1

 PART OF SPEECH
 Verb (Kata kerja):
 V1 : get
 V2 : got
 V3 : got/gotten
 Vs/es : gets
 Ving : getting
 To V1 : to get
 Noun (Kata benda):
table, chair, man, woman, human, cat, bird, etc
 Adjective (Kata sifat):
smart, brave, rich, pretty, handsome, hot, fast, etc
 Adverb (Kata Keterangan):
quickly, really, America (as adverb of place), tomorrow (as adverb of time)
 Clause (Klausa):
WH question + SV (where she lives, when he come, what I mean, etc)
 Phrase (Frase):
in the bag, under the chair, on the table, etc
 Look at the word in bold. Which part of speech is it?
1. Remember to drive safely.
2. Don’t talk like that.
3. This is a pretty vase.
4. Let’s do it.
5. The cat is on the table.
6. New York is a big city.
7. I want the blue ball.
8. We finished it yesterday.

 WORD FORMATION

Indonesia Mobil merah

(noun) (Adj) DM
English Red car
(Adj) (Noun) MD
Car red

 Translate in a good English

1. Anjing hitam 6. Kerja keras
2. Cepat sekali 7. Pengantin baru
3. Cukup mahal 8. Soal pertama
4. Rumah pasir 9. Otak kiri
5. Tidak cukup kuat 10. Meja Bundar
 2

6.
 REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC
PRONOUNS

Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive

Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
You You Your Yours Yourselves

 THE USE OF V1
Can Ought to  My friend must be calling now
Could Shall  My friend must have called
Had better Should last night
May Will
Might Would
Must Would rather

+ V1
Demand Propose  Passive : be + v3
Suggest It is important  It is important that they be told
Insist It is necessary
the truth
Recommend It is essential + that
Request It is vital
Advise It is imperative
Ask
Have & make*  S + have / get + complement
Get* + To V1
+ V3
 Gery got the floor cleaned

 ANTICIPATORY IT
 It is believed
 It is hypothesized
 It is known
 It is said
 It is thought
 It is true
 3

 It is written
 It is V3/adj + that + SV*
It is believed that all mammals experience dreams

(Avoid using an –ing form, a noun, or an infinitive instead of a subject and verb after an
anticipatory it clause.)
 4

Exercise 1

1. Parent had better _____ their daughter and 7. It is suggested that you _____ at campus.
A. do not smoke
sons in discussing and solving household
B. not to smoke
problem. C. not smoke
A. involve D. no smoke
B. involving 8. Although the hotel they stay in is _____ they
C. involvement
still feel uncomfortable due to the server
D. involved
2. Without a vehicle, drivers often became noise of the traffic.
A. luxuriously enough
sluggish and _____ mental concentration
B. enough luxury
was limited. C. luxurious enough
A. they D. enough luxurious
B. theirs 9. The secretary had her assistant _____ her in a
C. them
meeting.
D. their
A. to substitute
3. It is essential that all students _____on
B. substituting
time during final test. C. substituted
A. came D. substitute
B. comes 10. Sports medicine experts agree that ice should
C. come
be applied immediately when an athlete
D. had come
4. The professor made his students _____ our suffers an injury to _____ leg.
A. its
paper assignments on the day prior to the
B. the
final exam. C. an
A. submitting D. his
B. submit 11. Mr. Moore gets Clara _____ letters every
C. submitted
afternoon.
D. to submit
A. typing
5. Students had better _____ their study
B. type
problem with their peers. C. to type
A. discuss D. types
B. discusses 12. Dora makes her friends _____ the song in the
C. discussed
Independence Day celebration.
D. to discuss
A. performs
6. Eohippus had four toes on _____ front feet
B. perform
and three on the rear. C. performing
A. their D. to perform
B. them
 5

C. its
D. it

13. The theory of Continental Drift assumes 15. The policemen ordered the suspect not to
that there _____ long term climatic remove _____ from the hood of the car.
A. their hands
changes in many areas during the past.
B. his hands
A. must have been
C. them hands
B. must be
D. him hands
C. must have
D. must
14. The speaker is getting the audience _____
to his speech.
A. listen
B. listening
C. listened
D. to listen

