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II. ENUMERATION
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TOTAL
100%
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1. UNIVERSITY PHILOSOPHY
The university serves the individual by providing the
student with nurturing environment for optimal
human flourishing. It serves the community by
offering programs responsive to individual and social
needs.
UNIVERSITY VISION
The Cagayan State University shall be recognized by
the entire region and the nation as a credible and
distinguished center of higher education in Northern
Luzon. It shall likewise establish its own niche in the
global academic community. It shall endeavor to
improve from its previous best, showing that it enjoys
the leading edge in all that pertains to education.
UNIVERSITY MISSION
The Cagayan State University shall make quality
education and formation towards the different
professions accessible to all who may come to it, and
who measure up to its standards. It shall be an
academic community given to instruction, research
and extension. It shall not in any way discriminate on
bases unrelated to education.
1. COURSE CONTENT
1. Concept of Constitution
1.1 Meaning of Constitution
1.2 Kinds of Constitution
1.3 Constitution of the Rep. of Philippines
2. Principles and State Policies
2.1 Philippines as a Democratic, Republican State
2.1 Separation of Church and State
2.3 Independent Foreign Relations
2.4 Roles of the different sectors of the society in
nation-building
3. Government Institutions and Processes
3.1 The Legislature and the Legislative Process
3.2 The Executive and the Executive Process
3.3 The Judiciary and the judicial processes
3.4 Local Government Units
3.5 Military role in Philippine Politics
3.6 Philippine foreign relations
4. Representation and Participation Politics
4.1 Elections
4.2 Parties and Party System
5. Civil Society and Social Movement
5.1 The Roles of Church and Religion
5.2 Indigenous peoples, women, and the environment
5.3 The Philippine Media
5.4 Pursuit for Social Justice
6. The Bill of Rights (Art.III)
6.1 Concept of Bill of Rights
6.2 Due Process of Law; Equal Protection
6.3 Right against unreasonable searches and seizures
6.4 Right of privacy
6.5 Freedom of Speech, of Expression, and of the
Press
6.6 Freedom of Religion
6.7 Liberty of Abode and Travel
6.8 Right to Information on matters of public concern
6.9 Right to form associations
6.10 Inherent Powers of the Government
6.11 Non-impairment of Contract
6.12 Rights of the accused
6.13 Rights of person under investigation
6.14 Right to bail
6.15 Right to due process of law in criminal cases
6.16 Writ of Habeas Corpus
6.17 Right to speedy disposition of cases
6.18 Right against self-incrimination
6.19 Right against excessive fines and inhuman
punishments
6.20 Right against double jeopardy
At the end of the unit, the student should be able to
1. Define the meaning of Constitution;
2. Understand the principles and state policies;
3. Analyze the Government institutions and processes;
4. Succinctly discuss representation and participation
politics;
5. Know the role of the civil society; and
6. Be aware of the constitutional rights, and know
when such rights are enforceable.
Lecture/Group Discussion
Case analysis
Practical application
Research
Hand-out
Books
Internet researches
Transparencies
PowerPoint Presentation
Seatwork Recitation
Quizzes
Assignments
Examinations
22 hours
References:
Hector De Leon, Textbook on Philippine Constitution
Jose Nolledo, The Philippine Constitution
Cruz, Isagani. Constitutional Law/ Political Law,
Central Publishing Co., 1998.
Amable Tuibeo, Politics and Governance
Prepared
by:
Approved by:
Noted by:
MICHAEL JHON M. TAMAYAO,
MPhil WINSTON J. APALISOC,
CPA, MBA EMERITA P. GERON, CPA,
MBA
Professor
Dept. Chair –
Accountancy College
Dean
PLACIDO D. TUDDAO, CPA, MBA
Dept. Chair- Bus. Adm.
I.
Before we embark into the intricacies of our subject,
―Political and Economic Ideologies,‖ it is wise to
define first the basic terms and concepts. This is in
order to avoid ambiguity and vagueness later when
we discuss the various political concepts and theories.
