Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
i i i i
By i
Muhammad Osama i
Supervisor iii
iiiiiiii
Jani2020 Pagei1
(DC) i
Aistudyisubmittediinipartialifulfillmentiofitheirequirementiforitheidegreeiofi
BS.TECHNOLOGYiElectricaliEngineeringi
Byi
MuhammadiOsamai
RegiNo:i216A-316010iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
ThesisiSupervisori
_______________________i
Engr.iAsadiSami
ElectricaliEngineeringiDepartmentiPrestoniUniversityiKohatiCampusi
MembersiofiExaminationiCommittee
_______________________iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii_______________________i
Examineri1iiToibeidecidediii
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
HeadiofiDepartment
_______________________
Engr.iAsadiSami
ElectricaliEngineeringiDepartment
PrestoniUniversityiKohatiCampus
ABSTRACT i
Jani2020 Pagei2
The final year project is one of the necessities for the completion of BS.Tech degree. Th
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
mensely and locally used device and I assumed that it will be supportive for me in our pr
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ospect. In this project I have make the power supply is an essential part of almost every
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
electronic device and the current trend is towards the miniaturization of these devices
i i i i i i i i i i i i
DC converters, half bridge and full bridge, are designed, implemented and evaluated.
i i i i i i i i i i i i
These converters are switched in the MHz frequency range. The energy efficiency of th
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
UNDERTAKING i
Jani2020 Pagei3
Iicertifyithatiresearchiworkititledi“DirecticurrentiPowerisupplyi(DC)”isimyiowniwork.iTheiworkihasin
otibeenipresentedielsewhereiforiassessment.iWhereimaterialihasibeeniusedifromiotherisourcesiitih
asibeeniproperlyiacknowledgedi/ireferred.i
Signaturei
MuhammadiOsama
iiiiiiiiiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
i
Whileisubmittingithisireportiweiwouldilikeitoiwholeiheartedlyiexpressiourihonestiappreciationitoiou
riresearchisupervisoriMR.iEngriAsadiSamiiForihisiliberalisupervisioniandiinspiringiusiduringitheipassa
Jani2020 Pagei4
geiofitheistudy.iWeialsoilikeitoithankitheifacultyiofiElectricaliEngineeringiDepartmentiatitheiPrestoni
UniversityiKohat.iWeiareireallyiobligeditoiMR.iEngriAsadiSamii(HeadiofiTheiDepartment)iwhoiprovid
ediusihisifullisupportiforicompletingithisiwork.iLastlyiweidesireitoipresentiouriexceptionaliappreciati
onitoiourifamiliesiforitheirilimitlessipatienceiandibackingithroughoutiourientireilifetime.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i i
CONTENTS i
Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------03
i
Jani2020 Pagei5
Undertaking-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------04
Acknowledgement--------------------------------------------------------------------------------05
Table of contents----------------------------------------------------------------------------------06
i i
Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------08
Dc led light------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
i i
Dc fans-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
i
Dc mobile chargers-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
i i
Dc types of batteries-----------------------------------------------------------------------------18
i i i
Chapter no:3---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
i
Methodology
Construction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
Result-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
i
CHAPTER NO:1
i
Introduction i
Jani2020 Pagei6
Theielectricalipoweriisialmostiexclusivelyigenerated,itransmittediandidistributediinitheiformio
fiacibecauseiofieconomicaliconsiderationibutiforioperationiofimostiofitheielectronicidevicesia
ndicircuits,idcisupplyiisirequired.iDryicellsiandibatteriesicanibeiusediforithisipurpose.iNoidoub
t,itheyihaveitheiadvantagesiofibeingiportableiandirippleifreeibutitheirivoltagesiareilow,itheyine
edifrequentireplacementiandiareiexpensiveiinicomparisonitoiconventionalidcipowerisupplies
.
Nowidays,ialmostiallielectroniciequipmentiincludeiaicircuitithaticonvertsiacisupplyiintoidcisup
ply.iTheipartiofiequipmentithaticonvertsiaciintoidciisicallediDCipowerisupply.iInigeneraliatitheii
nputiofitheipowerisupplyithereiisiaipoweritransformer.iItiisifollowedibyiairectifieri(aidiodeicircuit
)aismoothingifilteriandithenibyiaivoltageiregulatoricircuit.
