BEHAVIOUR BASED SAFTY IN

WORKPLACE

A PROJECT REPORT
(PROJECT WORK PHASE-I)

Submitted by

AROCKIA KABIL G.V

(1837102)

in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of the degree

of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING
in

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING

K.S. RANGASAMY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution, affiliated to Anna University Chennai and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215

OCTOBER 2019
 ii

K.S. RANGASAMY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHENGODE - 637 215

BONAFIDE CERTIF ICATE

Certified that this project report titled “BEHAVIOUR BASED SAFETY

IN WORKPLACE” is the bonafide work of AROCKIA KABIL G.V (1837102)
who carried out the project under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best
of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other project
report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.M.ILANGKUMARAN.,B.E.,M.E.,Ph.D., Dr.V.SUNDARARAJU.,B.TECH.,MISTE.,Ph.D
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Professor Professor
Department of Mechatronics Department of Mechatronics
K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology
Tiruchengode - 637 215 Tiruchengode - 637 215

Submitted for the viva-voce examination held on ………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 iii

DECLARATION

I declare that the project report on “BEHAVIOUR BASED SAFETY IN

WORKPLACE” is the result of original work done by me and to the best of my
knowledge, similar work has not been submitted to “ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI” for the requirement of Degree of Master of Engineering. This project
report is submitted on the partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of
Degree of Master of Engineering.

Signature

____________________
AROCKIA KABIL G.V

Place: Tiruchengode

Date:
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to our honourable

Chairman Lion Dr. K. S. RANG ASAMY, M.J.F., and our vice chairman
Mr. R.SRINIVASHAAN, B.B.M., for providing immense facilities at our
institution.

I would like to express special thanks of gratitude to our Chief Executive

Officer Dr. K. THYAG ARAJAH, M.E., Ph.D., who has been the key spring of
motivation to me throughout the completion of my course and project work.

I am very proudly rendering my thanks to our Principal

Dr. A. KUMARAVEL,M.Tech.,Ph.D., for the facilities and the encouragement
given by him to the progress and completion of my project.

I proudly render my immense gratitude to the Head of the Department

Dr.M.ILANGKUMARAN,B.E.,M.E.,Ph.D., for his effective leadership,
encouragement and guidance in the project.

I regard my sincere and heartfelt thanks to our Director of the Department

and my project supervisor Dr.V.SUNDARARAJU.,B.Tech.,MISTE.,Ph.D., who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project, and also for his
valuable ideas, encouragement and supportive guidance throughout the project.

A word of thanks would not be sufficient for our project coordinator

Mrs.CHANDRALEKHA.,B.E.,M.E., Assistant professor Department of
Mechatronics for their valuable guidance.

I wish to extend my sincere thanks to all faculty members of our Industrial

Safety Engineering Department for their valuable suggestions, kind co-operation
and constant encouragement for successful completion of this project.

I wish to acknowledge the help received from various Departments and

various individuals during the preparation and editing stages of the manuscript
 v

ABSTRACT

Behaviour-based safety (BBS) is the "application of science of

behaviour change to real world safety problems" or "A process that creates
a safety partnership between management and employees that continually focuses
people's attention and actions on theirs, and others on daily safety behaviour. Safety
at work is the subject of continuous debates, studies and researches. Traditional
safety programs put the responsibility of accident prevention and safety
coordination on the shoulders of upper management in each company. An
alternative currently being used in industry is Behaviour Based Safety (BBS)
concept. A behaviour-based approach to industrial safety management has been
advocated by many authors and has been found to effectively improve safety
performance in different industrial settings and on different circumstance. Unsafe
behaviour of people is the most important factor to cause accident. In this project
phase-I the BBS approach was characterized and the examples of good practices in
workplace are clearly explained.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BBS HISTORY 1
1.2 BEHAVIOR BASED SAFETY APPROACH 3
1.3 BEHAVIOR AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION MODEL 4

2 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 7
2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 7
2.2 IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTATION 7

3 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 ABOUT LITERATURE REVIEW 9

3.1.1 Demograpic Difference In Safety Proactivity Behavior And
Safety Management In Chinese Small-Scale Enterprises 9
3.1.2 An Agent Based Modeling Approach For Understanding The
Effort Of Worker-Management Interactions On Construction
Worker's Safety Related Behaviors 10
3.1.3 In-Depth Research On Qualitative Simulation Of Coal Mininers
Group Safety Behaviors 11
3.1.4 Safety Citizenship Behavior(SCB) In Workpalce: A Stable
Construct Analys Of Psychometric Invariace Across Four
European Countries 13
 vii

