ISAS (INFORMATION SEARCH AND ANALYSIS SKILL)

INFORMATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE :

“MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM“

Name : 1. Edgard Jeremiah Setioso

2. Ilham Fikri
Class : 3SC1
Faculty : Indah Ayu Yuliani (IAY)

CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAM

CENTER FOR COMPUTING OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
2019
 PREFACE
The author thanks for the presence of Almighty God for his blessings and
blessings so that the author can finish our ISAS writing. The author also wants to
give our thanks and sincere gratitude for those who have guided us in completing
this paper especially Ms. Indah Ayu Yuliana. Our ISAS (Information Search and
Analysis Skills) entitled “Multi-Agent System” discussing one of the three
characteristics in information architecture and.

This report was prepared with a variety of obstacles. Whether it is coming

from the internal and external problems. But with great patience and especially the
help of Almighty God finally reports ISAS can be resolved.

The author is fully aware that many flaws in the writing of this ISAS, in
terms of materials, technical, and presentation material. therefore, the author
expect criticism and constructive suggestion to further refine the writing of this
ISAS. Hopefully, this ISAS report about Multi-Agent System in ISA can be useful
for readers.

Depok, 5 September 2019

Writer

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Preface ................................................................................................................ ii

Table of Content ................................................................................................ 0

Chapter I Introduction ..................................................................................... 1

I.1 Background ........................................................................................... 1

I.2 Writing Objective ................................................................................. 1

I.3 Problem Domain ................................................................................... 1

I.4 Writing .................................................................................................. 2

I.5 Writing Framework............................................................................... 2

Chapter II Basic Theory ................................................................................... 3

II.1 Definition .............................................................................................. 3

II.2 Advantage and Disadvantage Binary Search ........................................ 3

Chapter III Problem Analysis .......................................................................... 6

III.1 Binary Search........................................................................................ 6

Chapter IV Conclusion and Suggestion ........................................................ 10

IV.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 10

IV.2 Suggestion........................................................................................... 10

Bibliography..................................................................................................... 11
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I.1 Background
There are different types of Information System Architectures, but
there has been no structural comparison between the different types. In this
document, the author develops a structured approach to evaluate the three
main architectures of information systems, the planning of company
resources, Service Oriented Architecture and Multi-Agent Systems, based
on a structured approach. Furthermore, the author provides in this
document an in-depth analysis of the key features of the three main ISA.
In this document, the author develops a systematic and structured approach
to pairwise comparisons and evaluate these key features of the main
architectures based on the Information System development framework
developed by Zachman. The purpose of this document is two, first, to
develop a suitable structure for comparing Information System
Architecture, and comparing Multi-Agent System to other architecture
(Service Oriented Architecture, and Multi-Agent System).

I.2 Writing Objective

The following is the purpose of writing this paper entitled “Multi-
Agent System” :

 To develop a suitable structure for comparing Information System.

 To compare the Multi-Agent System to other architecture (Service
Oriented Architecture, and Enterprise Resource Planning).

I.3 Problem Domain

A lot of the research about Multi-Agent System Architecture is
conducted, starting from how to implement it, vendor selection, specifics,
and the key to success factor. However, none of the research is able to
make a clear comparison based on the differences between this
architecture.

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I.4 Writing
The writing method used by the author is an observation method.
That is the collection of materials that will be discussed and analyzed and
examined from internet sources and draws conclusions from all reports
obtained from the study.

I.5 Writing Framework

To facilitate the writing of the Project, the discussion will be
organized with the writing systematic as follows.

Chapter I Introduction

In Chapter I the author will discuss the background, writing

objective, problem domain, wiring methodology, and writing framework.

Chapter II Basic of Theory

In Chapter II will tell the definition of Information System

Architecture and presenting it in a table format in order to ease observation
and comparing architecture.

Chapter III Problem Analysis

Chapter III will be analyzing and solve the problem contained in

the problem domain, but mostly focused on analyzing Multi-Agent
System.

Chapter IV Conclusion and Suggestion

Contains the authors conclusions and suggestion about the

experience gained after conducting and analyzing Multi-Agent System and
providing useful suggestions.

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 CHAPTER II
BASIC THEORY
II.1 Introduction
The following purpose of this document is two, first, to develop a
suitable structure for comparing ISA and comparing Multi-Agent System
to other architecture (Service Oriented Architecture and Enterprise
Resource Planning).

In this document, the architecture underlying the information

systems will be compared, in particular, three types of architecture, namely
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Service-Oriented Architecture
(SOA) and Multi-Agent Systems (MAS).

To this end, Zachman's ISA (Information Systems Architecture)

framework is used as the basis for a framework for architecture
comparison. Moreover, in this document the problem is indicated, research
questions are proposed, the research method is explained, a framework for
comparison is offered, the characteristics and operation of the architectures
are described to compare the architectures and a framework is applied and
conclusions are provided.

II.2 Method of Research

Conducting a literature study on all of the top ten Information
System Journal helped us to gather information. By entering the keyword
“Enterprise Resource Planning”, “ Service Oriented Architecture”, and
“Multi-Agent System”, the author was able to conclude that the book
made by Levy and Ellis titled “A systems approach to conduct an effective
literature review in support of information systems research. Informing
Science” is one of the few best choices. When the author considers the
subject to be useful, the author put the resource in the paper. If the result of
the search has yielded more useful than the usual, the author widened the
search, increasing the feasibility of the book.

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II.3 Information Systems Architecture
Business processes, rules, systems structure, technical framework,
and product technologies for a business or organizational information
system is a formal definition of Information System Architecture. Before
becoming information, data must be created, stored, processed, analyzed
and distributed. Information systems can be characterized by their
functions: generation, storage, presentation, exchange, interpretation,
transformation and transport of information.

