Chapter 1

Functions, Graphs, and Limits

1.1 Functions ⎧3 if t < −5
⎪
14. f (t ) = ⎨t + 1 if −5 ≤ t ≤ 5
2. f(x) = −7x + 1
⎪
f(0) = −7(0) + 1 = 1 ⎩ t if t >5
f(1) = −7(1) + 1 = −6 f(−6) = 3
f(−2) = −7(−2) + 1 = 15 f(−5) = −5 + 1 = −4
f (16) = 16 = 4
4. h(t ) = (2t + 1)3 h(−1) = (−2 + 1)3 = −1
h(0) = (0 + 1)3 = 1 h(1) = (2 + 1)3 = 27 16. Since x 2 − 1 = 0 for x = ±1 , f(x) is defined
only for x ≠ ±1 and the domain does not
6. consist of the real numbers.
x 2 2 18. The square root function only makes
f ( x) = 2
f (2) = 2
=
x +1 2 +1 5 sense for non-negative numbers. Since
0 −1 1 t 2 + 1 ≥ 0 for all real numbers t the domain
f (0) = =0 f (−1) = =−
0 +1 (−1)2 + 1 2 of h(t ) = t 2 + 1 consists of all real
numbers.

8. g (u ) = (u + 1)3 2 20. f ( x) = x3 − 3 x 2 + 2 x + 5
32
g (0) = (0 + 1) =1 The domain consists of all reals.
32
g (−1) = (−1 + 1) =0
t +1
( 9) 22. f (t ) =
3
g (8) = (8 + 1)3 2 = = 27 2
t −t −2
2
t − t − 2 = (t − 2)(t + 1) ≠ 0
1 if t ≠ −1 and t ≠ 2.
10. f (t ) =
3 − 2t
1
f (1) = =1 24. h( s ) = s 2 − 4 is defined only if
3 − 2(1)
1 1 s 2 − 4 ≥ 0 or equivalently
f (−3) = = ( s − 2)( s + 2) ≥ 0 . This occurs when the
3 − 2(−3) 3
factors ( s − 2) and ( s + 2) are zero or have
1 1
f (0) = = the same sign. This happens when s ≥ 2 or
3 − 2(0) 3 s ≤ −2 and these values of s form the
domain of h.
12. g ( x) = 4 + x
g (−2) = 4 + −2 = 6 26. f (u ) = u 2 + 4
g (0) = 4 + 0 = 4 f ( x − 1) = ( x − 1)2 + 4 = x 2 − 2 x + 5
g (2) = 4 + 2 = 6

1
2 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

28. f (u ) = (2u + 10)2 40. f ( x) = x 2 + 1, g ( x) = 1 − x

f ( x − 5) = [ 2( x − 5) + 10]
2
f ( g ( x)) = (1 − x)2 + 1
= (2 x − 10 + 10)2 = 4 x 2 = x 2 − 2 x + 2 and
g ( f ( x)) = 1 − ( x 2 + 1)
1
30. f (u ) = = − x2
u So f ( g ( x)) = g ( f ( x)) means
1
f ( x 2 + x − 2) = x2 − 2 x + 2 = − x2
2
x +x−2
2 x2 − 2 x + 2 = 0
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 x2 − x + 1 = 0
32. f (u ) = u 2 , f ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ x − 1 ⎠ ( x − 1)2 but, by the quadratic formula, this last
equation has no solutions.
34. For f ( x) = 2 x + 3 ,
1 2+ x
f ( x + h) − f ( x) (2( x + h) + 3) − (2 x + 3) 42. f ( g ( x)) = = ,
h
=
h ( )
4− x
2+ x
4− x
2 x + 2h + 3 − 2 x − 3 4 − 1x
= 4x − 1
h g ( f ( x)) = =
2h 2 + 1x 2x + 1
=
h so f ( g ( x)) = g ( f ( x)) means
=2 2 + x 4x − 1
= .
4 − x 2x + 1
Clearing denominators, multiplying, and
36. f ( x) = x 2
collecting terms gives
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) ( x + h ) 2 − x 2 (2 + x)(2 x + 1) = (4 x − 1)(4 − x)
=
h h 2 x 2 + 5 x + 2 = −4 x 2 + 17 x − 4
x + 2 xh + h 2 − x 2
2
6 x 2 − 12 x + 6 = 6( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
=
h = 6( x − 1)2
h(2 x + h)
= =0
h The last equation has solution x = 1 which
= 2x + h is in the domains of f ( g ( x)) and
1 g ( f ( x)) . Thus f ( g ( x)) = g ( f ( x)) only
38. f ( x) = for x = 1 .
x
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
1 − 1x x( x + h)
= x+h ⋅ 44. f ( x) = x 2 + 5
h h x ( x + h)
f ( x + 1) = ( x + 1)2 + 5 = x 2 + 2 x + 6
x − ( x + h)
=
hx( x + h)
46. f ( x) = (2 x − 6)2
x−x−h
=
f ( x + 3) = [ 2( x + 3) − 6]
2
hx( x + h)
−h = (2 x + 6 − 6)2
=
hx( x + h) = 4x2
−1
=
x ( x + h)
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 3

2
48. f ( x) = 3x +
x
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 2 3
f ⎜ ⎟ = (3) ⎜ ⎟ + 1 = + 2 x
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠ x x

50. f ( x) = 2 x − 20
f ( x 2 − 2 x + 9) = 2( x 2 − 2 x + 9) − 20
= 2 x 2 − 4 x + 18 − 20
= 2 x2 − 4 x − 2

52. f ( x) = ( x5 − 3 x 2 + 12)3
g (u ) = u 3
h( x) = x5 − 3 x 2 + 12

54. f ( x) = 3 x − 5 can be written as g [ h( x)]

with g (u ) = u and h( x) = 3 x − 5.

1 1
56. f ( x) = x + 4 − . g (u ) = u −
3
( x + 4) u3
h( x) = x + 4

58. (a) R ( x) = xD ( x) = x(−0.37 x + 47) = −0.37 x 2 + 47 x

P ( x) = R ( x) − C ( x) = ( −0.37 x 2 + 47 x) − (1.38 x 2 + 15.15 x + 115.5) = −1.75 x 2 + 31.85 x − 115.5

(b) Since P ( x) = −1.75 x 2 + 31.85 x − 115.5 ,

the quadratic formula tells us P ( x) = 0 when x = 5 and x = 13.2 . By evaluating P ( x) at a
number of x values, or by graphing the function, it is easy to see that P ( x) > 0 , that is the
commodity is profitable, for 5 < x < 13.2 .

60. (a) R ( x) = xD ( x) = x(−0.09 x + 51) = −0.09 x 2 + 51x

P ( x) = R ( x) − C ( x) = −0.09 x 2 + 51x − (1.32 x 2 + 11.7 x + 101.4) = −1.41x 2 + 39.3 x − 101.4

(b) Since P ( x) = −1.41x 2 + 39.3 x − 101.4, the quadratic formula tells us P(x) = 0 when x ≈ 2.8 and
x ≈ 25.0. By evaluating P(x) at a number of x values, it is easy to see that P(x) > 0, that is, the
commodity is profitable for 2.8 < x < 25.0.

62. (a) C (q ) = q3 − 30q 2 + 400q + 500

where q is the number of units. Thus
C (20)
= (20)3 − 30(20) 2 + 400(20) + 500
= $4,500.
4 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

(b) The cost of manufacturing the 20th unit

is
C (20) − C (19)
= 4,500 − ⎡ (19)3 − 30(19) 2 + 400(19) + 500 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
= 4,500 − 4,129
= $371

64. f ( x) = − x3 + 6 x 2 + 15 x

(a) f (2) = −8 + 6(2)2 + 15(2) = 46

(b) f(1) = −1 + 6 + 15 = 20
f(2) − f(1) = 46 − 20 = 26

t2
66. (a) C (t ) = − + 4t + 10 degrees Celsius, where t represents the number of hours after midnight.
6
(2)2 1
Thus t = 2 at 2:00 A.M. and C (2) = − + 4(2) + 10 = 17 .
6 3

(b) The difference in temperature between 6:00 P.M. (t = 18) and 9:00 P.M. (t = 21) is
⎡ (21)2 ⎤ ⎡ (18)2 ⎤ 1 1
C (21) − C (18) = ⎢ − + 4(21) + 10 ⎥ − ⎢ − + 4(18) + 10 ⎥ = 20 − 28 = −7
⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ 2 2

12
68. (a) T (n) = 3 +
n
The domain consists of all real numbers n ≠ 0 (because of the denominator).

(b) Since n represents the number of trials, n is a positive integer, like n = 1, 2, 3, "

12
(c) For the third trial n = 3, thus T (3) = 3 + = 7 minutes.
3

12 12
(d) T (n) ≤ 4, so 3 + ≤ 4, ≤ 1 or n = 12
n n

12 12
(e) gets smaller and smaller as n increases. Thus → 0 as n → ∞ and T(n) gets closer and
n n
closer to 3. No, the rat will never be able to traverse the maze in less than 3 minutes.

70. (a) H (t ) = −16t 2 + 256

H (2) = −16(2)2 + 256 = 192 feet

(b) During the third second, the ball travels

H (2) − H (3) = 192 − ⎡ −16(3)2 + 256 ⎤ = 80 feet.
⎣ ⎦
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 5

(c) H (0) = 256 feet.

(d) H (t ) = 0 when − 16t 2 + 256 = 0,

16t 2 = 256
t 2 = 16
t=4
(Disregard T = −4).

72. (a) N = 91.2 / 3000.73 ≈ 1.42 elk per square kilometer.

(b) N = 91.2 / m0.73 < 1 when m > 91.21/ 0.73 = 484.088 . An animal of this species has an average
mass of at least 48 kg.