Fromitheiblockidiagram,itheibasicipowerisupplyiisiconsti-
tutedibyifourielementsiviziaitransformer,iairectifier,iaifilter,iandiairegulatoriputitogether.iTheiou
tputiofitheidcipowerisupplyiisiuseditoiprovideiaiconstantidcivoltageiacrossitheiload.iLetiusibrief
lyioutlineitheifunctioniofieachiofitheielementsiofitheidcipowerisupply.
Transformeriisiuseditoistep-upioristep-downi(usuallyitoistep-down)ithe-
supplyivoltageiasiperineediofitheisolid-
stateielectronicidevicesiandicircuitsitoibeisuppliedibyitheidcipowerisupply.iIticaniprovideiisolat
ionifromitheisupplyiline-
aniimportantisafetyiconsideration.iItimayialsoiincludeiinternalishieldingitoipreventiunwantedi
electricalinoiseisignalionitheipowerilineifromigettingiintoitheipowerisupplyiandipossiblyidistur
bingitheiload.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Jani2020 Pagei7
TheipartiofiequipmentithaticonvertsiaciintoiDCiisicallediDCipowerisupply.i...iFromitheiblockidi
agram,itheibasicipowerisupplyiisiconstitutedibyifourielementsiaitransformer,iairectifier,iaifilter
,iandiairegulatoriputitogether.iTheioutputiofitheiDCipowerisupplyiisiuseditoiprovideiaiconstanti
DCivoltageiacrossitheiload.
Batteryieliminators
Aibatteryieliminatorioriadjustableipowerisupplyiisiaideviceithaticanibeiusediiniplaceiofibatteries.iItitakesimainsiA
Cipoweriandiconvertsiititoi3v,i4.5v,i6v,i9viori12viDCiallowingianiequivalentivoltageitoibeisuppliediforivariousidiff
erentinumbersiofibatteries.iTheiselectioniofitheivoltageiisinormallyidoneibyiturningiaismallicontrolionitheicaseiofi
theipowerisupply.iAdjustableipowerisuppliesiareiusuallyisoldiwithiairangeiofiadaptersiallowingithemitoiconnecti
toimostielectroniciequipmenti(provideditheyihaveiaipower-iniconnection).
Externalipowerisupplies
Whenianielectroniciproductiisisoldiwithiaipowerisupply,ithisisupplyiwillibeifixeditoioneivoltageiandioneiconnecto
r.iThisiwillimakeiitiailittleicheaperithanitheiadjustableialternative.
Labelling
Jani2020 Pagei8
Wheniyouilookiatiaipowerisupplyiitiwillitelliyouiwhatitheiinputivoltageiandicurrentiareiasiwelliasitheioutputivoltage
iandicurrent,iitimayialsoiindicateiwhichipinionitheioutputiconnectoriisigroundiandipower.iYoui willialsoiseeisomei
symbols;itheimeaningiofitheseisymbolsiisidescribedibelow:
Aipowerisupplyiisiuseditoireduceitheimainsielectricityiati240ivoltsiACidownitoisomeithingimoreiuseable,isayi12iv
oltsiDC.iThereiareitwoitypesiofipowerisupply,ilineariandiswitchimode.
