Grade: 9 - 12 CCSS, NGSS

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302)

Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab
Department of Mechanical Engineering
DHA Suffa University

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 1

Fluid Mechanics

Finite Control Volume Analysis

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 2

Learning Objectives

Biological Sciences
 Select an appropriate finite control volume to solve a fluid mechanics problem.
Specific Wright

 Apply conservation of mass and energy and Newton’s second law of motion to the contents of a
finite control volume to get important answers.
Absolute Pressure, P
 Know how velocity changes and energy transfers in fluid flows are related to forces.

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 3

Terminology
System
A system is a collection of matter of fixed identity (always the same atoms or fluid particles),
which may move, flow, and interact with its surroundings
Control Volume
A control volume, on the other hand, is a volume in space (a geometric entity, independent of
mass) through which fluid may flow.
Reynolds Transport Theorem Absolute Pressure, P
The Reynolds transport theorem is an analytical tool provides the relationship between the
time rate of change of an extensive property for a system and that for a control volume
Generalized form –moving system flows through fixed control volume
(more than one inlet and outlet)

𝐷𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕
= න 𝜌𝑏𝑑∀ + න 𝜌𝑏𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 4

Terminology
Generalized form –moving system flows through moving control volume
(more than one inlet and outlet)

The Reynolds transport theorem for a moving control volume

involves the relative velocity.

𝐷𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕
= න 𝜌𝑏𝑑∀ + න 𝜌𝑏𝑊. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆 Absolute Pressure, P
𝑉= Absolute velocity seen by
stationary observer

𝑊 = Relative fluid velocity seen by

observer moving with control volume

𝑉𝑐𝑣 = Velocity of control volume

V = 𝑊 + 𝑉𝑐𝑣
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 5
Fluid Mechanics

Conservation of Mass Principle

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 6

Time Rate of Change for a System and Control Volume
Example (Fluid Flows from a fire extinguisher tank
Generalized form of Reynolds Transport Theorem–moving system flows through fixed control volume
𝐷𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕
= න 𝜌𝑏𝑑∀ + න 𝜌𝑏𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
if 𝐵 = 𝑚 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 = 1
𝐷𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕
= න 𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝜌𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
Absolute Pressure, P
Basic law of Conversation of Mass suggest that the amount of mass in a system is constant. Therefore
=0
𝐷𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕
= න 𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝜌𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑡
න 𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝜌𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴 = 0 ⟹ 𝜕𝑡
න 𝜌𝑑∀ + 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 − 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 0
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑉

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 7

Conversation of Mass Principle (The Continuity Equation)
Continuity equation is a statement that mass is conserved
𝜕
න 𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝜌𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

𝜕
න 𝜌𝑑∀ + ෍ 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉

For Steady Flow

෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 0

For Steady Flow, Single inlet and outlet

𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛

𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛 න 𝜌𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉ത = 𝑚ሶ

𝐴

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 8

Problem 1 Fixed, Non-deforming Control Volume

Water flows out through a set of thin, closely spaced blades as shown in given figure with a speed of around
𝑉 = 60 𝑚/𝑠 the entire circumference of the outlet. Determine the velocity and mass flowrate through the
inlet pipe.
Solution
Using the selected volume and for a steady state condition,
From the conservation of mass principle one can write
𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛
𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛
mass flow rate
𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 ∗ 2𝜋𝑟ℎ ∗ 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜
𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1.94 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 0.6 ∗ 0.1 ∗ 10𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 3.657slugs/s
Inlet Velocity
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 /𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 3.657/(1.94 ∗ 𝜋/4 ∗ 0.082 )
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 93.755/4𝑓𝑡/𝑠
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 9
Problem 2 Moving , Non-deforming Control Volume

An airplane moves forward at a speed of 971 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 as shown in given figure. The frontal intake area of the
jet engine is 0.8 𝑚2 and the entering air density is 0.736 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . A stationary observer determines that
relative to the Earth, the jet engine exhaust gases move away from the engine with a speed of 1050 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟.
The engine exhaust area is 0.558 𝑚2 , and the exhaust gas density is 0.515 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . Estimate the mass
flowrate of fuel into the engine in 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟.

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 10

Problem 2 (Cont’d) Moving , Non-deforming Control Volume

Solution
=0 (flow to relative CV is steady)
𝜕
න 𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝜌𝑊. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

Assuming one-dimensional flow

−𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 − 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑊1 + 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑊2 = 0
V1 = 𝑊1 + 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑊2 − 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑊1 W1 = 𝑉1(𝑎𝑖𝑟) − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
W1 = 0 − −971
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 0.515 ∗ 0.558 ∗ 2021 ∗ 1000 − 0.736 ∗ 0.80 ∗ (971 ∗ 1000) W1 = 971𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 580800 − 571700 W2 = 𝑉2(𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠) − 𝑉𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

W2 = 1050 − (−971)
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 9100𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
W2 = 2021𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 11