(c) Let A denote the area, in square kilometers, of the reserve. If the second species has average
91.2 100 100
mass m, then 0.73 = since is the number of animals per square kilometer. The first
m A A
species has average mass 2m and so the estimated number per square kilometer is
91.2 91.2 100 60.29
0.73
= 0.73 0.73 = 0.73 ≈ .
(2m) 2 m 2 A A
Since there are A square kilometers on the reserve, there are approximately 60 of the heavier
species.

74. (a) C (q ) = q 2 + q + 900 and q(t) = 25t,

thus C[q (t )] = C (25t ) = (25t )2 + 25t + 900 = 625t 2 + 25t + 900.

(b) For t = 3, C [ q (3)] = 625(3) 2 + 25(3) + 900 = $6,600.

(c) 625t 2 + 25t + 900 = 11,000

625t 2 + 25t − 10,100 = 0
Divide by 25 to get smaller numbers, then
25t 2 + t − 404 = (25t + 101)(t − 4) = 0 or t = 4 hours.
101
Disregard t = − .
25

7 x2 − 4
76. y = is not defined when x3 − 2 x + 4 = 0. Graphing this polynomial and looking for
x3 − 2 x + 4
x-intercepts yields x = −2. This could also have been found by inspection. The domain is all
numbers x such that x ≠ −2.

78. f ( x) = 2 x − 1, g ( x) = x3 − 1.2
f (4.8) = 2 3.8 ≈ 3.90
g ( f (4.8)) ≈ g (3.90) = 3.903 − 1.3 = 58.02
6 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

80. (a) CEI

Year/Sector 2-yr 2-yr 4-yr 4-yr
Public Private Public Private
1988 0.924 0.974 0.985 0.936
1989 0.9889 1.021 0.991 1.001
1990 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1991 1.067 1.008 1.011 1.033
1992 1.227 1.010 1.069 1.061
1993 1.160 1.050 1.104 1.103
1994 1.229 1.110 1.140 1.130
1995 1.261 1.111 1.164 1.160
1996 1.356 1.122 1.186 1.183
1997 1.391 1.128 1.202 1.213
1998 1.414 1.176 1.240 1.252
1999 1.412 1.194 1.268 1.280
2000 1.419 1.198 1.283 1.305
2001 1.456 1.209 1.276 1.323
2002 1.469 1.224 1.333 1.401
2003 1.591 1.299 1.411 1.461
Average
annual 0.044 0.022 0.028 0.035
increase

For example, in 2003, the average increase in CEI for 2-yr public institutions over the given
1.591 − 0.924
period was = 0.044.
15

(b) Writing exercise, answers will vary.

(c) Writing exercise, answers will vary.

1.2 The Graph of a Function

10
2.
8
(–2, 7) 6
4

–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 7

10 (d) rational function (since

4.
8 3
⎛ 2x + 9 ⎞ (2 x + 9)3
6
⎜ 2 ⎟ =
4 ⎝ x −3⎠ ( x 2 − 3)3
2
and the numerator and denominator
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 expand to polynomials.)
–2
–4
–6 14. f ( x) = x 2
(–1, –8) –8 x = 0 when y = 0, y ≥ 0 and the curve is
–10 symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
100
5
6.
4 80
3
2 60
1 (3, 0)
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 40
–1
–2 20
–3
–4
–5 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 (0, 0) 2 4 6 8 10

8. P ( x1, y1 ) = (4, 5); Q( x2 , y 2 ) = (−2, − 1) 16. f ( x) = 1 − x

Note that the function is only defined for
D = ( −2 − 4)2 + (−1 − 5) 2 = 72 = 6 2
x ≤ 1.
x = 0 when y = 1 and y = 0 when x = 1.
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 3⎞ y
10. P ( x1, y1 ) = ⎜ 0, ⎟ ; Q ( x2 , y2 ) = ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 5 8⎠
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛3 1⎞
D = ⎜ − − 0⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ (0, 1)
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝8 2⎠ 1 (1, 0)
1 1 1 x
= +
25 64
89
=
1,600
89
= 18. f(x) = 2 − 3x
40
Note that the graph is a straight line. The
12. (a) polynomial slope is –3. The curve falls.
x 0 2 2
3
(b) different (since x is a non-integer
f ( x) 2 0 −4
power of x.)

(c) rational function (since

( x − 3)( x + 7) = x 2 + 4 x − 21 is a
polynomial.)
8 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

10
x 0 1 2 3 5
8
6 f ( x) 1 0 −7 −26 −124
4
(0, 2) ( 23 , 0) 50
40
Ð 10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–2 30
–4 20
–6 10 (0, 1)
–8
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 (1, 0) 2 3 4 5
–10 –10
–20
20. f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x + 2) –30
x = 0 when y = −2 , and y = 0 when –40
–50
x = 1 or x = −2 .
35
⎧2 x − 1 if x < 2
30 26. f ( x) = ⎨
25 ⎩ 3 if x ≥ 2
1
20 The x-intercept is x = . The y-intercept
15 2
10
is f (0) = −1. Some points on the curve
5
are:
(1, 0)
(–2, 0) x −1 0 1 2 3
–10 –8 –6 –4 10
–2 (0, –2) 4 6 8
f ( x) −3 −1 1 3 3
5
22. f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x − 8 = ( x + 4)( x − 2) y=3
When x = 2 or x = −4, y = 0.
When x = 0, y = −8. –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 ( 12 , 0) 4 6 8 10
50
–5
40
y = 2x – 1
30 –10

20
–15
10
(–4, 0) (2, 0) ⎧⎪ 9 − x if x ≤ 2
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 28. f ( x) = ⎨ 2
(0, –8) ⎪⎩ x + x − 2 if x > 2
x = 0 when y = 9 . There are no x
24. f ( x) = − x3 + 1 intercepts.
Note the similarities between this graph
and the one in the previous exercise. The
y-values here are the negatives of those
and the curve is translated (moved up) by
1 unit.
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 9

30 34. 2 x − 3 y = −8 and 3x − 5 y = −13

Multiply the first equation by 3 and the
second by − 2, to get y = 2. Thus
20
2x = −8 + 6 = −2, x = −1, P(−1, 2).
f(x) = x2 + x – 2 10
8 2x – 3y = –8
f(x) = 9 – x
6
(0, 9)
3x – 5y = –13
(–1, 2) 4

–10 –8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 –2
–4
30. y = 3x + 8 and y = 3 x − 2 –6
20 –8
16 –10
12
8 36. (a) (0, 2)
4
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 (b) (1,0) and (3,0)
–4
–8
–12 (c) Largest value of 3.5 at x = −1.
–16
–20 (d) Smallest value of –1 at x = 2.
The slopes are the same, namely 3, so the
lines are parallel, but the y intercepts 38. (a) (0,0)
differ. These lines do not intersect.
(b) (−2,0), (0,0) and (3.5,0)
2
32. y = x − x and y = x − 1. Thus
(c) Largest value of 2 at x = −1 and x = 4.
x2 − x = x − 1
x( x − 1) − ( x − 1) = 0 (d) Smallest value of –4 at x = 2.
( x − 1)( x − 1) = 0
40. Number of tires sold:
x = 1 and y = 0
n(p) = 1,560 − 12p at p dollars apiece, and
P(1, 0) is the point of intersection (really
manufactured for $20 each.
the point of contact).
35 Revenue R(p) = p(1,560 − 12p),
30
cost C(p) = 20(1,560 − 12p),
profit P ( p ) = R ( p ) − C ( p )
25
= ( p − 20)(1,560 − 12 p)
20
Relevant values are 20 ≤ p ≤ 130. The
15
maximum profit occurs at $75 per tire.
10 n(75) = 1,560 − 12(75) = 660
5 660 tires will be sold at $75 per tire.
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 (1, 0) 4 6 8 10
10 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

800 P (b) The p intercepts represent prices at

which consumers spend no money on
the commodity.

(c) A price of $60 generates the greatest

monthly expenditure. 12,000 units
will be sold each month when the
price is $60 per unit.

46. (a) s(0) = −15

75 p
The bunker is 15 feet deep.
42. Number of copies sold: (b)
n( x) = 20(22 − x) at x dollars each and
bought for $10 each. s
Revenue R ( x) = 20 x(22 − x),
cost C ( x) = 20 × 10(22 − x), profit
P ( x) = R ( x) − C ( x) = 20(22 − x)( x − 10)
Relevant values are 10 ≤ x ≤ 22. The
maximum profit occurs at $16 per book.
1000

25 t

500
(c) The missile is at its highest point after
25 seconds, when its height is
9,985 feet.

48. S (r ) = C ( R 2 − r 2 )
–100 8 16 24 32 S (0) = CR 2 and S (r ) = 0 when r = R
S
1
44. (a) p = 5(24 − x), so x = − p + 24.
5 r
⎛ 1 ⎞
E ( p ) = px = p ⎜ − p + 24 ⎟ in
⎝ 5 ⎠
thousands of dollars.
800 E

⎧ 41 if 0 ≤ w ≤ 1
⎪
50. (a) P ( w) = ⎨58 if 1 < w ≤ 2
⎪75 if 2 < w ≤ 3
⎩

60 p
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 11

(b) (c) The vertex of the parabola is at

P − B −185
80 p= = = 1,850.
2 A − 20 2

R (1850)
1,8502
50 =− + 185(1,850) + 30,000
20
= 201,125
To maximize total revenue, the
company should charge $1,850. The
maximum revenue is $201,125.

