LS1+35% Fly Ash 40 4.4
OPC +SMF+ 0% Fly Ash 58 5.3
OPC+SMF+15% Fly Ash 44 4.6
OPC+SMF+25% Fly Ash 44 4.6
OPC+SMF+35% Fly Ash 60 5.4
OPC +SNF1+ 0% Fly Ash 56 5.2
OPC+SNF1+15% Fly Ash 60 5.4
OPC+SNF1+25% Fly Ash 41 4.4
OPC+SNF1+35% Fly Ash 42 4.5

70
Compressive strength (MPa)

60
50 No SP
40 PCE
30 LS
20 SMF
10 SNF
0
0% FA 15% FA 25% FA 35% FA
Fly ash percentage

Fig 2: Compressive strength of specimens

6
Split tensile strength (MPa)

4 No SP
3 PCE
2 LS

1 SMF

0 SNF
0% FA 15% FA 25% FA 35% FA

Fly ash percentage

Fig 3: Split tensile strength of specimen

In fly-ash-admixed concrete, cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction are the strength determining properties
up to 28 days there by contributing to its long-term strength [21].From the fig 2 and 3 it is clear that mix with PCE
24040 Dhanya Sathyan, K B Anand / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 24033–24042

based superplasticizers are more effective at higher percentage of flyash. The 35% fly ash content is found to be
optimum in the case of PCE based super plasticizer. Similar behaviour was observed in SMF based superplasticizer
also. In the case of mix with SNF SP as fly ash percentage increases, reduction in strength occurs. The LS family
mix showed a reduction in strength by increase in fly ash percentage. With increase in fly ash percentage overall
fineness and water demand of the mix increases. But it was found that PCE based superplasticizers are very
effective for the mixes with high water demand. This was mainly due to the effective dispersive mechanism of PCE
based superplasticizer due to its steric hindrance effect. PCE and SMF superplasticizers are more effective when fly
ash percentage was increasing.

4.2 Durability of concrete

4.2.1 Sorptivity test

Sorptivity is the water absorption rate in the concrete by capillary suction into concrete pores. The relationship
between sorptivity and different superplasticizers and sorptivity with change in fly ash percentage is plotted in the
following fig 4. In concrete sorptivity was directly related to water absorption, lower the sorptivity value, the higher
is the resistance towards water absorption. The pore distribution and micro structural properties determine the
sorptivity by capillary action or by diffusion [25].

a b
3.5
2.5
3
2.5 2

2 1.5
I (mm)

No S
I (mm)

1.5
1 PCE
1 LS1
0.5 0.5 SMF
SNF
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
√Time (√sec) √Time (√sec)

c d
3 3
2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5 No SP
I (mm)

PCE
I (mm)

1 1 LS
SMF
0.5 0.5
SNF1
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
√Time (√sec) √Time (√sec)

Fig 4: Relationship between cumulative water absorption and test duration for different fly ash % : (a) 0%; (b)15%; (c)25%; (d)35%
 Dhanya Sathyan, K B Anand / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 24033–24042 24041

1.8

1.6
Sorptivity (x10-4 mm/sec1/2)

1.4
No SP
1.2 PCE
1 LS

0.8 SMF
SNF
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0% 15% 25% 35%
FlyAsh %

Fig 5: Sorptivity with change in fly ash replacement in cement.

The results of the cumulative water absorption with square root of time in seconds are shown in fig 5. Higher
sorptivity value in each type of mix means they have very less resistance to permeability. The sorptivity values are
higher for control mixes and they have large number of voids resulting in higher rise in initial absorption [1]. The
incorporation of superplasticizers makes concrete more compact resulting in lesser permeability [4, 5]. Hence there
was reduction in sorptivity values for all the concrete mix types with different superplasticizers. The increase in fly
ash content from 0 to 35% is resulting in reduction in sorptivity values due to better densification occurring in fly
ash concrete. Denser specimens give less pore and leads to reduction in permeability hence the chances of ingress of
different types of ions can be reduced [18, 22, 24]. When there is more amount of fly ash, empty voids are filled by
these finer size particles resulting in no increase in weight of specimens.This is due to micro -filler property of
smaller size fly ash, which fills up the pores more effectively giving less pore connectivity. Similar results were
obtained in these papers also [7, 18, 25].As a result porosity of concrete is reduced with less number of
interconnected pores. By age sorptivity reduces since the pores will be more filled with hydration products [26, 28].

5. Conclusion

From the above results, it can be concluded that

 Decrease in concrete strength with increase in flyash replacement was observed for control specimen
containing no superplasticizer.
 The compressive strength at the 28 day of Superplasticized concrete is found to marginally equal to or
more than that of the control specimen containing no superplasticizer.
 In the case of PCE and SMF based superplasticizer 35% fly ash replacement shows greater strength than
the concrete mixes with 0%, 15% and 25% of fly ash replacements.
 PCE based superplasticizers are found to be more effective in the case of mix with higher water demand
because of the steric hindrance effect.
 Decrease in strength in LS and SNF group is observed at higher replacement percentage of flyash
replacement.
 As fly ash percentage increases the sorptivity decreases due to densification of concrete by the micro filler
effect of flyash.
24042 Dhanya Sathyan, K B Anand / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 24033–24042

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