Ailinearipowerisupplyiusesiaitransformeritoireduceitheivoltage.iTheiratioiofiprimaryiwindingsi(connecteditoithei
mains)itoitheinumberiofisecondaryiwindingsi(connecteditoitheioutput)iwouldigiveitheiratioiofihowimuchitheivolta
geireducediby,iinithisicaseiairatioiofi20:1ireducesithei240ivoltsiACiinputiinitoi12ivoltsiACionithe
Constant Voltage/Current i
The constant voltage/constant current power supply, which as the name implies provi
i i i i i i i i i i i
des constant voltage as well as constant current, is perhaps the most popular variety of
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
power supply. When operating in constant current mode, these power supplies maint
i i i i i i i i i i i i
ain their set current even as the resistance of the load changes. Constant voltage/cons
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
tant current frequently have features including remote sensing, master/slave connec
i ii i i i i i i i
programming terminals. i
Jani2020 Pagei9
Multiple Outputs i
Multiple output power supplies typically have two or three outputs. If you find that yo
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
u often use multiple voltages while testing, a multiple output power supply is the cost-
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
output power supply which provides one output for digital logic and two outputs for bi
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
polar analog circuitry. Some common features include timed operation, settable volta
i i i i i i i i i i
ge limitations, storage registers for up to fifty instrument states, and the ability to conn
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Jani2020 Pagei10
Programmable
Because they are generally used in conjunction with a computer-
i i i i ii i i i i
operated system for production and testing, programmable power supplies are often
i i i i i i i i i i i
referred to as “system” power supplies. System power supplies have used a number of
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
488, or GPIB (general purpose interface bus), and RS-232 serial communications —
i i i i i i i i i i i
have been widely used. Ethernet and USB interfaces have also been quite common.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
In addition, these power supplies have command languages for sending instructions t
i i i i i i i i i i i
o the instrument through the digital interface. These languages include proprietary, S
i i i i i i i i i i i
like. The ability to control a programmable power supply via your computer, instead of
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
pushing keys on the instrument’s front panel, makes this type of power supply especia
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Jani2020 Pagei11
Jani2020 Pagei12
CHAPTER NO: 02 i i
TERIES
One trend in lighting is to distribute light sources. This becomes possible with LED lamp
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
s, which offer a small amount but efficient light power. However, this also requires effi
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
cient lamp drivers. Furthermore, assigning each lamp its individual lamp driver becom
i i i i i i i i i i i
es a high effort in material. Therefore, concepts are needed to deal with an increased n
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
umber of similar lamp drivers. One solution could be to use a DC power supply.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
This makes omission of the rectifier electronics possible, which, in turn, makes the dev
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ices simpler, more reliable and generates less power losses. This is attractive especiall
i i i i i i i i i i i i
y in installations where a high number of lamps are connected to a power rail, like in op
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Each lamp contains an AC to DC conversion circuit, which can be omitted with a DC sup
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ply rail. This becomes particularly attractive if the system is combined with a local phot
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ovoltaic generator. i
applications. But as derived in, a large variety of different requirements for different d i i i i i i i i i i i i i
evices, a DC system for residential applications faces even larger challenges. Contraril
i i i i i i i i i i i
y, in lighting applications the loads are quite similar in their requirements and thus mu
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Jani2020 Pagei13
DC Fans i
can now be applied to both residential and industrial ceiling fans. DC fans ha
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ve motors that rely on permanent magnets in order to attract and repel a rot
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
The direct current fans, or DC fans, are powered with a potential of fixed valu
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
e such as the voltage of a battery. Typical voltage values for DC fans are 5V, 1
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
2V, 24V and 48V. In contrast, the alternating current fans, or AC fans, are po
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
DC MOBILE CHARGER i i
Jani2020 Pagei14
A Mobile Battery Charger, is a type of power supply called Switched Mode Power Suppl
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
y. It provides a Constant Voltage (CV) and a Constant Current (CC) to the Battery, provi
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ding it with the energy required to charge it. Generally, the Voltage is 5V DC, and the Cu
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
rrent is 0.5 A or 1 A. i i i i i i
A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. .
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
.. For example, a regulated power supply is one that maintains constant output ... char
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
The charging protocol (how much voltage or current for how long, and what to do whe
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
n charging is complete, for instance) depends on the size and type of the battery being
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
charged. Some battery types have high tolerance for overcharging (i.e., continued cha
i i i i i i i i i i i
rging after the battery has been fully charged) and can be recharged by connection to a
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
constant voltage source or a constant current source, depending on battery type. Sim
i i i i i i i i i i i i
ple chargers of this type must be manually disconnected at the end of the charge cycle,
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
and some battery types absolutely require, or may use a timer, to cut off charging curre
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
nt at some fixed time, approximately when charging is complete. Other battery types c
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
charging, being damaged (reduced capacity, reduced lifetime), over heating or even e
i i i i i i i i i i i
xploding.