54. (a) Let the origin be on the road at the

middle of the base, so that the 6-meter
1 2 3 w
width means that the parabola passes
through (−3, 0) and (3, 0). The truck
just fitting through means the
52. (a) Let x be the number of $100 rent parabola passes through (−2, 5) and
increases. Then the rental price of (2, 5). This gives two equations in a
each apartment is p = 1,200 + 100x. and b.
The number of unrented apartments is 0 = 9a + b
5x, so the total number of apartments 5 = 4a + b
that are rented is n(x) = 150 − 5x and Subtracting gives a = −1, so b = 9.
the cost of maintaining and The equation of the arch is
advertising the unrented apartments is y = − x 2 + 9.
c(x) = 500(5x) = 2,500x.
For the revenue as a function of p, use (b) 10
p p
x= − 12. Then n( p ) = 210 − 8
100 20
and c(p) = 25p − 30,000. 6
R( p)
4
= p ⋅ n( p ) − c ( p )
⎛ p ⎞ 2
= p ⎜ 210 − ⎟ − (25 p − 30,000)
⎝ 210 ⎠
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
p2
=− + 185 p + 30,000
20 56. Since the y axis (a vertical line) intersects
the curve more than once, the curve is not
250,000
(b) the graph of a function.
200,000
58. Since no vertical line will intersect the
150,000
curve more than once, the curve is the
100,000 graph of a function.
50,000
60. The vertex of the parabola is the point
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 (300, −5000) and this point should be
included in the rectangle. One such
viewing rectangle is
[250, 350] × [−8000, 5000] .
12 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

5
62. (a) Each y value for y = − x 2 is the 66.
4
negative of the corresponding y value
3
of y = x 2 . Hence the points on the
2
graph of y = − x 2 are reflections 1
across the x axis of the points of the
–2 –1 1 2
graph of y = x 2 . –1
–2
(b) If g ( x) = − f ( x) , the graph of g ( x) is The effect the additional term has is to
the reflection across the x axis of the pull the low point of the curve further to
graph of f ( x) . the right and down.
5
x −2 −1 0 1 2
y = − x2 −4 −1 0 −1 −4
2 –1 1 2 3 4
y=x 4 1 0 2 4

30 –5

20

10 –10
The extra terms create a valley further to
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
the right and down from the low point of
–10
the original curve.
–20
68. 20
–30
15

x 2 5 7 10 10
64. (a)
C ( x) 132 195 237 300 5

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
(b) C ( x) = 90 + 21x 1 2 3 4 5
–5
300 –10
(c)
The function is defined for all values x
200
except for x ≈ 0.618 and x ≈ −1.618 .
These values can be determined with a
100
graphing calculator or exactly by applying
the quadratic formula to x 2 + x − 1 = 0 to
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
−1 ± 5
–100 find x = .
2

70. If (x, y) is a point on the circle, then its

distance from the center of the circle is R.
The distance between P(a, b) and Q(x, y)
is D = ( x − a) 2 + ( y − b)2 .
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 13

2 12 5
Thus, ( x − a )2 + ( y − b) 2 = R or 5
10. The line has slope = . = 2

( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b) 2 = R 2 . 4 4 8
The x intercept is (−4, 0) and the y
72. First note that ⎛ 5⎞
intercept is ⎜ 0, ⎟ . The equation of the
⎡⎛ B ⎞ ⎛ C B2 ⎞⎤
2 ⎝ 2⎠
A ⎢⎜ x + ⎟ +⎜ − ⎟⎥
2 A ⎠ ⎜⎝ A 4 A2 ⎟⎠ ⎥
5 5
⎢⎣⎝ ⎦ line is y = x + .
8 2
⎡ ⎛ B ⎞ ⎛ B ⎞
2
C B2 ⎤
= A ⎢ x2 + 2 x ⎜ +
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ + − ⎥ 12. The graph descends 3 units as you move
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2A ⎠ ⎝ 2A ⎠ A 4 A2 ⎥
⎦ 2.5 units to the right on the x axis. Thus
⎡ 2 ⎛B⎞ C⎤ −3 −6
= A ⎢ x + ⎜ ⎟ x + ⎥ = Ax 2 + Bx + C m= = . The y intercept is (0,−3)
⎣ ⎝ A⎠ A⎦ 2.5 5
If A > 0 , the quantity so b = −3. The equation of the line is
⎡⎛ −6
B ⎞ ⎛ C B2 ⎞⎤
2
y= x−3.
A ⎢⎜ x + ⎟ +⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ has no 5
⎢⎣⎝ 2 A ⎠ ⎝⎜ A 4 A2 ⎠⎟ ⎥
⎦
largest value and will be smallest when 14. y = 5
the squared term is as small as possible Thus m = 0 and b = 5. There is no
−B x intercept.
which is 0 when x = .
2A 6
Similarly, if A < 0 , there is no smallest 5
value and the largest value occurs at 4
−B 3
x= . 2
2A
1
1.3 Linear Functions –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
5−2 3
2. m = = =1 –3
2 − (−1) 3 –4

−1 − ( −1) 16. y = 3 x − 6, m = 3
4. m = =0
−2 − 5 y -intercept b = −6.
10

6. m =
1
8 ( )
− − 15

( − 17 ) − 23
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
⎛ 13 ⎞⎛ 21 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 40 ⎠⎝ 17 ⎠
273 –10
=−
680
≈ −0.4015
–20
−9 − 3.5 −12.5
8. m = =
−1.1 − (−1.1) 0
The slope is undefined.
14 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

3 4 26. The slope is not defined and there is no

18. 5 y − 3 x = 4 or y = x + y intercept. Thus x = 2.
5 5
3 4
m = and b = y −5 5+2
5 5 28. = =7
10 x − 2 2 −1
8 y − 5 = 7 x − 14
6 y = 7x − 9
4
2 y −5 5−3
30. = =1
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 x − 0 0 − (−2)
–2
–4
y = x+5
–6
–8 32. The slope of the line through
–10 (1,5) and (1, −4) is not defined. We deal
with a vertical line. Its equation is x = 1 .
x + 3 y −1
20. + =1 34. Writing x + 3 y = 5 in slope-intercept form
−5 2
2( x + 3) − 5( y − 1) = −10 1 5
yields y = − x + . Therefore, the given
2 x + 6 − 5 y + 5 = −10 3 3
5 y = 2 x + 21 1
line has slope m = − . Using the point
2 21 3
y= x+
5 5 (−2, 3) in the point-slope formula yields
2 21 1
Thus m = and b = . The x intercept is y − 3 = − ( x + 2) .
5 5 3
21
− . 36. Writing 2 x + 5 y = 3 in slope-intercept
2
10 2 3
form yields y = − x + . The slope of a
5 5
8
5
perpendicular line is m = . Using the
6 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
4
point ⎜ − , 1⎟ in the point-slope formula
⎝ 2 ⎠
5⎛ 1⎞
2 yields y − 1 = ⎜ x + ⎟ .
2⎝ 2⎠
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

y−2 2
22. =
x +1 3
3y − 6 = 2x + 2
2 8
y= x+
3 3

y−0
24. = 5, y = 5 x
x−0
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 15

38. Producing x units costs 75x dollars. The 300

total cost of producing x units is

C(x) = 75x + 4,500. 200

C(x)
100,000
100

5 10 15

(b) The fee after 5 weeks is

250
F (5) = − (5) + 250 = $145.83
12
4,500
x 44. (a) Let x denote the age in years of the
500 1,000 machinery and V a linear function of
x.
40. (a) Let x denote the number of miles At the time of purchase, x = 0 and
driven and C(x) the corresponding
V (0) = 20,000.
cost (in dollars).
C(x) = 0.70x + 75 Ten years later, x = 10 and
V(10) = 1,000.
C(x) The slope of the line through
(0, 20,000) and (10, 1,000) is
300 1,000 − 20,000
m= = −1,900.
10 − 0
200 Thus V ( x) = −1,900 x + 20,000.
200
V ( x) = 0 when x = and V ( x) is
19
100
200
valid for 0 ≤ x ≤ .
19
20,000
100 200 300 x

(b) The rental cost of a 50-mile trip is

C(50) = 0.75(50) + 75 = 110. 10,000

(c) 125 = 0.7x + 75, 0.7x = 50, x ≈ 71.4

You must drive about 72 miles.

250 2 4 6 8 10
42. (a) Since is the cost per week, then
12
the value of the missed week is (b) V (4) = −1,900(4) + 20,000 = 12, 400
250
x . Therefore the cost of the ⎧50 N if 1,000 ≤ N ≤ 10,000
12 ⎪
remaining weeks is 46. (a) F ( N ) = ⎨40 N if 10,001 ≤ N ≤ 20,000
250 ⎪35 N if 20,001 ≤ N ≤ 50,000
F ( x) = − x + 250 ⎩
12
16 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

1,800,000
(b) 1,600,000
slope formula
1 1
T − 38 = (C − 0) or T = C + 38 .
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
5 5
800,000
600,000 (b) Set T = 75 in the formula from part
400,000 (a)
200,000
1
0 20,000 40,000 75 = C + 38 and solve for
5
48. 25 C = 5(75 − 38) = 185 chirps.
20
If 37 chirps are heard in 30 seconds
then C = 2(37) = 74 chirps are heard
15 per minute. Then
1
10 T = (37) + 38 = 45.4 degrees F.
5
5
54. (a) We have two points (100,97) and
2 4 6 8 10 12
(500,110) .
Note the segments with positive slope 100 − 97 13
m= = = 0.325.
indicate the hare or tortoise is moving at a 500 − 100 400
constant rate. The horizontal segment N − 97 = 0.0325( x − 100)
corresponds to the hare taking a nap. = 0.0325 x − 3.25
or N = 0.0325x + 93.75
50. (a) Let x denote the number of days since
the reduced rate went into effect and (b) N (300) = 0.0325(300) + 93.75 = 103.5
N(x) the corresponding number of 0.0325 x + 93.75 = 100, 0.0325 x
vehicles qualifying for the reduced
= 6.25,
rate. Since the number of qualifying
vehicles is increasing at a constant x = 192.3
rate, N is a linear function of x.
(c) Writing exercise, answers will vary.
Since N (0) = 157 (when the program
began) and N (30) = 247 (30 days 56. Let x be the number of ounces of Food I,
247 − 157 and y be the number of ounces of Food II.
later), m = = 3. Then 3x will be the number of gm of
30 − 0
N ( x) = 3 x + 157 for x ≥ 0 carbohydrate from the first food, and 5y
the number of gm of carbohydrate from
(b) In 14 days from now the second food.
N (44) = 3 × 44 + 157 = 289 Similarly 2 x and 3 y will be the number
of gm of protein from the two foods.
52. (a) From the data it is easy to see that 3x + 5 y is the total number of gm of
every time the number of chirps carbohydrate, which must equal 73, while
increases by 5, there is a 1oF increase 2 x + 3 y is the total number of gm of
in temperature, Thus T is a linear protein, which must equal 46.
function of C and the slope of this
linear function is 1/5. Using this
value, the point (0,38) and the point-
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 17