Figure II.3.1 Information Systems Architecture steps in processing raw data.

The first concept of Information Systems Architecture was

developed by Zachman and extended by Sowa in the latter days. This
framework allows us to analyze, design, classifying enterprise, represent
an enterprise and fitting it together by describing real-world into a concept
in the form of a table of six rows and six columns. Real-world or
abstractions are represented in the columns. It consists of data, network,
function, motivation, people and time. While the scope of the enterprise
model, technology model, system model, functioning system and
components represented by the rows. Each cell of the matrix has its point

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of view on the information systems. In a single cell of the framework,
there is a unique representation of the architecture. This representation can
either be described as graphical or textual. The advantages of this
framework are that it can structure and describe complex systems. A
segmented and portioned view of the individual variables of the
information systems is presented, thus making it possible to compare
architectures. Here's how Zachman describes it using a table.

Data Function Network People Time Motivation

Score
Enterprise
Model
System Model
Technology
Models
Components
Functioning
System

Table II.3.1 Original ISA Framework Table defined by Zachman.

To use the frame to compare the three different architectures, the

frame needs to be modified. Each view, line, is treated as one. Each cell
needs detailed information on how the architecture is implemented, as
there are six different views of architecture. In this case, the People or
Who column software can be considered as applications or agents.

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 CHAPTER III
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
III.1 Characteristic of Architecture
The three architectures that are described and compared are ERP,
SOA, and MAS. The described properties are Properties of the
architectures themselves, how they work and communicate. Characteristics
of implementation, effect to an organization, management implications,
and users Implications are not described. In this document we will discuss
mainly on the Multi-Agent System and their difference between other
architecture.

III.2 Definition Multi Agent Systems (MAS)

The multi-agent system is a set of agents that interact with each
other to achieve the same goal. In MAS it is important to have a clear
understanding of exactly what the agents are and what they do. Agents are
a stand-alone software entity that interacts and contracts with other
agencies to achieve their goals.

Figure III.2.1 Multi-Agent System simplified.

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 Figure III.2.2 Multi-Agent System in graphic.

In the figure above, Agents are designed to achieve a specific goal

and have control over the action to do so. "The most important problem in
the architectural design of the agent-based system is how agents interact
with each other to achieve the goal of the system." Agents interact in many
ways, such as exchanges of information, requests for particular actions and
cooperation, coordination and negotiation to organize interdependent
activities.

MAS Agents and Agent Agents can Agents Autonomus, Unstable and
role’s will interaction leave and are reactive, unpredictable
have their facilitated. enter unique. rational, enviroment;
own specific Has common enviroment, adaptable, and Problem that
goals goals. creating an situated in an way too
Protocol that Decentralized, enviroment enviroment, complex that
communicate flexible, and thus making it require
Current modular, and network Agents solution from
enviroment dynamic that able to unpredictable. multiple
state. solution expand and software Commented [D1]:
shrink

Table III.2.3 MAS based on original ISA Framework Table defined by Zachman.

III.3 Agents Interactions

Agents interactions differentiate from other computational models
in two ways, first, these interactions are conceived in terms of which goals
should be followed at what time and by whom. Second, agents can make
“run-time decisions about the nature and scope of their interactions and to
initiate (and respond to) interactions that were not foreseen at design
time.”

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III.4 Agents Characteristics
Agents have characteristics for example:

 Autonomy, an agent has a specific goal or task and decides on it's on

what actions it performs on a certain time.
 Situatedness, agents perform actions in a certain environment, this can
affect the environment and/or other agents.
 Proactivity, agents can anticipate changes in the environment and may
act to achieve pre-defined goals.
 Sociability, agents must be able to communicate with other agents or
entities.
 Rationality, an agent can reason data it receives to make the best
decision or to come up with the best solution.
 Reactivity, agents can react to a changing environment and change
their behavior.
 Adaptability, agents can learn and change their behavior accordingly
when better solutions are found to adapt to changing environments.

III.5 Disadvantage of Using Agent Based System

There are two main weaknesses of using the agent-based system,
these weakness are associated with the fundamentals of agent systems
itself. First, the patterns and outcomes of interactions between agents are
inherently unpredictable because agents themselves are autonomous,
flexible and they have control over their actions. The second weakness is
to predict the behavior of the whole system in parts is very difficult
because of the many possibilities that will arise. Agents interact
(cooperate, coordinate or negotiate) with other agents in pursuit of
common goals or own interest.

III.6 Usage of Agent-Based Systems

There are two types of systems in which agents occur, Multi-agent
systems and open systems. In the first one, all the different agents work
towards a common goal or objective. To do it, they have to interact with

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another using cooperation and communication to meet a predetermined
goal. In the second system, agents are not necessarily designed to work
together towards one goal, agents can have interesting behavior. In an
open system, agents can join and leave the environment, making it more
dynamic than an MAS, where all agents are known and can trust each
other. An agent can have one or multiple roles, a role defines what an
agent is supposed to do.

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 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
IV.1 Conclusion
The Multi-Agent System is a set of agents that interact with each
other to achieve the same goal. Agents interact in many ways, such as
exchanges of information, requests for particular actions and cooperation,
coordination and negotiation to organize interdependent activities. There
are two types of systems in which agents occur, Multi-agent systems and
open systems. In the first one, all the different agents work towards a
common goal or objective. In the second system, agents are not necessarily
designed to work together towards one goal, agents can have different
goals and dynamic system.

IV.2 Suggestion
MAS is capable of coping with and dynamic environments, in
addition, not all components or other agents need to be known or, in the
case of a complex problem, not everything has to be mapped and coded to
create a working system. It is recommended to use MAS in a dynamic,
fast-changing environment or if goals often change.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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