Although the definitions are not exhaustive, as these
terms will be our object of study for the entire
seminar, they will nevertheless be helpful in
commencing our discussion of the subject.
Liberalism
By definition, liberalism is the belief in the importance
of liberty and the rejection of arbitrary authority. But
because people have different views on the concept
of liberty, liberalism is rather ambiguous.[8] Various
liberal schools sprouted; among the most noteworthy
are the Lockean liberalism and democratic liberalism,
both of which contributed to the ideology of the
French Revolution.[9] Liberalism finds its roots in the
humanist affirmation of human excellence and
individual responsibility, best associated
with Renassaince. With the rise of individualism, man
could no longer be regarded as having a fixed place in
a divinely ordained world. Liberals picture life as a
race, a restless competition; one which have casted
away the fetters of tradition and religion, and
replaced them with a new form of social control: the
state that is increasingly executive.
Because of numerous references to the concept, it
becomes necessary to go back to the theoretical
landmarks of liberalism. Liberalism finds its most
famous concoction in the classical theories of John
Stuart Mill, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-
Jacques Rousseau, for its politico-philosophical
aspect; and in the theory of Adam Smith for its
economic aspect.
John Stuart Mill. Traditional liberalism started from
Mill‘s concept of negative freedom, that is, freedom
from constraints, particularly from that of the State.
He was careful though not to push this notion into
anarchist extremes. He also believed in democratic
government, but he was profoundly worried about the
tendency of this government to suppress individuality
and override minorities.[10] Hence, his central
concern in his socio-political writings was to show the
importance of personal freedom and the development
of strong individual character and to devise ways in
encouraging their growth.[11]
Although he thought it was the most likely of his
works to be of enduring value, On Liberty (1859) is
considered one of the great landmarks of classical
liberalism. In it, Mill tackles the perennial issue: what
powers should society have over individuals?[12] He
maintained the view that the individual is sovereign
over his own body and mind; that ―the sole end for
which mankind are warranted, individually or
collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of
any of their number, is self-protection.‖
Mill equated ―individuality‖ with continued effort of
self-development. Individual freedom is freedom from
constraints. The State must therefore not suppress
individual differences and the development of genuine
minority opinion. Democracy, with its controlling
public opinion, must not be an avenue for tyranny.
Instead, it must develop personalities strong enough
to resist public opinion and immediate yielding to it.
Mill‘s strong emphasis on this point showed his fear of
democratic tyranny more than aristocratic tyranny.
It is important to note that Mill, as a liberal, purported
that ―representative government‖ is the best form of
government. More than any other form of
government, it encourages the growth and
development of individuality. It engages the
individuals by giving them direct participation in the
process of governing. Representative government
thereby makes them active, intelligent, well rounded,
and sensitive but impersonal to public issues. Mill was
careful, however, in promoting a democracy that was
represented by the minorities as well as majorities.
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). Along the lines of his
pessimistic account of human nature, Thomas Hobbes
constructed his socio-political philosophy.[13] He
began his liberal theory with the idea that the
―natural state‖ of man is a state of war; that under
the state of nature ―man is a wolf to another man.‖
Man competes for his basic needs, often violently,
and, as such, he is in constant fear of violence (or
death) from another man. To ensure therefore his
personal safety, he challenges others and fights out
of fear, or establishes his reputation as a defense
from others.
Hobbes stated that the sovereign or political
authorities are not natural to man. It is true that
some are stronger and wiser than others, but each
man has the entrenched capacity to kill another.
Since even the strongest needs sleep, the weakest
can take that opportunity to slit the former‘s throat. It
was completely clear for Hobbes that there is no
natural right for anyone to rule. In addition, Hobbes
spoke of man‘s ―right of nature.‖ This is the right to
self-preservation at all cost. From this primary right
comes the right to judge what will ensure our
existence. Under the state of nature, judgments are
very drastic; the possibility of trusting a third party in
the resolution of a problem is unlikely to happen. No
one in such state can serve as a judge for another
because of the radical, mutual distrust among men.