22
20
L2
(b) Planet D L
18 D3
16
Mercury 0.388 0.241 0.994
14
12 Venus 0.722 0.615 1.005
10
Earth 1.000 1.000 1.000
8
6 Mars 1.523 1.881 1.002
4
2
Jupiter 5.203 11.862 0.999
Saturn 9.545 29.457 0.998
4 8 12 16 20 24
Uranus 19.189 84.013 0.999
58. (a) If a liter of beer is 3% alcohol, then it Neptune 30.079 164.783 0.998
contains 0.03 × 1,000 = 30 ml of
Pluto 39.463 248.420 1.004
alcohol. If alcohol is metabolized at
10 ml per hour, then 3 hours are L2 2
3
≈ 1 or L = D 3 = D3 / 2 .
required. D
A (c) Writing exercise, answers will vary.
(b) T =
10 64. Let’s say that two lines being parallel
means that they have no points in
(c) No one can have A ml of alcohol with common. First, we will prove that if they
fewer than T hours left in the party. are parallel, then they have the same
slope.
54 63 139 346 Let’s say the lines are y = m1x + b and
60. y = x− and y = x− are
270 19 695 14 y = m2 x + c and m1 ≠ m2 . With some
54 1 139 1
parallel because = and = . work, we find that both of these lines
270 5 695 5 share the same point
62. (a) L and D are not linearly related. ⎛ c − b m1c − m2b ⎞
⎜ , ⎟
⎝ m1 − m2 m1 − m2 ⎠
250 L
Therefore they are not parallel.
200 This contradicts our assumption that they
are parallel. Thus m1 = m2 and they must
150 have the same slope.
Now we prove that if they have the same
100 slope, they are parallel. Let’s again
suppose that they are not parallel, i.e., that
50 they have a point in common, say (a, b)
D
0 and let ( x, y1 ), ( x, y2 ) be points on the
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
two lines.
Calculating the slopes of these lines, we
y −b y −b
find m1 = 1 and m1 = 2 .
x−a x−a
But these slopes are different because
y1 ≠ y2 . Therefore it must be that the
lines do not have any points in common,
i.e., they are parallel.
18 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

1.4 Functional Models 12. Let r and h denote the radius and height of
the can, respectively. The volume of the
2. (a) C(x) = 14x + 1,200 soda can is V = πr 2 h = 6.89π and so
R(x) = 23x 6.89
h= 2 .
(b) P(x) = R(x) − C(x) = 9x − 1,200 r
The surface area consists of the top and
(c) P(2,000) = 9(2,000) − 1,200 = 16,800
There is a profit of $16,800 when bottom circles, each of area πr 2 , and the
2,000 units are produced and sold. curved side. The curved side can be
flattened out to a rectangle having width
4. Let x and y be the smaller and larger the height of the can h, and length the
numbers, respectively. Then x + y = 18 or circumference of the circular top which is
y = 18 − x. The product is 2 πr . The total surface area of the can is
P = xy = x(18 − x). then
6.89
6. Let x be the width, then 2x is the length. S = 2 πr 2 + 2 πrh = 2 πr 2 + 2 πr 2
r
The area is A = (2 x) x = 2 x 2 square units. 13.78 π
= 2πr 2 +
8. Let x denote the length and y the width of r
the rectangular playground. Let P be the
number of meters of fencing required to 14. (a) Since S = 2 πrh + 2πr 2 , solving for h
enclose the playground, then P = 2 x + 2 y . S − 2πr 2
yields h = . Substituting into
Since the area is xy = 3,600 , 2 πr
3,600 7, 200 V = πr 2 h yields
y= and P ( x) = 2 x + .
x x ⎛ S − 2 πr 2 ⎞ r
1,000 V = πr 2 ⎜ 2
⎟ = ( S − 2πr ) .
⎜ 2 πr ⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠
800

600
(b) Using V = πr 2 h , we can express h in
V
400
terms of V and r , h = 2 . Thus
πr
200 S = 2 πrh + 2 πr 2
⎛ V ⎞
= 2 πr ⎜ + 2 πr 2
2 4 6 8 10 2⎟
⎝ πr ⎠
The graph suggests that P(x) is minimized
2V
near x = 60 meters. If so, = + 2 πr 2
3,600 r
y= = 60 meters and the playground
60 16. The surface area of the topless can is
is a square. S = πr 2 + 2 πrh = 27 π . Solving for h
10. The rectangular box is closed. Let x be the yields
length (and width) and y the depth. Since r 2 + 2rh = 27
the volume, x 2 y is 1,500 cu. in., 27 − r 2
h=
1,500 2r
y = 2 and the surface area is The volume is
x
6,000 ⎛ 27 − r 2 ⎞ πr
S ( x) = 2 x 2 + 4 xy = 2 x 2 + . V = πr 2 ⎜ 2
⎟ = (27 − r ) .
⎜ 2r ⎟ 2
x ⎝ ⎠
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 19

18. Let q be the amount of radium remaining and k a proportionality constant. Then
R (q ) = − kq .
(Note R (q ) = − kq where k > 0 is usually used because decay means that less and less radium is
left as time goes on.)

20. Let q be the number of people who have caught the disease. Then n − q is the number of people
who have not yet caught the disease out of a total population of n people. If k is the proportionality
constant then R (q ) = kq (n − q ) .

k2
22. Let x be the number of machines used. The setup cost is k1x while the operating cost is where
x
k2
k1, k2 constants of proportionality. The total cost is C ( x) = k1 x + .
x

⎛ 11 + 1 ⎞
24. With N = 11 and A = 300 , Cowling’s rule suggests C = ⎜ ⎟ 300 = 150 mg while Friend’s rule
⎝ 24 ⎠
2(11)(300)
suggests C = = 264 mg.
25

26. Setting the formulas for Cowling’s and Friend’s rules equal to each other gives
⎛ N +1⎞ 2 NA N 1 2N
⎜ ⎟A= or + = .
⎝ 24 ⎠ 25 24 24 25
25
Solving for N gives N = or about
23
1 year, 1 month old. If N is smaller, Cowling’s rule suggests the higher dosage. If N is larger,
Friend’s rule suggests the higher dosage.

28. (a) Winning bid Total price

$1,000 $1,000 + (0.175)($1,000) = $1,175
$25,000 $25,000 + (0.175)($25,000) = $29,375
$100,000 $100,000 + (0.175)($50,000) + (0.10)($50,000) = $113,750

(b) Let x denote the winning bid price. If x is less than or equal to 50,000, the total purchase price
is x + 0.175 x = 1.175 x dollars. If x exceeds 50,000, the first 50,000 carries a premium of
(0.175)(50,000) = 8,750 dollars while the remaining x − 50,000 carries a 10% premium. The
total price is then x + 8,750 + (0.10)( x − 50,000) = 1.1x + 3,750 dollars. Summarizing, the total
price, P(x), is given by the function
⎧ 1.175 x if x ≤ 50,000
P( x) = ⎨
⎩1.1x + 3,750 if x > 50,000
20 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 10,000

30. (a) Let x denote the number of people in the group and C(x) the corresponding total admission
charge for the group. If x ≥ 50, the group is charged 3x dollars and if 0 ≤ x < 50, the group is
⎧3.5 x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 50
charged 3.5x dollars. So C ( x) = ⎨ .
⎩3.0 x if x ≥ 50
Only the points corresponding to the integers x = 0, 1, 2, ... are meaningful in the practical
context.
C

300

(49, 171.5)
150
(50, 150)

50 100 x

(b) C(49) = 3.5(49) = 171.50;

C(50) = 150. So, by recruiting one additional member, a group of 49 can save
171.50 − 150 = $21.50.

⎧ 20 + 0.7 x for 0 ≤ x < 30

⎪
32. (a) P ( x) = ⎨ 26 + 0.5 x for 30 ≤ x < 72
⎪80 − 0.25 x for 72 ≤ x ≤ 100
⎩
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 21

62
55

41

20

0 30 72 100 x

(b) P(50) = 26 + 0.5(50) = 51

The profit is $51,000.

(c) In terms of x, P(0) = 20, P(30) = 41, P(72) = 62, and P(100) = 55.
Thus, in terms of y, P(100) = 20, P(70) = 41, P(28) = 62, and P(0) = 55.
⎧55 + 0.25 y for 0 ≤ y ≤ 28
⎪
P ( y ) = ⎨ 76 − 0.5 y for 28 < y ≤ 70
⎪ 90 − 0.7 y for 70 < y ≤ 100
⎩

4
34. (a) V (0.73) = π(0.73)3 ≈ 1.6295
3
4
V (0.95) = π(0.95)3 ≈ 3.5914
3
The volume increases by about 1.9619 cubic centimeters.