Fluid Mechanics

Newton’s Second Law-The Linear

Momentum Equation

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 12

Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum Equation
Newton’s second law of motion for a system is
Time rate of change of the linear =sum of external forces acting
momentum of the system on the system

𝐷 Momentum is mass times velocity, the

න 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀= ෍ 𝐹𝑠𝑦𝑠 momentum of a small particle of mass
𝐷𝑡 𝜌𝑑∀ is 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀
𝑠𝑦𝑠

When control volume is coincident with the system the forces acting on the system and the
forces acting on the contents of the coincident control volume are instantaneously identical

෍ 𝐹𝑠𝑦𝑠 = ෍ 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 13

Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum Equation
Generalized form of Reynolds Transport Theorem– system coincident with fixed and non deforming
control volume [inertial (non-accelerating) reference frame]
𝐷𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕
= න 𝜌𝑏𝑑∀ + න 𝜌𝑏𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
if 𝐵 = 𝑚𝑉 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 = 𝑉
𝐷 𝜕
න 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀ = න 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑉𝜌𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

Time rate of change of the linear Time rate of change of the linear net rate of flow linear
= momentum of the contents + momentum through the
momentum of the system
of the control volume control surface

𝜕 Linear Momentum
෍ 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 = න 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑉𝜌𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜕𝑡 Equation
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 14

Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum Equation
Generalized form of Reynolds Transport Theorem– system coincident with fixed and non deforming
control volume [inertial (non-accelerating) reference frame]

𝜕
෍ 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 = න 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀ + ෍(𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 )𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍(𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 )𝑖𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉

Linear Momentum
Equation

𝐹𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 is composed of reaction forces required to turn the flow; forces at bolts, cables, struts, or
walls through which the control surface cuts; etc.

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 15

 Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum Equation
Key Points
One dimensional flows are easier to work with than flows involving nonuniform
velocity distributions.

Linear momentum is directional; it can have components in as many as three

orthogonal coordinate directions.

The flow of positive or negative linear momentum into a control volume involves a
negative V . n product. Momentum flow out of the control volume involves a positive
V . n product.

The time rate of change of the linear momentum of the contents of a nondeforming
control volume is zero for steady flow

If the control surface is selected so that it is perpendicular to the flow where fluid
enters or leaves the control volume, the surface force exerted at these locations by
fluid outside the control volume on fluid inside will be due to pressure

The external forces have an algebraic sign—positive if the force is in the assigned
positive coordinate direction and negative otherwise.
Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 16
Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum Equation
Some Applications

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 17

Problem 3 Fixed, Non-deforming Control Volume
A nozzle is attached to a vertical pipe and discharges water into the atmosphere as shown in given figure.
When the discharge is 0.1 𝑚3 /𝑠, the gage pressure at the flange is 40 kPa. Determine the vertical component
of the anchoring force required to hold the nozzle in place. The nozzle has a weight of 200 N, and the volume
of water in the nozzle is 0.012 𝑚3 . Is the anchoring force directed upward or downward?

Solution

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 18

Problem 3 (cont’d) Fixed, Non-deforming Control Volume
Solution
Using the selected volume and for a steady state condition, From the linear
momentum equation one can write
=0 (steady)
𝜕
෍ 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 = න 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑉𝜌𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

෍ 𝐹 = ෍(𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 )𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍(𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 )𝑖𝑛

Linear Momentum Equation in Z-direction
෍ 𝐹 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑤 =z-component of velocity

𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° − 𝑊𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 − 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝐹𝐴𝑧 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛

Linear Momentum Equation in x-direction

−𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑖𝑛

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 19

Problem 3 (cont’d) Fixed, Non-deforming Control Volume
Solution
𝑚ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑄 = 1000 ∗ 0.10 = 100𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Q 0.1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = = 10m/s
Aout 0.01
Q 0.1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = = = 5m/s
Ain 0.02
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.012 = 117.72 N

Linear Momentum Equation in Z-direction

=0 (gage)
𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° − 𝑊𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 − 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝐹𝐴𝑧 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛
𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑊𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 − 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝐹𝐴𝑧 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝐴𝑧 = 𝑚(𝑉
ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ) − 𝑃1 𝐴1 + 𝑊𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 + 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐹𝐴𝑧 = 100 (10𝑠𝑖𝑛30° − 5) − (40 × 103 ∗ 0.02) + 200 + 117.72
𝐹𝐴𝑧 = −482.28𝑁 Anchoring Force is directed downwards

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 20

Problem 3 (cont’d) Fixed, Non-deforming Control Volume
Solution
Linear Momentum Equation in X-direction
=0 (gage)
−𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑖𝑛

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝑚(𝑉
ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° − 0)
𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 100(10𝑐𝑜𝑠30° − 0)

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 866.03𝑁 Anchoring Force is directed Right