Man must, therefore, be a judge of his own cause. It
is true that we have varied judgments about things,
but what is right ―for me,‖ regardless of what you
think, is and will always be right ―for me.‖ All moral
judgments are limited to individual judgments and
never raised to general principles. This makes moral
judgments in the state of nature ―amoral.‖ Thus the
over-all picture in the state of nature is that it is the
interaction of selfish and amoral human beings.
The state of nature is an unfavorable situation for
man. He is in constant threat of a violent death. He
therefore ought to avoid it and endeavor for peace.
As the core of Hobbes‘ teachings about the laws of
nature, man must treat his fellow the way he wants
others treat him. In order to implement this, man
must enter into a social contract whereby he
surrenders his right of nature to the sovereign power
and drastically limit this right only to right to defend
his self from immediate threat. Only the sovereign
ruler retains his right of nature because all judgments
about the affairs of the community are delegated to
him. He decides the norms of action and the rules of
property. He judges disputes and resolves them.
Man‘s fear of death and the need for security are both
the psychological foundations of prudence and
civilization. The horrors of the state of nature can
only be overcome through the institution of a
government. Man‘s voluntary entrance into the social
contract marks the transition from state of nature to
civil society. In the civil society, only the sovereign
authority is the true judge.
John Locke (1632–1704). In his work The Second
Treatise of Government, John Locke said, ―Men… by
nature are all free, equal, and independent… The only
way whereby anyone can strip himself of his natural
liberty and put on the bonds of civil society is by
agreeing with other men to join and to unite into a
community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable
living amongst another, in a secure enjoyment of
their properties and a greater security against any
that are not of it.‖ Locke in here gives us a picture of
man‘s natural state and the condition by which man
enters a civil society. In the state of nature, man has
absolute freedom of choice. Contrary to Hobbes‘
pessimistic assertion, Locke firmly states that man is
naturally good and reasonable in his dealings with
other men. Even before man‘s entrance into a
government, reason and conscience exert an
influence to man‘s judgments. Using reason, man
knows that he ought not to harm another in his life,
health, liberty, or property. Hence, for Locke,
although it is true that in the state of nature, one is a
judge to his own cause, it is not the case that man
wages war against all. But to avoid inconveniences in
his interaction with other men, he must enter into a
compact which limits his freedom as per prescribed by
the norms of that compact. Unlike Hobbes, however,
Locke says that the sovereign ruler is accountable to
his subjects, and the government‘s main goal is to
preserve, nurture, and protect the rights of its
citizens.[14]
Locke further states that ―the chief and the great
end… of men‘s uniting into commonwealths and
putting themselves under government is the
preservation of their property.‖[15] He proposes
that, by uniting and putting themselves under a
government, men preserve their rights. The
government or state is a necessary institution,
ensuring order and law at home, defense against
foreign powers, and security of possessions – the
three principles summarized as ―life, liberty, and
property.‖ As a consequence their lives, as compared
to the state of nature, become more comfortable and
peaceful.
Locke further says, contrary to the idea of Hobbes,
that the sovereign ruler is not exempted from the
norms of the government – a sovereign ruler is still
accountable for all his action. The power of the
sovereign is limited to the protection and preservation
of the natural rights of the people. Thus, if the
government fails to protect man‘s basic rights, i.e.,
rights of life, liberty, and property, then the people
could resort to a justified rebellion. This is the idea of
a ―limited government.‖ The power of the
government is constricted to its task of securing and
nurturing the rights of the people. Anything beyond
this duty is a sign of an abuse of power.
Furthermore, Locke justifies the right to property (as
a product of labor) by citing it as a necessary means
for sustaining our lives. Before the emergence of civil
societies, men toil the soils, which are not their own,
in order to meet their needs. Their labor, however,
transforms these publicly owned things in the state of
nature into privately owned properties. Nonetheless,
there is a limit to the amount of accumulated
properties. According to Locke, it must just be enough
to meet our needs, so that nothing is spoiled. The
right to property is a natural right of man. This
natural right is secured through a government.