(b) If the radius at the beginning was r1 , then the radius at the end is 0.77r1 and the corresponding
4 ⎛4 ⎞
volume is V = π(0.77 r1 )3 = 0.456533 ⎜ πr13 ⎟ , which is about 46% of the original volume.
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
There is approximately a 54% decrease in the volume of the tumor.

36. Let x denote the length of a side of the square base and y the height of the box.. The cost is given
by C = (cost per m2 of base top)(area of base and top) + (cost per m2 of sides)(area of sides).
Thus C = 2(2 x 2 ) + 1(4 xy ) = 4 x 2 + 4 xy .
250 1000
Since the volume is 250, x 2 y = 250 or y = 2 . It follows that C ( x) = 4 x 2 + .
x x
22 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

38. Let x denote the length of the side of one maximal when x = 14 , that is, when the
of the removed squares and V(x) the books are sold for $14 apiece. Note the
volume of the resulting box. Then vertex of this parabola is located at
V ( x) = (area of base)(height) −560
x= = 14 supporting the graphical
= (18 − 2 x)(18 − 2 x) x = 4 x(9 − x)2 2(−20)
estimate.
500
42. Let x be the number of additional trees
400 planted. Then the number of trees will be
60 + x and the average number of oranges
300 per tree will be 400 − 4x . The yield is
then
200 y ( x) = (400 − 4 x)(60 + x)
= 4(100 − x)(60 + x).
100
30,000

25,000
2 4 6 8 10
20,000
From the graph, the value of x producing
a box with greatest volume is estimated to 15,000
be 3 in.
10,000

40. Let x denote the selling price in dollars of 5,000

the book and P(x) the corresponding profit
20 40 60 80 100
function.
If x is the price of the book then (15 − x) is The number of additional trees for
maximal yield appears to be 20 or 80 total
the number of $1 decreases in the price of
trees.
the book from $15. Since 20 more books
(beyond 200) will be sold for each $1 44. (a) Market equilibrium occurs when
decrease, the total number of books sold S ( x) = D( x)
at x dollars is 4 x + 200 = −3 x + 480
200 + 20(15 − x) = 500 − 20 x . The 7 x = 280
bookstore’s revenue function is then 280
so x = or xe = 40 .
R ( x) = x(500 − 20 x) = 500 x − 20 x 2 7
while the cost function is 500
C ( x) = 3(500 − 20 x) = 1500 − 60 x . (b)
400
Since profit is revenue minus cost
P ( x ) = R ( x ) − C ( x) 300

= −20 x 2 + 560 x − 1500. 200

3,000
100
2,000
10 20 30 40 50
1,000
(c) A market shortage occurs when the
0
10 20 30 40 graph of S(x) is below the graph of
–1,000 D(x) or when x < 40 .
A market surplus occurs when the
–2,000
graph of S(x) is above the graph of
The graph of P(x) suggests the profit is D(x) or when x > 40 .
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 23

46. (a) Market equilibrium occurs when the corresponding distance traveled by the
S ( x) = D( x) ⎛ 2⎞
smugglers is 168 ⎜ x − ⎟ . The smugglers
x 2 + x + 3 = 21 − 3 x 2 ⎝ 3⎠
4 x 2 + x − 18 = 0 will overtake the spy when
(4 x + 9)( x − 2) = 0 ⎛ 2⎞
72 x = 168 ⎜ x − ⎟ = 168 x − 112 . Solving
−9 ⎝ 3⎠
so x = or x = 2. The negative
4 112 7
for x yields x = = hours. This
value is not a valid level of production 96 6
so xe = 2 and pe = S ( xe ) = D( xe ) = 9 . corresponds to a distance of
⎛7⎞
(b) 50 72 ⎜ ⎟ = 84 km which is beyond the
⎝6⎠
40
83.8 km to the border so the spy escapes
30 pursuit.
20
52. (a) If x is the number of tables produced
10 then the manufacturer’s cost function
is C ( x) = 30,000 + 350 x while the
2 4 6 8 10 revenue function is R ( x) = 500 x. The
(c) A market shortage occurs when the break even point is where
graph of S(x) is below the graph of R ( x) = C ( x) or 500 x = 350 x + 30,000.
D(x) or when x < 2 . Thus 150x = 30,000 and x = 200. The
A market surplus occurs when the manufacturer must sell 200 tables to
graph of S(x) is above the graph of break even.
D(x) or when x > 2 .
(b) Since profit is revenue minus cost, the
profit function, P(x), is
p2
48. The supply is S ( p ) = and the demand P ( x) = 500 x − (350 x + 30,000)
10 = 150 x − 30,000.
is D ( p ) = 60 − p . Supply will equal
For the profit to be $6,000, x must
p2 satisfy
demand when = 60 − p or 150 x − 30,000 = 6,000
10
150 x = 36,000
p 2 + 10 p − 600 = 0 .
x = 240
Solving this quadratic gives p = 20, − 30 . Selling 240 tables yields a profit of
Disregarding the negative value, supply $6,000.
will equal demand when the blenders are
priced at $20 apiece. At this price (c) Since P (150) = 150(150) − 30,000
S (20) = D (20) = 40 blenders will be sold. = 22,500 − 30,000
= −7,500
50. Let x denote the time in hours the spy has there will be a loss of $7,500 if only
2 150 tables are sold.
been traveling. Then x − is the time the
3
smugglers have been traveling (since
2
40 minutes is of an hour.) The distance
3
the spy travels is the 72x kilometers while
24 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

25,000
(d) 150,000
20,000

100,000 15,000
C(x) = 350x + 30,000

10,000
50,000
R(x) = 500x
5,000

100 200 300 x

10 20 30 40
The overhead corresponds to the
y intercept of the cost function. From the graph, it appears the club should
collect glass for x = 10 additional days to
54. Let x be the number of checks that clear maximize revenue.
the bank. Then the first bank charges
y = 0.10 x + 12 dollars while the second Rm [ S ]
58. R =
one charges y = 0.14 x + 10 dollars. Km + [S ]
Find the break even point by setting the 1
y=
two equal R
0.10 x + 12 = 0.14 x + 10 K + [S ]
= m
0.04 x = 2 Rm [ S ]
x = 50
If fewer than 50 checks are written the
=
Km ( ) +1
1
[S ]
second bank offers the better deal. If more Rm
than 50 checks will be written, the first Km 1
bank is more economical. = x+ .
Rm Rm
56. Let x be the number of additional days
beyond 80 before the club takes all its 60. (a) Let x = number of books and
glass to the recycling center. C = cost of producing x books.
The rate at which the club collects glass is C(x) = 5.5x + 74,200
24,000
= 300 pounds per day. Thus after x 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
80
x additional days the club will have C(x) 85,200 96,200 107,200 118,200
collected a total of 24,000 + 300x pounds.
The current price of 1 cent per pound will (b) Let x = number of books and
decrease by 1/100 cent for each day. Thus R = revenue from the sale of x books.
the clubs revenue, in cents, in x days will R(x) = 19.5x
be
⎛ x ⎞ x 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
(24,000 + 300 x) ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
R(x) 39,000 78,000 117,000 156,000
= 3(80 + x)(100 − x).

(c) y = 5.5x + 74,200

(d) y = 19.5x
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 25

105,000
(e) 8. lim ( x3 − 2 x 2 + x − 3)
x →−1
= lim x3 − 2 lim x 2 + lim x − 3
x →−1 x →−1 x →−1
= −1 − 2 × 1 + (−1) − 3
5,000 5,500
= −7
100,000
10. lim (1 − 5 x3 ) = 1 − 5 lim x3
(f) To find where cost = revenue, press x →−1/ 2 x →−1/ 2
3
TRACE. ⎛ −1 ⎞
Use arrow buttons to move along one = 1 − 5⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
of the graphs to the apparent 13
intersection. Use the Zoom in =
function under the calc menu. Repeat 8
process using arrows buttons and
zoom in for a more accurate reading. 12. lim ( x 2 + 1)(1 − 2 x) 2
x →−1
As an alternative, use the intersect
function under the calc menu. Enter a = ⎡⎢ lim ( x 2 + 1) ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ lim (1 − 2 x)2 ⎤⎥
value close to the point of intersection ⎣ x→−1 ⎦ ⎣ x→−1 ⎦
2
= ⎡⎢ lim x 2 + 1⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ lim (1 − 2 x) ⎤⎥
for y1 and also for y2 . Finally, enter
a guess. The coordinate ⎣ x→−1 ⎦ ⎣ x→−1 ⎦
(5,300, 103,350) appears to be the 2
= ⎡(−1) 2 + 1⎤ ⎡⎢1 − 2 lim x ⎤⎥
point at which cost equals revenue. ⎣ ⎦⎣ x →−1 ⎦
= 2 [1 − 2(−1) ] = 2 × 32 = 18
2
(g) Use arrow buttons to trace along the
revenue graph. It appears that
approximately 4,360 books must be lim(2 x + 3)
sold for a revenue of $85,000. The 2 x + 3 x→1
14. lim =
profit when 4,360 books are sold is x →1 x + 1 lim( x + 1)
x →1
−13,160, a loss of $13,160.
2 lim x + 3
= x →1
1.5 Limits lim x + 1
x →1
2. Yes the limit exists, because as x → a or + 2+3 5
= =
x → a − , y → b, that is, lim f ( x) = b. 1+1 2
x →a
2x + 3
16. lim is not defined because the
4. lim f ( x) = b but lim f ( x) = c and x →3 x − 3
x →a − x →a +
denominator → 0 (while the numerator
b ≠ c. The limit fails to exist.
does not.)
6. Yes the limit exists because
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = b. 9 − x2 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
18. lim = − lim
x →a − x →a + x →3 x − 3 x →3 x−3
= − lim ( x + 3)
x →3
= −6
Note that x ≠ 3 not matter how “close” x
is to 3.
26 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