16. They enjoyed theirself a lot at the cocktail party.

A B C D
17. We insist that they leaving the meeting before any outbursts take place.
A B C
18. John had better finished the report before he goes fishing.
A B C
19. The coach asked that each player practicing twice each day together with their team
mates.
A B C D
20. The teacher had the students not to move the chairs during the test.
A B C D
21. The local government plans to cut their budget for recreation.
A B C D
22. You had better parked your car in the parking lot because it is much more secure than
under the trees.
A B C D
23. A person as young as herself should not be given too much responsibility.
A B C D
24. The tourist were not enough lucky to see the main attraction because of the rain.
A B C D
25. This room is enough big for all of us whose weight is less than 55 kilograms each.
A B C D
 6

26. Getting to know students from all over the world is one of the best parts of me job.
A B C D
27. Animals like frog have waterproof skin that prevents they from drying out quickly in air,
sun or wind.
A B C D
28. A special prize will given to the person who will help us find the culprit.
A B C D
29. Christopher and me want to travel to the Far East some day.
A B C D
30. Lina had her package be sent from Bandung last week.
A B C D
31. Plans must having sunlight in order to make food.
A B C D
32. The police officer had the suspect to fill the form.
A B C D
33. The instructor recommended that everyone takes the placement test.
A B C D
34. It is urgent that the committee will study the proposals before making a decision.
A B C D
35. The great apes, a generally peaceful species, would rather lived in groups.
A B C D
36. Before my parent went home, she had bought me some food.
A B C D
37. The rules say that you must to bring along your identity card to the examination hall.
A B C D
38. My boss made me worked overtime every day last week.
A B C D
39. Christine demanded that I am allowed to take part in the negotiations.
A B C D
40. The company has so little money that they cannot hardly operate anymore.
A B C D
 7

 TENSES (ACTIVE & PASSIVE)

 ACTIVE :S+V
 PASSIVE : TO BE + V3

To be includes: am, is, are, was, were, be, being & been.

No Tense Pattern Time Signal

1 Simple Present
2 Simple Past
3 Present Perfect
4 Past Perfect
5 Present Continuous
6 Simple Future
S + V1/Vs/Ves + … Every, always, usually, seldom,
often, etc
S + V2 + … Last, ago, yesterday, in 2005, etc
S + has/have + V3 + … Already, ever, just, not yet, so far,
up to now, since, etc
S + had + V3 + before + S + V2 + … Before
S + is/am/are + Ving + … Now, right now, at the moment,
etc
S + will + V1 + … Next, tomorrow, in 2015, etc

No Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

1 Simple Present
2 Simple Past
3 Present Perfect
4 Past Perfect
5 Present Continuous
Simple Future &
6
Modal
He kicks a ball
He kicked a ball
He has kicked a ball
He had kicked a ball
He is kicking a ball
He will kick a ball
He must kick a ball
A ball is kicked by him
A ball was kicked by him
A ball has been kicked by him
A ball had been kicked by him
A ball is being kicked by him
A ball will be kicked by him
A ball must be kicked by him

 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT

 USING EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY (BE AS VERB)

 Some of + singular noun + singular verb  Some of the book is good.

 Some of + plural noun + plural verb  Some of the books are good.
 A lot of the equipment is new.
 A lot of my friends are here.
EXCEPTION  One of my friends is here.
 8

one of, each of, every one of take singular verb.  Each of my friends is here.
 Every one of my friends is here.
 one of, each of, every one of + plural noun +
singular verb

Subjects with none of are considered singular in  None of the boys is here.
 None of the boys are here. (informal)
very formal English, but plural verbs are often used
in informal speech and writing.
The number is the subject. A number of is an
The number of students in the class is fifteen.
expression of quantity, meaning “a lot of”. It is
A number of students were late for class.
followed by a plural noun and a plural verb.

* USING MAIN VERB

 The student always borrows the book.

 The students always borrow the book.
Ss + V  The book has a good story  V (Vbase, have, are, were)
S + Vs  The books have a good story.  Vs (Vs/es, has, is, was)
 The child usually sleeps at 9 am.
 The children usually sleep at 9 am.

* SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT: SOME IRREGULARIES

(a) The news is interesting

Note : fields of study, as in (b), that end
is –ics take singular verb
Expression of time, money and distance
usually take a singular verb.
(b) Mathematics is easy for her. Physics is easy for her,
too.
(c) The United Nations has its headquarters in New
York City.
(d) Eight hours of sleep is enough.
(e) Ten dollars is too much too pay.
(f)Five thousand miles is too far to travel.

SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE

There and here introduce verb-subject order. The verb agrees with the subject following it.
 9

There Verb Subject

a lot of people in
There are
the park.

Here Verb Subject

The result of the
Here is
discussion.

Avoid using a verb that does not agree with the subject.
 10

Exercise 2
1. We arrived at the store to purchase the 7. In the ocean, _____ more salt in the deeper
dishwasher which _____ in the local water.
A. is there
newspaper.
B. it may be
A. has been advertised
C. there is
B. have been advertised
D. it is
C. had been advertised
D. is advertised
8. Before the Angles and Saxons _____ to
2. Political demonstrations on American
England, the Ibarians had lived there.
campuses have abated _____
A. came
A. after 1970
B. comes
B. in 1970
C. had come
C. for 1970
D. has come
D. since 1970
9. Somebody _____ entered the house while
3. About half of the children in America must
we were away.
_____ in single parent homes.
A. must have
A. grow up
B. ought to have
B. growing up
C. would have
C. to grow up
D. should have
D. have grown up
10. A great deal of property _____ by
4. These contracts _____ by the manager in the
hurricanes each year.
next meeting.
A. is destroyed
A. should be signed
B. was destroyed
B. was signed
C. destroyed
C. is signed
D. destroy
D. signed
11. The principal always has the students _____
5. Doctoral students who are preparing to take
the school rules.
their qualifying examinations have been
A. obey
studying in the library every night _____ the B. to obey
C. obeying
last three months.
D. obeyed
A. since
12. People who have very little technical
B. until
C. before background have _____ to understand
D. after
computer language.
6. It is advised that you _____ the prerequisites
A. learn
before registering for this course. B. learning
A. takes C. learned
B. took D. learns
 11

C. take
D. to take

13. The new government will have the budget of 15. Next week, some new equipment _____
education _____. by the company to increase the production.
A. increased A. will be ordered
B. increase B. was ordered
C. to increase C. is ordered
D. increasing D. ordered
14. Cupid, one of the ancient Roman gods, _____.
A. were a little winged child
B. representing as a little winged child
C. was represented as a little winged child
D. a little winged child

16. The house were renovated by some workers several weeks ago.
A B C D
17. Before she died, Andrew lackson’s daughter, who lives in the family mansion, used to
take tourists
A B C
through her home.
D
18. Although Barney Clark lived only a few months with that artificial heart, doctors were
able to learn a
A B
great deal from him having used it.
C D
19. Work is often measure in units called foot pounds.
A B C D
20. Aging in most animals can be readily modified when they will limit caloric intake.
A B C D
21. Although the police has taken every precaution, the robber managed to escape.
A B C D
22. The worker was fired by the chemical company because her refused to work with certain
dangerous
A B C D
chemicals.

23. In the ionosphere, gases have been partly ionize for high frequency radiation from the
sun and other
 12

A B C D
sources.

24. Father will have the mechanic repaired my car before I use it tomorrow.
A B C D
25. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in All Star game.
A B C D
26. All the participants of the seminar have been informing by the committee.
A B C D
27. Before dinosaurs became extinct, plant life is very different on earth.
A B C D
28. When Columbus seen the new world, he thought that he had reached the East Indies by
way of a
A B C D
Western route.

29. A mosquito’s wings move about one hundred times per second, them wing movement is
the sound we
A B C
hear when a mosquito is humming in our ears.
D
30. He is sent an e-mail last week to inform him about the new schedule.
A B C D
31. Sheep must have mate in fall since the young are born in early spring every year.
A B C D
32. We should have been informed Janis about the change in plans regarding our weekend
trip to the
A B C D
mountains.

33. His motor cycle is hit by a car when he was going home from school.
A B C D
34. The young patient was visited by his relatives and friends every day.
A B C D
35. The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file, is among
the best in the
A B C D
country.