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 21

Problem 4 Fixed/moving, Non-deforming Control Volume
A Pelton wheel vane directs a horizontal, circular cross-sectional jet of water symmetrically as indicated in
given Figure. The jet leaves the nozzle with a velocity of 100𝑓𝑡/𝑠. Determine the x-direction component of
anchoring force required to (a) hold the vane stationary, (b) confine the speed of the vane to a value of
10𝑓𝑡/𝑠 to the right. The fluid speed magnitude remains constant along the vane surface

Solution

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 22

Problem 4 (cont’d)
Solution
Using the selected volume and for a steady state condition, From the linear
momentum equation one can write
=0 (steady)
𝜕
෍ 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 = න 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑉𝜌𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

෍ 𝐹 = ෍(𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 )𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍(𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 )𝑖𝑛

STATIONARY VANE ∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ∴ 𝑊𝑅(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑊𝑅(𝑖𝑛)

=0 (gage) =0 (gage)

𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠45° + 𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑖𝑛

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑖𝑛

MOVING VANE (Relative Velocity)

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑅(𝑜𝑢𝑡) − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑅(𝑖𝑛)

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 23

Problem 4 (cont’d)
Solution
Part (a )Linear Momentum Equation in x-direction (stationary vane)
2
𝜋 1
𝑚ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 1.94 ∗ ∗ ∗ 100 = 1.06 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑠
4 12
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑖𝑛

∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ∴ 𝑊𝑅(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑊𝑅(𝑖𝑛)
𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝑚(−𝑉
ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠45° − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 )

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 1.06 (−100𝑐𝑜𝑠45° − 100)

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = −181 𝑙𝑏 Anchoring Force is directed Left

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 24

Problem 4 (cont’d)
Solution
Part (b )Linear Momentum Equation in x-direction (moving vane)
2
𝜋 1
𝑚ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑅(𝑖𝑛) = 1.94 ∗ ∗ ∗ 90 = 0.954 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑠
4 12

𝑊𝑅(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑊𝑅(𝑖𝑛)

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑅(𝑜𝑢𝑡) − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑅(𝑖𝑛) Relative Velocity

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝑚(−𝑊
ሶ 𝑅 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠45° − 𝑊𝑅(𝑖𝑛) ) ∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ∴ 𝑊𝑅(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑊𝑅(𝑖𝑛)

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 0.954 (−90𝑐𝑜𝑠45° − 90)

Relative Velocity
𝐹𝐴𝑥 = −146.6 𝑙𝑏 Anchoring Force is directed Left
Vin = 𝑊𝑅(𝑖𝑛) + 𝑉𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒
WR(in) = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒
WR(in) = 100 − 10

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab

WR(in) = 90 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 25
Problem 5 Moving, Non-deforming Control Volume
Air flows into the jet engine shown in given Figure at a rate of 9 slugs/s and a speed of 300 ft/s. Upon
landing, the engine exhaust exits through the reverse thrust mechanism with a speed of 900 ft/s in the
direction indicated. Determine the reverse thrust applied by the engine to the airplane. Assume the inlet and
exit pressures are atmospheric and that the mass flowrate of fuel is negligible compared to the air flowrate
through the engine.
Solution

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 26

Problem 5 (cont’d)
Solution
Using the selected volume and for a steady state condition, From the linear
momentum equation one can write
=0 (steady)
𝜕
෍ 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 = න 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑉𝜌𝑉. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

෍ 𝐹 = ෍(𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 )𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍(𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 )𝑖𝑛

STATIONARY VANE
=0 (gage) =0 (gage) =0 (gage)

𝑃1 𝐴1 + 𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝑃3 𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝐹𝑅𝑡ℎ = ෍(𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑢𝑖 )𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑖𝑛

𝐹𝑅𝑡ℎ = 𝑚ሶ 2 −𝑢2 + 𝑚ሶ 3 (−𝑢3 ) − 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑢1

𝐹𝑅𝑡ℎ = −( 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑢2 + 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑢3 + 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑢1 )

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 27

Problem 5 (cont’d)
Solution
𝐹𝑅𝑡ℎ = −( 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑢2 + 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑢3 + 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑢1 )
From Conservation of Mass
𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 + 𝑚ሶ 3
∴ 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3
𝑚ሶ 1 = 2𝑚ሶ 2
𝑚ሶ 1 𝑚ሶ 1
𝐹𝑅𝑡ℎ = −( 𝑢2 + 𝑢3 + 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑢1 )
2 2
𝐹𝑅𝑡ℎ = −𝑚ሶ 1 (𝑢2 /2 + 𝑢3 /2 + 𝑢1 ) ∴ 𝑢2 = 𝑢3 = 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠30°
𝐹𝑅𝑡ℎ = −𝑚ሶ 1 (𝑢2 + 𝑢1 )
𝐹𝑅𝑡ℎ = −𝑚ሶ 1 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝑉1 = −9 ∗ (900𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 300)

𝐹𝑅𝑡ℎ = −9714. 6 𝑙𝑏 Reverse thrust is directed towards left

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME-2302) Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Shahab 28