x2 + x − 6 ( x + 3)( x − 2) 1 − 3 x3
20. lim = lim 32. f ( x) =
x →2 x−2 x →2 x−2 2 x3 − 6 x + 2
= lim ( x + 3) 1 −3
x →2 x3 3
=5 lim f ( x) = lim =−
x →∞ x →∞ 2 − 2 + 3
6 2 2
x x
1 −3
x( x 2 − 1) x2 − 1 3
22. lim = lim is not defined lim f ( x) = lim x3 =−
x →0 x2 x →0 x x →−∞ x →−∞ 2 − 2 + 3
6 2 2
because the denominator goes to 0 but the x x
numerator does not.
x2 + x − 5
34. f ( x) =
x2 + 4x − 5 ( x + 5)( x − 1) 1 − 2 x − x3
24. lim = lim 1+ 1 − 5
x →1 x2 − 1 x →1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) x 2 3
x+5 lim f ( x) = lim 1 x 2 x = 0
= lim x →∞ x →∞ 3 − 2 − 1
x →1 x + 1 x x
1+ 1 − 5
=3 x x 2 x3
lim f ( x) = lim =0
x →−∞ x →−∞ 13 − 22 − 1
x −3 x −3 x x
26. lim = lim
x →9 x − 9 x→9 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
1 1 − 2 x3
= lim 36. f ( x) =
x →9 x + 3 x +1
1 1 − 2x2
= lim f ( x) = lim x = −∞
lim x + 3 x →∞ x →∞ 1 + 1x
x →9
1 1 − 2 x2
= lim f ( x) = lim x = −∞
lim x + 3 x →−∞ x →−∞ 1 + 1x
x →9
1
= 38. As one moves to the right along the x axis,
6
the graph approaches the horizontal line
through 2. Similarly as one moves to the
28. f ( x) = 1 − x + 2 x 2 − 3 x3 left through negative values, the graph
lim f ( x) = lim (−3x3 ) = −∞ approaches the horizontal line through –3.
x →∞ x →∞ Thus lim f ( x) = 2 and lim f ( x) = −3 .
lim f ( x) = lim ( −3x3 ) = ∞ x →+∞ x →−∞
x →−∞ x →−∞

30. f ( x) = (1 + x 2 )3
lim f ( x) = lim x6 = ∞
x →∞ x →∞
lim f ( x) = lim x 6 = ∞
x →−∞ x →−∞
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 27

1
40. f ( x) = x −
x

x −0.09 −0.009 0 0.0009 0.009 0.09

f(x) 11.02111 111.10211 −1,111.11021 −111.10211 −11.02111

For x < 0, the table suggests that the values of f(x) increase without bound, while for x > 0, the
values decrease without bound, so lim f ( x) does not exist.
x →0

x3 + 1
42. f ( x) =
x +1

x −1.1 −1.01 −1.001 −1 −0.999 −0.99 −0.9

f(x) 3.31 3.0301 3.003001 2.997001 2.9701 2.71

The table indicates that lim f ( x) = 3.

x →−1

44. lim f ( x) g ( x) = ⎛⎜ lim f ( x) ⎞⎛ ⎞

⎟⎜ lim g ( x) ⎟
x →c ⎝ x →c ⎠⎝ x→c ⎠
= 5(−2)
= −10

46. lim f ( x)[ g ( x) − 3] = ⎛⎜ lim f ( x) ⎞⎛ ⎞

⎟⎜ lim[ g ( x) − 3] ⎟
x →c ⎝ x→c ⎠⎝ x→c ⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎡
= ⎜ lim f ( x) ⎟ ⎢ lim g ( x) − 3⎥⎤
⎝ x→c ⎠ ⎣ x →c ⎦
= 5[−2 − 3]
= −25

48. Check the denominator.

lim[5 g ( x) + 2 f ( x)] = lim 5 g ( x) + lim 2 f ( x)
x →c x →c x →c

= 5 ⎛⎜ lim g ( x) ⎞⎟ + 2 ⎛⎜ lim f ( x) ⎞⎟
⎝ x→c ⎠ ⎝ x→c ⎠
= 5(−2) + 2(5)
=0
Since the limit of the denominator is 0, the limit of the quotient does not exist. Note that
lim[2 f ( x) − g ( x)] = 12 ≠ 0.
x →c

50. lim g ( x) = lim g ( x) = 4 = 2

x →∞ x →∞
28 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

52. x 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

1,000(1 + 0.05 x)1/ x 1,050.00 1,051.14 1,051.26 1,051.27 1,051.27

Thus it appears, lim 1,000(1 + 0.05 x)1/ x = 1,051.27 .

x →0+

6t 2 + 5t
54. lim P (t ) = lim
t →∞ t →∞ (t + 1) 2
6t 2 + 52t
= lim t2 t
2
t →∞ t + 22t + 1
t2 t t2
6 + 5t
= lim
t →∞ 1 + 2 + 1
t t2
lim 6 + lim 5
t →∞ t →∞ t
=
lim 1 + lim 2 + lim 1
2
t →∞ t →∞ t t →∞ t
6+0
=
1+ 0 + 0
=6
In the long run, production approaches 6,000 units.

5n + 17 ⎛ 17 ⎞
56. lim = lim ⎜ 5 + ⎟
n→+∞ n n →+∞ ⎝ n⎠
=5+0
=5
The limit tells us that as more trials are conducted, the rat’s traversal time will approach a
minimum time of 5 minutes.

58. (a) P ( x)
= R ( x) − C ( x)
= (400 + 120 x − x 2 ) − (2 x 2 + 300)
= 100 + 120 x − 3 x 2
P

100
x
20
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 29

(b) The maximum profit occurs when (c) lim P (t )

x = 20, so the event should be t →∞
announced 20 days in advance. The ⎛ 40t 50 ⎞
= lim ⎜ 2 − + 70 ⎟
maximum profit is $1,300,000. t →∞ ⎝ t + 10 t + 1 ⎠
40t 50
400 + 120 x − x 2 = lim − lim + 70
(c) Q( x) = t →∞ t 2 + 10 t →∞ t + 1
2 x 2 + 300 40 50
24 = lim t 10 − lim t + 70
Q(20) = ≈ 2.18 t →∞ 1 + 2 t →∞ 1 + 1
11 t t
= 0 − 0 + 70
400 + 120 x − x 2
lim Q( x) = lim = 70
x →0 x →0 2 x 2 + 300 In the long run, the population
lim (400 + 120 x − x 2 ) approaches 70,000.
= →0
x
lim (2 x 2 + 300) 62. Answers will vary. The answer
x →0 corresponding to each problem should
400 include a sequence of numbers
=
300 approaching the limiting value of x from
≈ 1.33 the right and left, along with the
At the optimal announcement time, corresponding values of f ( x).
the revenue is more than double the
advertising cost. As the 64. (a) The growth rate doubles from about
announcement date gets closer to the 0.5 generation/hr to 1.0 generations/hr
4 between about 10°C and 15°C. It also
event, the revenue gets closer to of
3 doubles from about 0.75 generation/hr
the advertising cost. to 1.5 generations/hr between about
12°C and 20°C.
40(0) 50
60. (a) P (0) = − + 70 = 20 (b) The growth rate is constant for
0 + 10 0 + 1
2
25 < T < 45.
The current population is 20,000.
(c) The growth rate begins to decrease at
40(2) 50
(b) P (2) = − + 70 ≈ 59.048 about 45°C, then drops rapidly. It
2 + 10 2 + 1
2
appears that lim R (T ) = 0.
40(3) 50 T →50
P (3) = 2 − + 70 ≈ 63.816
3 + 10 3 + 1 (d) Writing exercise; answers will vary.
P(3) − P(2) ≈ 4.768
The population increased by 4,768 1.6 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
during the third year.
2. As x approaches 2 from the left, the curve
approaches the point (2, 4) so
lim f ( x) = 4 . From the right the curve
x→2−
approaches the point (2, 2) so
lim f ( x) = 2 . Since the one-sided
x→2+
limits at x = 2 are not
equal, lim f ( x) does not exist.
x →2
30 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

4. As x approaches 2 from the left, the curve 2x − 1 − 3

approaches the point (2, 2) so 14. lim
x →5 − x−5
lim f ( x) = 2 . From the right the curve
x→2− 2x − 1 − 3 2x −1 + 3
= lim
assumes larger and larger values as it x→5 − x−5 2x −1 + 3
nears 2 so lim f ( x) = +∞ . Since the 2
x→2+ = lim
one-sided limits at x = 2 are not x→5 −
2x − 1 + 3
1
equal, lim f ( x) does not exist. =
x →2 3

6. lim x(2 − x) = 1(2 − 1) = 1 ⎧ 1

x →1− ⎪ if x < −1
16. f ( x) = ⎨ x − 1
⎪ x 2 + 2 x if − 1 ≤ x
8. lim 4 − 2x = lim (4 − 2 x) = 0 = 0 ⎩
x →2 − x→2− 1 1
lim f ( x) = lim =−
x →−1− x →−1− x − 1 2
x2 + 4 2
10. The rational function is not lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 2 x) = −1
x−2 x →−1+ x →−1+
continuous at x = 2 since the denominator
is 0 there. As x approaches 2 from the left, 18. lim f ( x) = 03 − 2 × 02 + 0 − 5 = f (0)
x →0
the numerator approaches 22 + 4 = 8 thus f ( x) is continuous at x = 0. Note
while the denominator approaches 0
through negative values. Thus that all polynomials are continuous.
x2 + 4 2 lim x − 4
lim = −∞ . x →2
x → 2− x − 2 20. lim f ( x) =
x →2 3 lim x − 2
x →2
x− x 0
12. lim
− x −1
=
x→1 6−2
x− x x+ x =0
= lim ⋅ = f (2)
− x −1
x→1 x+ x
2 thus f ( x) is continuous at x = 2.
x2 − x
= lim
x→1− ( x − 1)( x + x ) 2 lim x + 1
x →2 5
2
x −x 22. lim f ( x) = = which is not
= lim x →2 3 lim x − 6 0
x→1 ( x − 1)( x + x )
− x →2

x( x − 1) defined, thus f ( x) is not continuous at

= lim x = 2.
x→1 ( x − 1)( x + x )
−

x
= lim lim x − 2
x→1− x + x x→2
24. lim f ( x) =
1 x →2 lim x − 4
= x →2
1+1
2 −2
1 =
= 2−4
2
= f (2)
thus f ( x) is continuous at x = 2.
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 31

