Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
iv
v
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT By
Department of Pre-University Education, Bangalore
The Department offers special thanks to the Authors of the Accountancy Book
who have created a valuable Text book with their innovative knowledge, thereby the
book becomes relevant to present day needs.
The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and
teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue
imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and
freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed
on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination
is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored.
Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as
participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.
CHIEF ADVISOR
R.K. Grover, Professor, (Retd.), School of Management Studies, IGNOU, New Delhi
MEMBERS
Ashwini Kumar Kala, PGT Committee, Hiralal Jain Senior Secondary School, Sadar
Bazar, Delhi.
Ishwar Chand, PGT Commerce, Government Sarvodaya Bal Vidyalaya, West Patel
Nagar, New Delhi.
P.K. Gupta, Reader, Department of Management Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New
Delhi.
x
Rajesh Bansal, PGT Commerce, Rohtagi A.V. Senior Secondary School, Nai
Sarak,Delhi.
Savita Shangari, PGT Commerce, Gyan Bharati School, Saket, New Delhi.
Shiv Juneja, PGT Commerce, Nirankari Boys Senior Secondary School, Paharganj,
Delhi.
Sushil Kumar, PGT Commerce, Government Sarvodaya Bal Vidyalaya, Kailash Puri,
Delhi.
MEMBER-COORDINATOR
The National Council of Educational Research and Training acknowledges the valuable
contributions of the Textbook Development Committee which took considerable pains
in the development and review of manuscript as well.
Special thanks are due to Savita Sinha, Professor and Head, Department of
Education in Social Sciences and Humanities, NCERT for her support, during the
development of this book.
(Contents)
(Introduction to Accounting) : 1-22
(Meaning of Accounting) 1
(Accounting as a source of Information) 6
(Objectives of Accounting) 10
(Role of Accounting) 13
(Basis Terms in Accounting) 14
- I (Recording Transactions - I) : 46-102
46
(Business Transactions and Source Document)
(Accounting Equation) 50
(Using Debit and Credit) 52
(Books of Original Entry) 62
(The Ledger) 72
(Posting from Journal) 76
xiii
: 204-253
(Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors) :
(Meaning of Trial Balance) 204
(Objectives of Preparing the Trial Balance) 205
(Preparation of Trial Balance) 208
214
(Significance of Agreement of Trial Balance)
(Searching of Errors) 216
(Rectification of Errors) 217
: 254-311
(Depreciation, Provisions and Reserves) :
(Depreciation) 254
(Depreciation and other Similar Terms) 258
(Causes of Depreciation) 258
xiv
AICPA
•
•
•
•
(History and Development of Accounting):
(Debit) (Credit)
(Credit)
(Economic Events)
(Organisation)
(Interested Users of Information)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
–
(Management Accounting)
(Qualitative characteristics of Accounting Information)
3
(Branches of Accounting)
(Financial Accounting)
(Cost Accounting)
(Management Accounting)
(Relevance)
(Understandability) :
(Comparability) :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(Business Transactions)
(Liabilities)
(Capital) :
(Sales)
(Revenues) :
(Expenses) :
(Expenditure) :
Revenue Expenditure)
Capital Expenditure
(Profit)
(Gain) :
(Loss) :
(Discount) :
(Voucher) :
(Goods) :
(Purchases)
(Stock) :
(Creditor)
(Debtor)
(Summary with reference to Learning Objectives)
Checklist to Test Your Understanding
Hints to ‘Let’s Do It’
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(Summary with reference to Learning Objectives)
Checklist to Test Your Understanding
(Recording of Transactions - 1)
(Learning Objectives) :
(Business
Transaction & Source Document) :
(Aspects)
(Aspects)
(Voucher)
(Voucher)
(Preparation of Accounting Vouchers) :
(Complex)
(Accounting Equation)
(A = L + C)
(A = Assets)
(L = Liabilities)
(C = Capital)
(A- L = C) (A - C = L)
(Balance Sheet)
A = L + C /
T
T Debit Dr.Credit
Cr.