3.1.5 An Evaluation Of The Efffectiveness Of The Behavior Based

Safety Initiative Card System At A Cemment Manufacturing
Company In Zimbabwe 14
3.1.6 A System Dynamics View Of A Behavior Based Safety Program
In Construction Industry 15
3.1.7 Employee Perspectives On Safety Citizenship Behaviors And
Safety Violations 16
3.1.8 Constructing A Bayesian Network Model For Improving Safety
Behavior Of Employees At Workplaces 17
3.1.9 Measuring The Effects Of External Factor On Leadership Safety
Behavior: Case Study Of Mine Enterprises In China 18
3.1.10 A Big-Data-Based Platform Of Workers’ Behavior:
Observations From The Field 18
3.1.11 Regulatory Focus And Safety Outcomes: An Examination Of
The Mediating Influence Of Safety Behavior 20
3.1.12 Transformational And Passive Leadership As Cross-Level
Moderators Of The Relationships Between Safety Knowledge,
Safety Motivation, And Safety Participation 20
3.1.13 Safety Culture Behavior In Electronics Manufacturing Sector
(Ems) In Malaysia: The Case Of Flextronics 21
3.1.14 Work Pressure And Safety Behaviors Among Health Workers In
Ghana: The Moderating Role Of Management Commitment To
Safety 23
3.1.15 Regulatory Focus And Safety Outcomes: An Examination Of
The Mediating Influence Of Safety Behavior 24
3.1.16 The Role Of Prosocial And Proactive Safety Behaviors In
Predicting Safety Performance 25
3.1.17 Proactive Behavior-Based Safety Management For Construction
Safety Improvement 26
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3.1.18 A Study On Leadership Behavior, Safety Leadership And Safety

Performance In The Construction Industry In
South Africa 27
3.1.19 Safety Climate, Safety Behavior, And Worker Injuries In The
Chinese Manufacturing Industry 28
3.1.20 Safety Leadership, Risk Management And Safety Performance In
Spanish Firms 29
3.1.21 Countermeasures Of Mine Safety Management Based On
Behavior Safety Mode 30
3.1.22 Beshavior-Based Safety On Construction Sites:
A Case Study 30

3.1.23 A Continuous Behaviour - Based Safety Strategy

For Persistent Safety Improvement In Construction Industry 31

3.1.24 Behavior Based Approach For Quality And Safety

Environment Improvement: Malaysian Experience In The
Oil And Gas Industry 32
3.1.25 Safety Management Practices And Safety Behavior:
Assessing The Mediating Role Of Safety Knowledge And
Motivation 33
3.2 INFERENCE FROM THE LITERATURE REVIEW 34

4 CONCLUSION 36

5 FUTURE SCOPE 37

REFERENCES 38
 ix

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
NO. NO.
 x

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
NO. NO.

1.1 Human Machine Environment Interaction Diagram 4

2.1 ABC Behavior Model 8

3.1 The Interaction in model 11

3.2 The composition of intelligence video surveillance 19

3.3 BBS Approach 33

 xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS
BBS - Behaviour Based Safety
BLS - Bureau of Labour Statistics
ABC - Antecedent Behaviour Consequence
PMCS - Percevied Management Commited to Safety.
 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The training market offers a wide variety of safety programs. Safety has
become an important issue for companies. With workplace accident costs rising into
the thousands of dollars, companies are now taking a closer look into safety. Safety
incidents do not just cost the company medical bills and damaged equipment costs;
they include insurance premium increases, production decreases, and loss of
customers due to poor safety records. Behavior-based safety is one of the newest
safety programs to be marketed. This safety program uses psychology and
employee ownership to prevent safety incidents. Behavior-based safety sets up a
program that uses a safety committee that is made up of employees. They use
Behavior-based safety observations to determine the most prevalent at-risk
Behaviors. The observations use negative and positive reinforcement to help modify
employee Behaviors, supporting the Behaviors that are good and acknowledging
those that place the employee at risk of having a safety incident. The employees are
trained and then asked to do observations on other employees while they are
working. These observations are then compiled into a database that allows the
committee to make decisions on where more training needs to be utilized or
employee awareness needs to be heightened

1.1 BBS HISTORY

The methods employed in BBS originate from techniques used by

psychologists and have only been used in occupational safety applications for
approximately lastS 30-years (Al-Hemoud et al., 2006). Psychologists have
identified a comprehensive Behavior change program as one that includes the
following:
 Identification of target Behavior (s).
 Establishment of criteria in order to determine what consequences will
accrue
 Apply to those Behaviors that have to be changed.
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 Include the target audience as active participants in the process of

 Implementing the program.
 Provide training to all participants that the program will focus.
 Collect data in order to track progress
 Provide feedback based on the data.
 Allow for adjustments to the program as and when necessary.
 Exercise a continued commitment to the program.