⎧ x + 1 if x < 0 x
26. f ( x) = ⎨ 36. f ( x) = is not continuous at
⎩ x − 1 if 0 ≤ x ( x + 5)( x − 1)
f (0) = −1 and lim f ( x) must be x = −5 or x = 1 , where the denominator is
x →0 zero.
determined. As x approaches 0 from the
right, lim f ( x) = lim ( x − 1) = −1 x2 − 2x + 1 ( x − 1)2
x →0+ x →0+ 38. f ( x) = = is not
and as x approaches 0 from the left, x 2 − x − 2 ( x − 2)( x + 1)
lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 1) = 1 continuous at x = −1 or x = 2 , where the
x →0− x →0 − denominator is zero.
Hence the limit does not exist (since
different limits are obtained form the left ⎧ 2
and right), and so f is not continuous at 40. f ( x) = ⎨ x if x ≤ 2
x = 0. ⎩9 if 2 < x
is possibly not continuous at x = 2. As x
⎧ x2 − 1 approaches 2 from the right,
⎪ if x < −1 lim f ( x) = lim 9 = 9
28. f ( x) = ⎨ x + 1
x →2 + x →2 +
⎪ x 2 − 3 if − 1 ≤ x
⎩ and as x approaches 2 form the left,
then f (−1) = −2 and lim f ( x) must be lim f ( x) = lim x 2 = 4.
x →−1 x →2 − x →2 −
determined. As x approaches –1 from the Hence the limit does not exist and so f is
right, lim f ( x) = lim ( x 2 − 3) = −2 continuous at x = 2.
x →−1+ x →−1+
and as x approaches –1 from the left, ⎧⎪ 2 − 3 x if x ≤ −1
42. f ( x) = ⎨ 2
x2 − 1 ⎪⎩ x − x + 3 if x > −1
lim f ( x) = lim
x →−1− x →−1− x + 1 is possibly not continuous only at x = −1 .
( x − 1)( x + 1)
= lim As x approaches –1 from the left,
x →−1− x +1 lim f ( x) = lim (2 − 3 x) = 5
= lim ( x − 1) x→−1− x→−1−
x →−1− and as x approaches –1 from the right,
= −2
Hence the limit exists and is equal to lim f ( x) = lim ( x 2 − x + 3) = 5 .
x→−1+ x→−1+
f (−1), and so f is continuous at x = −1. Hence the limit as x approaches –1 exists
and is equal to f(–1). Thus there are no
30. f ( x) = x5 − x3 is continuous for all values of x at which f(x) is not continuous.
values of x. Polynomials are continuous
everywhere. ⎧
⎪0 if 0 < x < R
3x − 1 ⎪
32. f ( x) = is not continuous at x = 3, ⎪ 1
44. E ( x) = ⎨ 2 if x = R
2x − 6
⎪ 2x
where the denominator is zero. ⎪1
⎪ 2 if R < x
x2 − 1 ⎩x
34. f ( x) = is not continuous at x = −1 , E ( x) is not continuous at x = R since
x +1
where the denominator is zero. 1 1 1
lim 2 = 2 ≠ .
x→R x +
R 2R2
32 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

0.25 E 7 20t − 47
52. p(t ) = 20 − =
0.20
t−2 t −2
20t − 47
lim p (t ) = lim
0.15 t →∞ t →∞ t − 2
20 − 47t
0.10 = lim
t →∞ 1 − 2
t
0.5 = 20
R lim c( p ) = lim 0.4 p 2 + p + 21
R t →∞ p →20

= 0.4 202 + 20 + 21
46. Since the thickness is assumed to be a
continuous function of x, we would expect = 0.4 441
the thickness at the source to be = 8.4
In the long run, the level of pollution will
0.5( x 2 + 3 x) 0.5 x( x + 3)
lim 3 = lim be 8.4 parts per million.
x→0 x + x + 4 x x→0 x( x 2 + x + 4)
+ 2 +

0.5( x + 3) 54. lim f ( x) = 1 − 3 × 4 = −11

= lim 2
x→0+ x + x + 4
3 To be continuous at x = 4 we need
= meters.
8 16 A + 5 = −11 or A = −1.
48. The graph is discontinuous at x = 6 and
x = 12. What happened to cause these
jumps is a writing exercise; answers will
vary.
E(t)
50. (a) 55,000
t
365
(b) The graph is discontinuous at t = 31
(Jan. 31), t = 59 (Feb. 28), t = 90
(March 31), t = 120 (April 30),
t = 151 (May 31), t = 181 (June 30),
t = 182 (July 1 commission), t = 212
(July 31), t = 243 (Aug. 31), t = 273
(Sept. 30), t = 304 (Oct. 31), t = 334
(Nov. 30), t = 355 (Dec. 21), and
t = 365 (Dec. 31)
x →4 −
f (4) = 16 A + 8 − 3 = 16 A + 5
56. f ( x) = x 2 − 3x is a polynomial in the
open interval, and thus f ( x) is
continuous for all x in the open interval.
But at x = 2
lim f ( x) = 22 − 3 × 2 = −2
x →2 −
f (2) = 4 + 2 × 2 = 8, thus
f (2) ≠ lim f ( x). f ( x) is not
x →2−
continuous on the closed interval.
58. Let f ( x) = 3 x − ( x 2 + 2 x − 1)
f ( x) is continuous at all x and
f (0) = 1, f (1) = 1 − (1 + 2 − 1) = −1.
By the root location property, there is at
least one number 0 < c ≤ 1 such that
f (c) = 0, and x = c is a solution.
60. Your weight in pounds increased (and/or
decreased) continuously from your
minimum weight at birth to your present
weight, like from 7 pounds to 150 pounds.
Your (present) height in inches is some
number, like 65. But the intermediate
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 33

value property, your weight must have been 65 pounds at least once in your lifetime.

62. Let’s use some numbers for the purpose of the illustration.
Suppose Nan is 60 inches tall at age 15 (say in 1980) when Dan is 30 inches tall.
Assume Nan is 70 inches tall at age 31 (in 1996) when Dan is 76 inches tall.
Draw a continuous curve (it could be a straight line) from (1980,60) to (1996,70). This
represents Nan’s growth curve.
Now draw a continuous curve from (1980,30) to (1996,75). This represents Dan’s growth curve.
The two curves cross at one point, say in 1992 when they are both 66 inches tall. By the
intermediate value property, 66 inches lies between 30 and 60 as well as between 30 and 75.

Review Exercises

2. (a) f ( x) = 4 − (3 − x)2 is a polynomial function, so it has domain all real numbers.

x −1
(b) f ( x) = 2
is defined for x 2 − 2 x + 1 ≠ 0. x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ( x − 1) 2 = 0 when x = 1, so the
x − 2x + 1
domain is x ≠ 1.

1
(c) f ( x) = is defined for
4 − 3x
4
4 − 3x > 0, so the domain is x < .
3

( ) ( )
2
4. (a) g (h( x)) = g x +1 = 1− 2 x +1

(b) g (h( x)) = g (2 x + 4)

= 1 − (2 x + 4)
= −3 − 2 x

6. (a) If f ( x) = x 2 − x + 4 then
f ( x − 2) = ( x − 2)2 − ( x − 2) + 4
= x 2 − 5 x + 10.

2
(b) If f ( x) = x + then
x −1
2
f ( x 2 + 1) = x 2 + 1 + 2
( x + 1) − 1
2
= x2 + 1 + 2 .
x
34 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

(c) If f ( x) = x 2 then
f ( x + 1) − f ( x) = ( x + 1) 2 − x 2
= 2 x + 1.

8. Answers may vary.

(a) Let h(x) = x − 1 and g (u ) = u 2 − 3u + 1.