Types of Batteries i i
Jani2020 Pagei15
Batteries are basically classified into 2 types:
i i i i i i
Non-Rechargeable Batteries i
These are basically considered as primary batteries because they can be used only onc
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
e. These batteries cannot be recharged and used again. Let’s see about the regular, dai
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Zn) and Manganese dioxide (MnO2), as the electrolyte used in it is potassium hydrox
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ide which is purely an alkaline substance the battery is named as alkaline battery hav
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Advantages:
4. Small in size. i i
5. Highly efficient. i
7. Leakage is low. i i
Jani2020 Pagei16
Disadvantages:
1. Cost is a bit high. Except it everything is an advantage.
i i i i i i i i i i
Applications:
It can used in torches, remotes, wall clocks, small portable gadgets etc.
i i i i i i i i i i i
___________________________________________________________________
Rechargeable Batteries i
These are generally called as secondary batteries which can be recharged and can be r
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
eused. Though the cost is high, but they can be recharged and reused and can have a hu
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Lead-acid batteries i
It consists of lead-
i i i
acid which is very cheap and seen mostly in cars and vehicles to power the lighting syst
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ems in it. These are more preferable in the products where the size/space and weight d
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
oesn’t matter. These comes with the nominal voltage starting 2V to24V and most com
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
monly seen as 2V, 6V, 12V and 24V batteries. It has Power density of 7 Wh/Kg.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Advantages:
1. Cheap in cost i i
2. Easily rechargeable i
Disadvantages:
Jani2020 Pagei17
1. Very heavy
i
Applications:
Used in cars, UPS (uninterrupted Power Supply), robotics, heavy machinery etc..
i i i i i i i i i i
CHAPTER NO: 03
i i
Methodology
Jani2020 Pagei18
In order to efficiently test a power supply unit’s electrical performance we must first b
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
e able to deliver specific load quantities. Simply connecting a PSU to a PC doesn’t repro
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
duce reliable, repeatable results as the load varies depending on the system state. It is
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
also near impossible to gather accurate voltage readings from bundled software or th
i i i i i i i i i i i i
e BIOS. i
At Hardware Heaven we strive to provide you with useful and thorough reviews and fo
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
r that reason in 2011 we built a custom power supply testing station which allows us to
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
efficiently analyses any consumer and industrial AC to DC power supply unit available.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
In DEC 2019 this testing unit went through a small refresh, bringing it up to the standar
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
d required to test the latest PSUs more effectively, increasing reliability and accuracy a
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
t the same time. In addition to this the PSU testing station was also built into a closed en
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
red temperature probes, industry standard PSU testers, power meters, Mastic PC soft
i i i i i i i i i i i
ware and an oscilloscope which ensure we can effectively measure each aspect of a pr
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Starting in DEC 2019 we have streamlined some of the results we publish and added ot
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
hers, aiming to make them clearer and more useful to those reading. Should you wish t
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
o see any additions or omissions in future reviews, please drop by our forums via the di
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
scuss link above to give your input on why you find a particular aspect useful/useless.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Construction
In this project, we will show how to build a simple DC power supply, which can be used t
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
A constant current power supply consists of a DC power source that drives a series pass
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
transistor which is controlled by a high gain op amp. ... In a constant current supply, the
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Jani2020 Pagei19
output common is at a slightly different potential than the DC power source negative t
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
A constant current source is a power source which provides a constant current to a loa
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
d, even despite changes and variance in load resistance. ... This comes in use when a cir
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
cuit needs a steady current supply, without fluctuations. The graph below represents t
i i i i i i i i i i i i
Conclusion
For many, power supplies are unfortunately still not considered an important compon
i i i i i i i i i i i
ent, but this attitude is definitively a mistake. Power supplies deliver the voltage to eac
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
h and every single component in the PC and make them work. It is the heart of the syste
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
m and the provided electricity works like blood in the human body. If the delivered elec
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Jani2020 Pagei20
tricity is faulty or unstable it can ruin even the greatest high-end rig instantly.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
s and we will do our part from now on to deliver the necessary tests. In addition we will
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
explore the manufacturers themselves; good quality starts with a good engineering te
i i i i i i i i i i i
am that develops upcoming power supplies. We will visit the offices and factories of th
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
When testing power supplies we will pay attention to important aspects of the units. It
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
begins with the design of the PCB and the components used. A power supply might loo
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
k very good from the outside but the build quality and structure inside could be just rub
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
bish. To help determine the quality of these aspects of a power supply, we will open the
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
test units and analyze the structure and important components on it. These days, pow
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
he components that are used. As we will see in the various reviews, better component
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
PCs often play an integral role in today's households. To make having them around mo
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
any noise pollution from the PC. By looking at the temperature of the heatsinks and th
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
e exhausted air and by checking the fan speed, we can get a better idea of what design d
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ecisions have been made in regards to reducing noise, as well as whether or not the des
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ign decisions are effective. Nothing is worse than a noisy power supply that still gets ho
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
t!