From a psychological standpoint, design safety engineers do not design with

the mindset that all people vary based on Behavioral vectors such as: social norms,
functional disorders, stress, etc. Psychologist believes that if these things were
evaluated during the design of any process, then the potential for human error can
be decreased (Peters, 2006). While the above is valid in retrospect, one can make an
opposing argument in analyzing human error to conclude that during the design of
safety-critical systems; the user having the “freedom to choose” can contribute to a
human engaging in “at-risk” Behaviors’ that can lead to injuries (Pajan, 1997).
Both the points of view (from the psychologist and safety perspecti ves) share a
common interest in that being human error has not been researched enough at the
design engineering level.

Other psychological researchers believe that when it comes to

eliminating/reducing human errors that result from “at-risk” Behavior; more than
one technique should be administered. These include, but are not limited to (Anca,
2007):
 Training & Development
 Leadership/Management/Supervisors Inclusion
 Distraction Management
 Situational Awareness
While the core principles of BBS relate to psychological applications, its
application in the workplace requires continuous maintenance/participation/support
from all levels of employment as opposed to targeting specific groups of interest,
 3

similar to implementation of Behavior modification in the psychology field. BBS is

most effective when applied at all levels of the organization (DePasquale et al.,
1999).

1.2 BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY (BBS) APPROACH:

BBS approach is one which:

 Depends on strong standards about locks in, propelling, helping,

strengthening, and supporting safe practices.
 Takes a precise methodology, looking at the very fundamental
practices, so as to increment safe conduct.
 Is a continuous exertion; not 'once-off' arrangements, in any case,
another method for working that the wellbeing should ceaselessly
advance for economical and positive outcomes.
 Takes time to accomplish; be that as it may, results can be watched
promptly because of the idea of estimation included.
 Emphasizes expanding safe practices rather than concentrating on
time allotment without damage.
 BBS projects don't depend exclusively on 'slacking pointers'
(sometime later), and move the concentration to 'driving pointers'
(safeguard).
 Is not a substitute for a previously existing extensive wellbeing and
security program; it is a valuable device that will improve the impact
of previously existing practices, and will take into account a target
estimation framework.
 Aims to comprehend reasons for episodes and close to misses and
right them through the conduct of important individuals. For instance,
diminishing perils regularly requires conduct change of administrators
and cutting edge laborers, also, gear update includes conduct change
of specialists.
 4

1.3 BEHAVIOR AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION MODEL

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that there have been
approximately a 0.8 million non-fatal injuries and 4,609 occupational fatalities in
2011 (BLS, 2012). H. Heinrich performed comprehensive analysis in 1931 of
information that is applicable the insurance industry. As a result, he accounted that
about ninetieth safety incidents happen as a results of “unsafe acts” (Al-
Hemoud et al., 2006). If more analysis proved that this variety is precise, the
quantity of activity injuries that result each year might drastically scale back if the
human error component is eliminated. In hindrance, maintenance, and injury
investigations the human/machine/environment interaction is usually the important
tool employed by safety professionals within the analysis of safety connected
programs. Incorporating BBS within the work atmosphere provides the chance to
decrease injuries because the human contribution to the incident is weakened.
Anytime there's an interaction between the human/machine/environment, the
chance for injury can invariably exist and therefore the chance of associate injury
thanks to human error has the potential to be less substantial.

Fig 1.1: Human Machine Environment Intersection Diagram

 5

The human/machine/environment matrix was developed in war II by us

Army researchers (Curry et al., 2006). These researchers decided to make this
inquiring matrix as a result of there was an immediate correlation between a rise in
injuries (due to human error) and therefore the increase within the development of
technology being employed by the military (Curry et al., 2006). Injury hindrance
exploitation of this model offers associate investigator a proper mechanism to
investigate processes, predict potential outcomes, and apply the appropriate
administrative/engineering controls to forestall incidents. After this tool became a
no-hit matrix by the military, it's become habitually used industry wide by a
numberless variety of presidency and personal industries

The “human” aspect of this model doesn’t necessarily involve the individual
injured during the process. Human error or “at risk” Behaviors can also be a
potential threat from the injured employee, witnesses, equipment installers,
operators, maintenance personnel, management, and engineers. When determining
the magnitude of the role of these involved individuals, it is important to consider
the length of their employment, level of training, previously held positions in the
organization and observations before/after the incident.