2u
(b) Let h(x) = x + 4 and g (u ) = .
2u − 11

10. Some points on the graph of y = 3 + 4 x − 2 x 2 are shown below. Note that
y = −2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 = −2( x − 1) 2 + 5 is a parabola with vertex (1,5) and opening downward.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y −27 −13 −3 3 5 3 −3 −13 −27
10

–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6

–10

–20

–30

12. (a) 2 y + 3 x = 0
2 y = −3 x
3
y=− x
2
3
slope m = − ; y intercept (0, 0)
2
5
4
3
2
1

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 35

(b)
x y
+ =4 16. (a) The graphs of y = x 2 − 1 and
3 2
y x y = 1 − x 2 intersect when
=− +4
2 3 x 2 − 1 = 1 − x 2 , 2 x 2 = 2, x 2 = 1, or
2
y = − x+8 x = ±1.
3 When x = ±1, y = (±1)2 − 1 = 0. So the
2
slope m = − ; y intercept (0, 8) points of intersection are (−1, 0) and
3 (1, 0).
y y
9
8
7
6
5 1
(–1, 0) (1, 0)
4
1 x
3
2
1

ñ 5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5x
–1

1− 3 −2 2 (b) The graphs of y = x 2 and y = 15 − 2x

14. (a) m = = =−
4 − (−1) 5 5
intersect when x 2 = 15 − 2 x.
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
(x + 5)(x − 3) = 0, or x = −5 and x = 3.
2 When x = −5, y = 25, and when x = 3,
y − 3 = − [ x − ( −1)]
5 y = 9. So, the points of intersection
2 13 are (−5, 25) and (3, 9).
y=− x+
5 5
y
− 23 −0 − 23 2 (–5, 25)
(b) m = = =
0−3 −3 9
2 2
y= x−
9 3
(3, 9)
(c) 5 x − 3 y = 7 5
−3 y = −5 x + 7
5 7 1 x
y= x−
3 3
3 18. If y = 4 − x − cx 2 passes through (−2, 1),
Slope of a perpendicular line is − .
5 then:
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) 1 = 4 − (−2) − c(−2) 2
3 1 = 4 + 2 − 4c
y − 3 = − [ x − (−1)]
5 −5 = −4c
3 12 5
y=− x+ =c
5 5 4
or
3x + 5 y = 12
36 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

x 2 − 3x (
lim x 2 − 3 x ) composite function
20. lim
x →2 x + 1
= x→2
lim ( x + 1) ( )
Q [ p(t )] = 0.5 8 + 0.2t 2 + 19.4
x →2
2 = 23.4 + 0.1t 2
=− expresses the smog level as a function
3
of the variable t.
⎛ 1 1⎞
22. lim ⎜ − ⎟ = 1 −1 = 0 (b) The smog level 3 years from now will
x →1 ⎝ x 2 x⎠ be
Q [ p(3) ] = 23.4 + 0.1(3)2
⎛ 1 ⎞
24. lim ⎜ 2 + ⎟ = 2 + 0 = 2 = 24.3 ≈ 4.93 units.
x →−∞ ⎝ x2 ⎠
(c) Set Q [ p(t ) ] equal to 5 and solve for t
⎛ 1 ⎞
26. lim ⎜ x3 − ⎟ = 0 − ∞ = −∞ to get
x →0 ⎝
+
x2 ⎠
5 = 23.4 + 0.1t 2
3 5 1.6 = 0.1t 2
3 1− +
x − 3x + 5 x 2
x 3
28. lim = lim t 2 = 16 or t = 4 years from now.
x →−∞ 2 x + 3 x →−∞ 2 3
−
x2 x3 40. (a) The function
= +∞ D ( p ) = −50 p + 800
is linear with slope –50 and
3
1− y intercept 800. It represents demand
x( x − 3) x = −1 for 0 ≤ p ≤ 16.
30. lim = lim
x →−∞ 7 − x2 x →−∞ 7
−1 The total monthly expenditure is
x2 E ( p ) = (price per unit)(demand)
= p(−50 p + 800)
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 = −50 p ( p − 16)
32. lim x ⎜ 1 + 2 ⎟ = lim x + = +∞
+
x →0 ⎝ x ⎠ x →0 + x Since the expenditure is assumed to
be non-negative, the relevant interval
is 0 ≤ p ≤ 16.
34. f ( x) = 5 x3 − 3x + x is not continuous
4000
for x < 0 since square roots of negative
numbers do not exist in the real numbers. 3000

x3 + 5 x 2000
36. g ( x) = is not continuous at
( x − 2)(2 x + 3)
1000
3
x = 2 and x = − since the denominator
2
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
in the definition of g ( x) is 0.
(b) The graph suggests that the
38. (a) Since the smog level Q is related to p expenditure will be greatest if p = 8.
by the equation Q( p) = 0.5 p + 19.4
and p is related to t by 42. (a) Suppose C is the circulation of the
p(t ) = 8 + 0.2t 2 it follows that the newspaper and t is time measured in
months. Further suppose t = 0
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 37

represents three months ago. Then C 46. Let r denote the radius, h the height, and
is a linear function of t passing V the volume of the can. Then
through the points (0, 3200) and V = πr 2 h
(3, 4400). The slope is To write h in terms of r, use the fact that
4400 − 3200 the cost of constructing the can is
= 400 and the
3 80 cents. That is,
C intercept is 3200, hence 80 = cost of bottom + cost of side where
C = 400t + 3200 .
5,000 cost of bottom = (cost per in 2 )(area)
4,000
= 3πr 2
and
3,000
cost of side = (cost per in 2 )(area)
2,000 = 2(2 πrh) = 4 πrh .
20 3r
1,000
Hence 80 = 3πr 2 + 4 πrh , or h = − .
πr 4
1 2 3 4
48. Assume the inventory to be maintained at
(b) Two months from now is represented the same level, continuously, over a 24-
by t = 5 and the circulation at that hour period. A discontinuity occurs when
time will be the inventory drops, say, at midnight the
C = 400(5) + 3200 = 5200 . appropriate days.
30
44. Let x denote the selling price of a
bookcase (in dollars). The manufacturer’s
cost and revenue functions are 20
C ( x) = 80(150 − x) and R( x) = x(150 − x)
respectively. The profit function is then 10
P ( x) = R ( x) − C ( x)
= x(150 − x) − 80(150 − x)
= − x 2 + 230 x − 12,000. 10 20 30
1400
The graph is discontinuous at t = 10 ,
1200
t = 16 and t = 24 .
1000
800 50. (a) The revenue is R ( x) = 275 x and the
600 cost is C ( x) = 125 x + 1,500 where x is
400 the number of kayaks sold.
200 For the break even point,
275 x = 125 x + 1,500 or x = 10.
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
From the graph, or by using the formula (b) The profit is
for the vertex of a parabola P ( x ) = R ( x ) − C ( x)
− B −230 = 150 x − 1,500
= = 115 , the maximum profit For P ( x) = 1,000
2A −2
occurs at a price of x = 115 dollars. 15 x = 250
x = 17
38 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits

52. Let the power plant be at E, the opposite As x approaches 1 from the right,
point at O, the point at which the cable lim f ( x) = lim ( Ax − 1) = A − 1
reaches the opposite bank at P, and the x →1+ x →1+
factory at F. and as x approaches 1 from the left,
OP = x lim f ( x) = lim (2 x + 3) = 5.
x →1− x →1−
PF = 3,000 − x lim f ( x) exists whenever
2 2 x →1
EP = 900 + x A − 1 = 5 or A = 6. Furthermore, for
The cost of the cable in the river is
A = 6, lim f ( x) = 5, f (1) = 6 − 1 = 5.
Cr = 5 9002 + x 2 . x →1
and the cost of the cable on land is Thus, f ( x) is continuous at x = 1
Cl = 4(3,000 − x). only when A = 6.
Thus the total cost is
⎧ x2 − 1
C = 4(3,000 − x) + 5 9002 + x 2 . ⎪ if x < 11
(b) f ( x) = ⎨ x + 1
⎪ Ax 2 + x − 3 if x ≥ −1
54. When 200 tables are sold the revenue is ⎩
200($125) = $25,000 while the cost is Then f ( x) is continuous everywhere
200($85) + A = $17,000 + A where A is
except possibly at x = −1 since
the overhead. Since revenue is equal to
cost when 200 tables are sold, x2 − 1
$25,000 = $17,000 + A, and so the x +1
overhead, A, is $8,000. is a rational function and Ax 2 + x − 3
56. Let x be the time in minutes for the hour is a polynomial.
hand to move from position 3 to the Since f (−1) = A − 4, in order for
position at which the hands coincide. f ( x) to be continuous at x = −1, A
1 must be chosen so that
The hour hand moves of a tick
12 lim f ( x) = A − 4
x →−1
(distance between minute tick marks on
As x approaches –1 from the right,
the circumference) per minute while the
minute hand moves one whole tick per lim f ( x) = lim ( Ax 2 + x − 3) = A − 4
x →1+ x →−1+
minute. The minute has to cover 15 ticks
before reaching position 3. Thus and as x approaches –1 from the left,
x ⎛ x2 − 1 ⎞
15 + = x , x = 16.36, or lim f ( x) = lim ⎜ ⎟
12 x →1− x →1− ⎜⎝ x + 1 ⎟⎠
x = 16 minutes and 22 seconds. ( x + 1)( x − 1)
= lim
x →1− x +1
⎧ 2 x + 3 if x < 1
58. (a) f ( x) = ⎨ = −2
⎩ Ax − 1 if x ≥ 1 lim f ( x) exists whenever
Then f ( x) is continuous everywhere x →−1
except possibly at x = 1 since 2 x + 3 A − 4 = −2 or A = 2. Furthermore, for
and Ax − 1 are polynomials. A = 2,
Since f (1) = A − 1, in order for f ( x) lim f ( x) = −2, f (−1) = 2 − 4 = −2.
to be continuous at x = 1, A must be x →−1
Thus, f ( x) is continuous at x = −1
chosen so that
lim f ( x) = A − 1 only when A = 2.
x →1
 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 39

60. 20
x 2 − 3x − 10
16 64. f ( x) = −2
12 1− x
8 20
16
4
12
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 8
–4
4
–8
–12 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–4
–16 –8
–20 –12
The function is undefined at x = −2 and –16
–20
x = 1 which are the values of x satisfying
x 2 − 3x − 10
x2 + x − 2 = 0 . f ( x) = −2=0
1− x
62. f ( x) = x + 3, g ( x) = 5 x 2 + 4 when x 2 − 3 x − 10 = 2(1 − x) or
x 2 − x − 12 = ( x − 4)( x + 3) = 0 . The x
2
(a) g (−1.28) = 5(−1.28) + 4 = 12.192 intercepts are then (4,0) and (−3,0) .
f ( g (−1.28)) = f (12.192) Since f (0) = −12, the y intercept is
= 15.192 (0, −12) . The function is defined for all
= 3.898 x ≠1.

(b) f ( 2) = 2 + 3 ≈ 2.101
g ( f ( 2)) = g (2.101)
= 5(2.101)2 + 4
≈ 26.071