As a final thought, our tests are based on today's applications and circumstances, but
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
we will also be pushing power supplies to their limits. If a power supply fails during testi
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ng, that doesn't necessarily mean it's a truly bad design. Failures can occur for a variety
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
of reasons, and we will be sure to provide a detailed explanation of any failures, why th
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ey happen, and what they mean in the broader view of things. For example, we may se
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
e a few PSUs that perform extremely well, provided you don't exceed certain loads on s
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Jani2020 Pagei21
Now that we have introduced our test equipment all that remains is to commence the
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
actual testing and publication of results. Of course, that's not the end of the story, and
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
we will be able to build opinions that will shape our future testing. We took a great deal
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
of time planning, developing, and building our power supply test lab and we are sure it
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
will do what it was built for: to deliver the most accurate and meaningful results possibl
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Results i
% charger
i Flooded- lead acid i i Gel i Agm i
Jani2020 Pagei22
75 12.40 12.65 12.80
Reference
1. http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/
2. http://ns-t.com/en/technology/technology01.html
3. https://www.google.com/search?q=dc+mobile+charger+diagram&sxsrf=ACYBGNQ5s2E3gzntyT9
6Bz7gEh2DYT1ACw:1578495910627&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj00qDAo_T
mAhUusaQKHUqWBywQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1280&bih=561#imgrc=IAWnbn_vp6leLM:
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)
5. https://www.google.com/search?biw=1280&bih=561&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNSm4BefN-
EuNY28a7CijNfhn7UUEw%3A1578490757853&sa=1&ei=hdsVXpjoM_qBi-
gP3vWFyAE&q=led+lights+of+dc+power+supply+diagram&oq=led+lights+of+dc+power+supply+
diagram&gs_l=img.3...3283.11502..12638...0.0..0.683.6072.2-6j7j2j2......0....1..gws-wiz-
Jani2020 Pagei23
img.......35i39.EBs8IB95O2E&ved=0ahUKEwjYvpynkPTmAhX6wAIHHd56ARkQ4dUDCAc&uact=5#
imgrc=Ma2wkijrNwaf0M:
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply
7. https://components101.com/articles/different-types-of-batteries-and-their-uses
8. http://www.comairrotron.com/brushless-dc-fans
9. https://www.miun.se/siteassets/forskning/center-och-
institut/stc/abstracts/2012_licentiate_abdul-majid.pdf
10.https://www.google.com/search?biw=1280&bih=561&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNQwWAKVRZbGI
TXYEnFrcZgm22AuBQ%3A1578489623472&sa=1&ei=F9cVXu26HJWk1fAPrYqQoAo&q=dc+powe
r+supply+Programmable+digaram%27&oq=dc+power+supply+Programmable+digaram%27&gs_
l=img.3...2880.4837..6099...0.0..0.430.3017.2-9j1j1......0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......35i39j0i8i30.svNMfgqESo8&ved=0ahUKEwitoqeKjPTmAhUVUhUIHS0FBKQQ4dUDCAc&u
act=5#imgrc=_
Jani2020 Pagei24