36. Several pets, two dogs and a cat, need to be taken care of while we are gone.
A B C D
37. The popularity of soccer in the United States were increased significantly by the playing
of the World
 13

A B C
Cup in cities throughout the country in 1994.
D
38. A thunderhead, dense cloud that rise high in the sky in huge columns, produce hail, rain,
or snow.
A B C D
39. Not one is one hundred children exposed to the disease are likely to develop symptoms
of it.
A B C D
40. The students’ mastery of each subject is measure by the formal test.
A B C D
 14

 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Type Pattern Example

will
can If + subject + V1 …. + + V1 If I have enough money, I will buy a car
1
would
couldIf + subject + V2 …. + + V1 If I had enough money, I would buy a car
2
would
If I had had enough money, I would have
couldIf +subject + had V3 …. + + V3
bought a car
3

 COMPARISON

No Type Pattern Example

1
Exact comparison
N + is + the same as + N This bag is the same as that bag
 The same as
NN + are + the same This bag and that bag are the same
 The same

2 General similarity
N + is + like + N This bag is like that bag
/difference
NN + are + alike This bag and that bag are alike
 Like
 Alike N + is + different from + N This bag is different from that bag
 Different from

No Type Pattern Example

 My bag is
Comparative cheaper than your bag
1. N + is + (more + adj/adv + than + N
(more/er)  My bag is
more expensive than your bag
2. Superlative N + is + the + (most + adj/adv + est)  My bag is
(most/est) cheapest one
 My bag is the
 15

most expensive off all

The (more + adj/adv + er) + S V + The hotter it is the more miserable I
3. Double Comp
the (more + adj/adv + er) + S V feel

* er & est
 1 syll (big – bigger – biggest)
 2 syll ended –y (busy – busier – busiest)

* more & most

 2 syll not ended –y (stupid – more stupid – most stupid)
 2 syll (expensive – more expensive – most expensive)
 16

Exercise 3
1. Although they are smaller chipmunks are 8. If humans were deprived of sleep, they___
___ most other ground squirrels. hallucinations, anxiety, coma, and eventually
a. like to
death.
b. like with
a. would experience
c. like as
b. would have experienced
d. like
c. experience
2. If water is heated to 212 degrees F ___ as
d. had experienced
team. 9. The greater the demand, ___ the prince.
a. it will boil and escape a. higher
b. it is boiling and escaping b. high
c. it boils and escapes c. the higher
d. it would boil and escape d. the high
3. A nursery school is___ a day care center. 10. If football team play in the Superbowl
a. different from
Championship, ___ either the National or the
b. different than
c. different American Conference.
d. different as a. they win
4. If American are fewer foods with sugar and b. they win
c. they will win
salt, their general health ___ better.
d. they have won
a. be
11. The teacher gave Mike a failing grade on term
b. is
c. will be paper because it was ___ Ardian’s.
d. would be a. the same as
5. The bill which we received was___ than the b. the same with
c. same like
estimate.
d. the same with
a. more higher
12. If I had known her address, I___ her.
b. higher
a. could see
c. the higher
b. would have visited
d. more higher
c. would visit
6. According to some historians, if Napoleon
d. will visit
had not invaded Russia, he ___ the rest of 13. The main library has ___ one volumes.
a. more as
Europe.
b. more than
a. had conquered
c. most than
b. would conquer
d. least than
c. would have conquered
14. Each of the team members had ___ uniform.
d. conquered
a. its
7. The groom, together with his parents, ___
b. their
the guest. c. her
a. is greeting d. his
b. have greeted
 17

c. are greeting
d. were greeting
15. If you ___ the plant in a cooler location, the
leaves would not have burned.
a. had set
b. has set
c. have set
d. set

16. When two products are basically the same as advertising can influence the public’s
choise.
A B C D
17. My grandmother’s health has improve after she gave up eating meat.
A B C D
18. We would have bought a new car if we have had a lot of money.
A B C D
19. The first living structure to appear on earth thousands of years ago were alike viruses.
A B C D
20. Although business practices have been applied successfully to agriculture, farming is
different other
A B C D
industries.
21. If you start doing it now, you might finished it in time.
A B C D
22. All my friends admires my brother because he is tall and good-looking.
A B C D
23. The books for my engineering course are expensive than the books for my other courses.
A B C D
24. If you don’t register before the last day of regular registration, you paying a late fee.
A B C D
25. Although there are a number of interesting findings, a most significant results are in the
abstract.
A B C D
26. If we were to consider all of the different kinds of motion in discussing the movement of
an object, it is
A
B
very confusing, because even an object at rest is moving as the earth turns.
C D
27. The emperor demanded that the thief is brought before him.
A B C D
28. You not must tell this to anyone; it’s a secret between you and me.
A B C D
29. The rules say that you must bringing along your identity card to the examination hall.
 18