Unlike Hobbes, Locke believes that the mutual
consent of men to form a social contract does not
result to an absolute sovereignty. For him, the
intention of the subjects in mutually consenting to
form a compact is the protection of their rights. This
is effectively carried out by dividing the government
into three powers, which are the legislative,
executive, and the judicial, and by majority
representation in the legislature. Moreover, it is not
the sovereign that confers the rights to his citizens, as
Hobbes believes, but these rights are naturally owned
by the citizens, and must therefore be retained and
respected by the sovereign. These rights are deduced
from man‘s nature, and they are not products of a
sovereign‘s freedom of choice.
III.
END
Introduction to Politics
Diversity
Diversity is patent to human societies. There are as
many forms of beliefs, ideologies and life styles as
there are people believing in them. We are divided by
geography, language, religion, morals, and set of
laws, among many others, each of which adding to
what is already a diversified society. In this respect,
the ancient sophists were correct in saying that
(human) reality is one of relativism. We differ in the
way we see things and we disagree in almost all
things, because we each think that we are measures
of truth.
However, in order to survive we have to live together.
But selfish beings that we are, our togetherness
brings about trouble; we differ about myriads of
things and we fight about these differences. The
human society is a delicate balance of these two
antithetical elements – togetherness and self-interest.
The tension between the two, if not carefully
balanced, may rip the society apart. An imbalance
may cause serious, if not disastrous, consequences.
Riots, demonstrations, and strikes which are among
the less violent ones, may spring out from an
imbalance. Or, under worse cases, bloody revolutions
and wars may be brought about that may destroy,
not just lives, but also the established institutions
which from the beginning enabled social unions to
exist. Our existence is essentially one of conflict; and
our history is replete of these events as these are
immanent in human societies.
Order
But although conflict is inevitable, we want order.
Politics works to this effect. It is our way of putting
order to our world of bewildering complexity. It is the
way in which we understand and order our social
affairs, and acquire greater control over the
situation.[1] It is that through which we maintain
cooperation among people with different needs and
ideals in life, or through which we resolve the conflict
within the group, whether this is a family, a tribe, a
village or a nation-state.[2]
Giving politics a clear-cut definition is, however,
difficult. The definitions above are very broad, if not
vague, descriptions of politics. What will therefore
follow is a series of explanations about the essential
features of politics, which features include some of
the broadest and most fundamental concepts –
power, authority, and justice.
Politics as Order
Politics is about how human society is ordered. A
study of it therefore requires a study of how such
aggregate is so ordered.[3]
The human society has three levels of social orders:
the community, the government, and the nation-
state.
A community is one kind of social order composed of
individuals who share a common identity. This identity
is usually defined by geography, sense of common
purpose, and a single political allegiance. The purpose
of its existence is to meet the essential human needs
which cannot be met singly by its members. Such
functions include security from enemies, cultural
enrichment, economic prosperity, and the like.
Now, what maintains and perpetuates the community
is the political order familiarly known as the
government. It has three basic forms: monarchy,
aristocracy, and democracy. Monarchy is the rule of
one man (king); Aristocracy, by a selected few; and
democracy, by the people. These forms of
government will be discussed in a separate section.
[1] NE 1099b30
[2] Women were excluded from political participation
and were not considered citizens during the time of
Aristotle.
[3] 1252b27
[4] 1253a3
[5] 1260a11
SYLLABUS ##
COURSE SYLLABUS
Course Description
This course is an introduction to the persons, structures,
and processes involved in the operation of the political
system,
including the study of basic political concepts,
institutions of government, and the complex relationship
between the
citizenry and the state. Focus is on the Philippine context
and contemporary issues and problems. The 1987
constitution
is used as the basic framework for analysis.
Course Objectives
At the end of the semester, the students are expected to
achieve the following objectives:
1. To fully understand the basic concepts of the different
actors, structures and processes operating in today’s
political world.