(The summary of effects of transactions on accounting equations is in the following analysis table)
T
(Rules of Debit and Credit)
abcde)
(i)
(ii)
(i)
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III
Fee
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First entry)
Book of second entry)
Journalising
Posting
Classification of Ledger Accounts
Balanced
carried forward
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debit
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(c) (d)
(Mechanism)
(Numerical Questions)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
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(a)
(b)
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(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)(written off)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(i)
(ii)
Checklist to Test Your Understanding
I
(iii),
(No)(ii)
II
III
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a)
IV
V
1 (iv) 2 (i) 3 (i) 4 (ii) 5 (iii) 6 (iv) 7 (iv) 8 (iv) 9 (iii)
II
Recording of Tranasactions-II
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Sales Returns Book (Journal)
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(ii)
(Journal Proper) :
a)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
b)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
c)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
d)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
e)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
f)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
g)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
h)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
i)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
(Balancing the Accounts) :
’
(brought down)
i)
ii)
i)
ii)
iii)
i)
ii)
iii)
i)
ii)
i)
ii)
i)
i)
ii)
iii)
i)
ii)
i)
ii)
i)
i)
Purchase (Journal) Book
Purchases Returns (Journal) Book
Sales Returns (Journal) Book
Journal Proper
(Cash Book)
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
(Numerical Questions)
(Cash sales)
(Petty Cash Book)
(Subsidiary Books)
Checklist to Test Your Understanding
I
II
xxx
xxx
xxx xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxxxx xxxxx
CLG
CLG
CLG
CLG
ICICI
CLG
CLG
CLG
CLG
Timing Differences
a
b
(Clearing)
c
d
e
f
( Standing Instructions)
g
a
b
I
1.
M/S. XYZ
II
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii) overdraft
(ix)
(x)
a
b
deposits
a
(i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
b
overdraft
Dr. OD
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
II
a b
c d
a b
c d
a b
c d
a b
c d
a b
c d
a
b
c d
No funds available
a
b
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
←
←
Exhibit - 1
Exhibit - 2
SO
Exhibit - 1
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
DD Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
- 2
Exhibit - 2
update
i
ii
updateExhibit 3
Dark
- 3
update the balance
Exhibit - 3
update
(- 1
update
X Y Z
V. S.
S. K.
E M. D.
IBP
- 1
Cr
Cr
X Y ZDD Cr
Cr
V. S. Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
N. P.SO Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
SO Cr
- 2
III
(Summary with reference to Learning Objectives)
(Numerical Questions)
Favourable balance of cash book and pass book
i
ii
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iv
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
c
a
b
c
d
e
a
b
c
d
i
ii
iii
Overdraft
i
ii
iii
iv)
(v)
(vi)
Unfavourable balance of the passbook :
i
ii
iii
iv
v
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
i
ii
iii
iv
update
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
DD Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
update
I
D J
DD
J.
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
D.BGC Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
DD Cr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
I
I
II i ii iii iv v
vi vii viii ix x
II
b c a a c b
III
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•
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i iiiii
i
ii
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• (Errors of Commission)
• (Errors of Omission)
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• (Compensating Errors)
•
•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
i
ii
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v
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i
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i
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vi
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i
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v
vi
vii
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
i
ii)
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
(Numerical Questions)
Checklist to Test Your Understanding
Checklist to Test Your Understanding
(Meaning of Depreciation )
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(historical cost)
(i)
(ii)
(Features of Depreciation)
(Do it Yourself)
(Depreciation and other Similar Terms)
(Depletion)
(Amortisation)
(Causes of Depreciation)
(AS)
(Wear and Tear due to Use or Passage of Time)
(Obsolescence)
•
•
•
•
(Abnormal Factors)
I
(Depletion)
(Amortisation)
(Need for Depreciation)
(GAAPs)
II
(Factors Affecting the Amount of Depreciation) :
(Straight Line Method)
(Scrap)
x 100
=
i x
i
x
•
•
•
•
•
•
(Written Down Value Method)
R =1-n s x 100
c
R =
n =
s =
c =
50,000
R = 1 - 16 x 100 = [1-0.834] x 100 = 16.6%
9,00,000
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(Straight Line Method and Written Down Method : A Comparative Analysis)
(Charge)
(Scrap)
-III
(Methods of Recording Depreciation)
•
•
(Charging Depreciation to Asset Account)
(Creating Provision for Depreciation / Accumulated Depreciation Account)
•
•
(Illustration)
(Salvage)
i)
ii)
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Checklist to Test Your Understanding
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Checklist to Test Your Understanding
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