A B C D
30. Boys can become Cub Scouts if they completed the second grade.
A B C D
31. Every winter Simon and me get together to look at each other’s drawing.
A B C D
32. If dinosaurs would have continued roaming the earth, man would have evolved quite
differently.
A B C D
33. If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur.
A B C D
34. The climate here is more milder than that of New England.
A B C D
35. If you sat in that position for too long, you may get a cram in your leg.
A B C D
36. The more important theorem of all in plane geometry is the Phythagorean Theorem.
A B C D
37. The students have ordered to leave the building immediately by the teachers.
A B C D
38. The woman left their earrings at home, so she wasn’t wearing them.
A B C D
39. The commission recommended that the minister resigns as soon as he gets back from his
vacation.
A B C D
40. The president had the reporters waits outside the conference room.
A B C D
 19

 CONJUNCTION

* Because of + Noun/Noun Phrase

They decided to stay at home because of the weather
They decided to stay at home because of the bad weather

* Because + SV
They decided to stay at home because the weather was bad

* Despite and in spite of have the same meaning.

 Despite : Despite his denial we knew that he was guilty
 In Spite of : In spite of his denial we knew that he was guilty

 PARALLEL STRUCTURE
 Verb  Verb
 V1  V1 1. Steve and his friend are
 V2  V2
coming to dinner.
 V3  V3
2. These shoes are old but
 Vs/es  Vs/es
 Ving and or  Ving comfortable.
 To V1 but  To V1 3. They must put the book on
 Noun  Noun
the table or under the chair.
 Adjective  Adjective
4. We know where he went and
 Adverb  Adverb
 Clause  Clause what he did
 Phrase  Phrase

 Verb  Verb
Both  V1 and  V1 1. Both my brother and my
 V2  V2 sister are doctors
 V3  V3 2. Neither Paul nor Linda lives
 Vs/es  Vs/es
 Ving  Ving in New York
Not only  To V1 but also  To V1 3. You can either sit there or
 Noun  Noun wait here
 Adjective  Adjective 4. Jane went to the post office
 Adverb  Adverb
 Clause  Clause not only to buy stamps but
Neither nor
 Phrase  Phrase also to send letters
 20

Either or
 21

Exercise 4

1. Both historically and ___, Ontario is the 7. North Carolina is well known not only for the
heartland of Canada. Great Smoky Mountains National Park ___ for
a. in its geography
b. geographically the Cherokee Indian settlements.
c. also its geography a. also
d. geography b. and
2. He knows where she lives and ___ c. but also
a. what she does d. because of
b. her address 8. To generate income, magazine publishers
c. she does must decide whether to increase the
d. her job
3. ___ his good performance as a student, he is subscription price or ___
a. to sell advertising
always nervous when doing exam. b. selling advertising
a. unless c. if they should sell advertising
b. despite d. sold advertising
c. even though 9. The chief of police demanded from his
d. although
4. Peter is not reading a novel but ___ assistants an orderly investigation, a well-
a. to wait her written report, and ___
b. writing a letter a. that they work hard
c. type of report b. hard work
d. wash his car c. working hard
5. A vacuum will neither conduct heat nor ___ d. work hard
a. transmit sound waves 10. ___ under Chief Tecumseh, the Shawnees
b. transmitting sound waves
c. sound waves are transmitted lost most of their lands to whites and were
d. the transmission of sound waves moved into territories.
6. ___ in the cultivation of a forest, trees, need a. despite of resistance
more than careful planning than any other b. in spite of resistance
c. although resistance
crop does. d. in spite resistance
a. Because the time and area involved
b. For the time and area involving
c. Because of the time and area involved
d. As a cause of the time and area involved

11.The essay which Paul wrote is rather short but impressively.

A B C D
 22

12. They want to know where she went and did two days ago.
A B C D
 23

13. Many roads and railroads were built in the 1880s because of the industrial cities needed
a network
A B C
to link them with sources of supply.
D
14. Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite of their disagreement.
A B C D
15. My friend is interested not in books but in watching films.
A B C D
16. The books and the magazine might be the bag or under the chair.
A B C D
17. Both Linda or Mary usually go to the cinema on Saturdays.
A B C D
18. Despite of the Taft-Hartley Act which forbids unfair union practices some unions such
as the air
A B C
traffic controllers have voted to strike even though this action might endanger the national security.
D
19. They can go there either at the end of July or they can go there at the end of August.
A B C D
20. The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail, blinking its eyes, and barked.
A B C D
21. Despite of the fact that backgammon is easy to learn, it is as difficult to play as chess.
A B C D