2. To relate these concepts to the Philippine context.
3. To utilize this knowledge in making political actions.
4. To be fully aware of one’s political role in today’s
world.
Course Outline
The course is structured into two parts. First part
discusses the basic concepts, theories and frameworks in
the study of
Politics. The discussions under this heading will focus on
the understanding ‘politics’, different faces of power,
various
conceptualizations of the state, typology of regimes and
governments, development of political ideologies and
party
politics, idealization of democracy, emergence of civil
society and social movements, and lastly, relevance of
revolution
and social change. The second part attempts to make
sense of these concepts, theories and frameworks in
political
science through the study of Philippine politics. This will
discuss Philippine state and government, interpreting
Philippine
politics, liberal democracy in the Philippines, the rise and
mobilization of civil society and social movements, and
lastly,
history and significance of Philippine revolutions.
Course Timeframe and Assigned Reading
Session Agenda Readings
1 Course Overview PoS 100 Course Syllabus
Demystifying Politics
Quiz # 1
Arendt, H. (2005) Introduction into Politics. In Arendt, H.
The Promise of Politics.
(pp. 93-200) New York: Schocken Books.
Heywood, A. (2002) Politics. 2
nd
ed. (pp. 1-22) Hampshire: Palgrave.
Palonen, K. (2007) Politics or the Political? An Historical
Perspective on a
Contemporary Non-Debate. European Political Science 6,
69-78.
Course Code: PoS 100 Course Title: Politics and
Governance Semester: 2
nd
School Year: 2009-2010
Department: Political Science School: Social Sciences
Dept. Website: http://www.admu.edu.ph/polsci
Instructor: Arjan P. Aguirre, M.A. Email:
aaguirre@ateneo.edu
Consultation Hours: M-W-F, 1:00-2:30/4:30-6:00pm or by
appointment
Office Address: LH 300, 3/F, Ricardo and Dr. Rosita Leong
Hall Phone: (632) 426-6001 loc. 5250
Ateneo de Manila University Telefax: (632) 426-0906
Loyola Heights, Quezon City
plmhumanities
and social
science
lecture notes and other materials for my students
( kindly check this site at least once a month )
plus some other thoughts and what not
Monday, June 14, 2010
syllabus of political science
for my political science class, the assignment is the
entire part I for next meeting
Course Description
The course is an introduction to the concepts,
theories and principles of political science, types of
political systems, development of political institutions
and the processes involved in a larger international
world system. The course specifically provides an
understanding on Philippine government and politics
as it gives highlights on studying and examining the
development, organization and operation of the
Philippine political system with special emphasis on
the Philippine Constitution. Likewise, the course will
also deal with the current issues confronting the
students taking the course.
Course Objectives
1. Provide the students with the theories and
principles in the course of political science;
2. Provide the students with the knowledge on the
development, organization and operation of the
Philippine government;
3. Strengthen the students' awareness on the formal
structure for political participation and their role as
citizens of the country;
4. Provides the students with the understanding on
the importance of public opinion and the emergence
of the civil society;
5. Reinforce the students' understanding on the
constitution as the basis of all political institutions
and processes.
Course Content
I. Nature of Politics and Governance
Nature of Politics and Governance Definition of
Political Science
Scope of Political Science
Political Science and Its Related Fields
IV. Constitution
Nature and Concepts of the Constitution Meaning of
the Constitution
Purposes and Functions of the Constitution
Classification of the Constitution
Requisites of a Good Written Constitution History of
the Philippine Constitution
V. Bill of Rights
Political Rights
Civil Rights
Social and Economic Rights Rights of the Accused
VI. Citizenship
Concepts of Citizenship
Kinds of Citizens
Citizens and Aliens Distinguished Modes of
Acquiring Citizenship
Loss of Citizenship
Duties and Responsibilities of Citizens
X. International Relations
Definition of Foreign Policy
Requirements of a Foreign Policy International
Relations
Definitions of International Law Importance of
International Law United Nations Organizations
Reference
Any Book on the Constitution of the Philippines