Page 1

INDEX

* Introductions

* Advantages

* Implementations

* Goal and Objectives

* Electronic Pay Collections

* Factors of RFID in Toll Fare

* Conclusions

Page 2

Introductions of RFID

Although there are three types of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags:
active, passive and semi-passive, almost all the tags are being used to store only a
unique number in addition to the processing information. For a particular
application, all the relevant etails of the tag have to be taken from the database
system. There are several applications which are not viable under this
infrastructure. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is one of them. ITSs can be
improved using the characteristics and the behaviors of Radio Frequency (RF)
tagging systems. However currently available RF tags are not suitable for such
applications, mainly as it does not provide role base access control mechanisms
and have no ability to stand alone to enable offline communications. Therefore in
this paper we proposed novel tag architecture called Object Tag (OTag) to
represent the real world objects in RF tags and its protocols. Furthermore the
proposed architecture enables access control mechanisms, nteroperability, self-
describing ability, and the plug and play usage while protecting rivacy and
enhancing security. Thus the OTag will advance the existing ITSs and create novel
plications to support safe, secure, comfortable, and productive social life in eco-
friendly manner. Keywords Intelligent Transportation System, RFID, Product
Lifecycle.

Page 3

Roll and Advantages of RFID in Toll Fare

PGSL products, based on radio frequency identification(RFID) technology, are

being used to provide everything from automated, controlled access to accurate,
electronic collection of parking and toll fees - resulting in significant time and
money savings. By combining this leading-edge technology with sophisticated
software for billing, reporting, and revenue collection, PGSL is able to provide
cost and time efficiency to toll operators, parking garage operators, gated
community managers, and corporate and municipal parking facilities.
Traditional manual or mechanical systems require drivers to stop, roll down their
windows, swipe a magnetic stripe card, wave a proximity card, type into a keypad,
or speak to a wave a proximity card, type into a keypad, or speak to a guard, to
gain access. In contrast, non-stop system lets vehicles flow quickly through gates
and controlled entrances, or spotting stations at full highway speed. The Benefits

• Non-stop, hands-free operation

• Reduced traffic backup at entrances and exits

• Increased personal security

• Discreet control of security authorisation by identification

• Low maintenance and repair costs

• No ticket-issuing machines
• No equipment in the lane that can be damaged by vehicles

• Tags have a life of many years unless damaged cannot be lost or wear out

• Automated operation of remote or unmanned gates

• Convenient access for the disabled

• Automatic vehicle inventory monitoring

• Automated fee collection

• Intelligent access control, e.g. only certain vehicles can enter after hours

• Optional Wiegand output from reader Page 4

Electronic pay for Toll Collection

Electronic payments for toll collection

Electronic payments a popular mode of toll collection worldwide, process
financial transactions without human intervention at toll plazas.
Electronic payments made be achieved with:

(a) Electronic Toll COllection (ETC) using one board units/tags.

(b)Smart Cards

(a) Electronic Toll COllection (ETC) using one board units/tags Electronic Toll
Collection system enable the electronic payments of highway toll, ETC systems
use vehicle-toroadside communication technologies to perform an electronic
monetry transaction between a vehicle passing through a toll plaza and the toll
collection agency. ETC equpment can take the place of a human toll collector who
manually
collects toll at toll-boths, Such a system can work across toll plazas run by
different operatiors. In addition, it allow such transactions to be performed while
vehicles travel at near highway cruising speed. Any ETC system must address the
following four
aspects for functiong properly.
1. Vehicle identification:

Automatic Vehicle identification generally involves the use of Transponders

installed in the vehicle, which communicate with roadside readers to identify the
vehicle.

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Goal and Objectives of RFID

An automatic car toll paying method is provided. Before a car enters a toll road
or bridge, the user previously calls a specific number representing a log in of an
automatic charging through a on-vehicle cellular communication equipment and
then hangs up, and after leaving the toll road, the user calls a specific number
representing a log out of the automatic charging. Continuously, wherein said on-
vehicle cellular communication equipment has been logged in automatic charging
when said car enters cell governing area of a communication coverage covering a
toll station, the cellular base station will inform the billing center to automatically
chargeback from an account connected to the on-vehicle cellular communication
equipment or record the toll of the passing car. If the chargeback or the record is
completed, the billing center will transmit a successful-payment message to the
on-vehicle cellular communication equipment in the car through the cellular base
station to be an electronic toll payment authorization. Non-stop toll collection
method and system A plurality of roadside wireless devices are provided on a
roadside of an entry of a toll area. A first roadside wireless device, which
communicates with a vehicle-mounted device over wireless communication,
sends unique information obtained from the vehicle-mounted device to a second
roadside wireless device located, downstream to the first roadside wireless
device, along a moving direction of the vehicle. The second roadside wireless
device checks if unique information on the vehicle-mounted device obtained from
the vehicle-mounted device matches the unique information on vehicle-mounted
device notified from the first roadside wireless device to judge if the moving
direction is a direction of entry into a toll area and charges the vehicle-mounted
device for toll only when it is judged that the moving direction is the direction of
entry into the toll area.

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Factors to consider in designing the system

1. Height of the access entrance :With a power setting of 0.5W ERP, the general
limit in Europe, 2 to 3 metres read range will be obtained. This is adequate for
building vehicle access purposes. For toll gate applications and open road traffic
monitoring, higher power is required, e.g. 4W EIRP, which will result in a
minimum range of 5 metres, . Depending on the physical constraints of the
location, overhead or side-mounted readers can be used.

2. The type of vehicle: In most cases the 170 x 10 mm ENP tag will be used.
However, if the vehicle does not have a windscreen (e.g. a tractor), then the
Industrial Vehicle tag can be fitted to any surface of the vehicle, metallic or non-
metallic, or the Industrial On-Metal tag can be used, but this should only be used
on metal surfaces.

3. For automatic control of a gate or boom:an application-specific controller is

required. This is typically a device (e.g. a PLC) which can receive reader output via
RS232, Wiegand, or Ethernet connection, with output switches to control
external hardware, e.g. a gate motors. It must also either (1) carry out local
verification of tag IDs, which means that it must check each tag ID against its own
local list previously downloaded from a computer or network, or (2) be able to
operate the gate or boom in response to an instruction from a remote networked
computer.

4.The number of accesst points:. One reader per traffic lane is required. The IPICO
I-PX protocol allows all the readers to operate on a single UHF frequency. Each
gate or boom will require its own control, and depending on the system
architecture, a controller could service several access points.
 Page 7

Implementations of RFID in Toll Gate

Toll collection system An automatic toll collection system comprises and

operates in conjunction with transponders which are provided for sale to the
public in sealed packages and which are pre-approved for a predetermined
amount of prepaid toll credit. When the transponders are purchased, they can be
installed in any vehicle and are immediately ready for use.

The kit in which the transponder is sold includes application forms and a return
mailer which permit the purchaser thereof to convert the preestablished
anonymous account to a regular prepaid toll account and to authorize the
automatic replenishment of the account, thus enabling continued use of the
purchased transponder beyond the pre-approved amount. The invention further
comprises the process of frequent updating, e.g. several times daily, hourly, etc.
of toll plaza computers with toll transactions at all participating toll facilities, to
prevent inadvertent overdrawing of toll accounts by motorists. Toll pay service
via wireless communication networks A method of processing toll payments for
a motorist having a wireless communications device and a billing account, via a
wireless communications network. The method includes sensing that the motorist
is within range of a base station for a toll plaza having a given toll that is to be
paid by the motorist; determining via a mobile switching center whether the
motorist has activated a wireless toll payment service associated with the
communication device; evaluating via the mobile switching center whether the
subscriber has pre-selected a combined billing option for the account, where it
has been determined that the service has been activated by the subscriber;
sending a charge transaction from the mobile switching center to a toll payment
system, where the motorist has not selected the combined billing option, the
charge transaction indicating that the toll has not been paid by the motorist; and
generating a billing record for the motorist at the mobile switching center and
sending a non-charge transaction from the mobile switching center to a toll
payment system, where the motorist has selected the combined billing option,
the non-charge transaction indicating that the toll has been billed to the motorist
by his/her wireless service provider.

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Conclusion

Efforts have been made to promote ETC use along expressways in Asian
Countries, and positive results have been achieved. Still further, we will embark
on the 'Second Stage', aiming for extended service offerings to boost a higher use
rate throughout the country. In parallel with the effort for Asian toll road
transactions, we believe that the targeted product based on the philosophy of
'Asian specifications' will provide a valuable input for futuristic ETC developments.
Again, we believe our effort will surely contribute to the elimination of tie-ups
along Asian toll roads, promoting economic development, enhancing people's
lifestyles, and preserving environments for communities. TCA's toll roads
represent a step in the right direction of developing rational highway design. By
providing economic incentives (and disincentives) for selected routes and travel
times, the toll road system helps create a more efficient vehicle movement
system throughout the region. Further implementation of toll roads and time-
based toll pricing will contribute to more balanced highway usage and additional