The “environment” element is evaluated at the equipment level and the

direct surroundings that the human was performing the work level In order to
properly evaluate the direct surroundings that the work was performed in, it is
important to get an accurate account of witness statements from individuals who
were present before and after the incident. It may also be beneficial to gather
historical information about the work environment in order to facilitate in drawing a
conclusion about normal working conditions. Evaluation of the “machine” element
takes a multitude of factors into consideration (ie machine guarding, corrosion, part
recalls, maintenance, design etc.). Additionally, at the time of the incident; it is
important to consider if the equipment was used as per the manufacturer’s
recommendation. It is also pertinent to evaluate how the human operator fits the
design of the equipment and the level of comprehension when it comes to operating
 6

this piece of machinery. Needless to say, there is a substantial amount of data

collection during the human/machine/environment evaluation; but at every level the
human error aspect is pertinent.
 7

CHAPTER 2
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Assessment of events shows that +/ - 90% of them have the lead of

the person(s) included as a key contributing variable. Of the 10% remaining, +/ -
90% of them have the lead of an individual, not really connected with the scene, as
a contributing part. Extending the amount of safe works as being performed is
basic for scene transfer. Lead Based Safety helps with this. It's definitely not a
silver shot or The plan in any case. It is a method that goes with various segments
of a tolerable scene decline program. These various parts are: Hazard end: remove
the hazard from the task territory; concede the hot work till the back move.
Substitution to diminish/discard a hazard: substitute a material or task to reduce the
risk. Building controls: present ladders, ventilation, fall neutralizing activity.
Definitive controls: procedure, chips away at, planning, field level danger
evaluation, work booking. Staff Protective Equipment For BBS to be totally
ground-breaking in an affiliation, the relationship starting at now ought to be
concentrated on, and totally realizing, the event control evaluations recorded
beforehand. Thus workers ought to believe BBS to be an extension to a viably
strong security program, not a substitution for it. If workers believe BBS to be a
technique for “dumping" the obligation in regards to harm transfer onto their
practices BBS won't be effective. The idea behind BBS is to fix the direct issue,
not dole out shortcomings. Associations should not rely upon BBS to do it only for
them - it probably won't work.

2.2 IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTING BBS

BBS will get an organization's past working environment reviews and

examinations, past the policing job and closer to truly knowing how much your
workforce comprehends their work rehearses, methods, conditions and practices
that reason individuals to commit errors. BBS is a proactive procedure that gets
changes in a work gathering's sheltered conduct levels previously occurrences
 8

occur. All occurrences are gone before by some sort of conduct, for example a
laborer tumbles off a stepping stool since he was over-coming to or the stepping
stool was not verified. Both of these are person practices. BBS tries to change the
individual's mentality, propensities and practices so that these "at chance" practices
will never again be performed. Subsequently the laborer will never again tumble off
the stepping stool. It is based on the basics of the Antecedent Behavior
Consequence (ABC) conduct model. This is a conduct change model th at can be
utilized to change any conduct, not simply wellbeing. Are in danger Indeed, even at
90% safe conduct level, there is a 1 out of 10 shot of an occurrence We can't depend
on possibility or karma to maintain a strategic distance from occurrences. That
would resemble turning a roulette wheel. Just at 100% safe-conduct levels do we
take out the opportunity of an episode. It can help activities practices (saying
thanks to the Operator for taking the example on time is an unmistakable
empowering ramification for the ideal tasks conduct), youngsters' practices (being
permitted to remain up an extra half-an hour is an unmistakable empowering
ramification for a decent conduct by a kid) and pets' practices (the treat given after a
pooch does a stunt is an unmistakable empowering result). The ABC conduct model
isn't confused, its application in an organization doesn't require a new association
outline or structure. The ABC conduct model and a BBS procedure can be
incorporated with existing structures, associations, methods, wellbeing and
wellbeing programs.

Fig 2.1 ABC behaviour model

 9

CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 ABOUT LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources
relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a
description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the
research problem being investigated. Literature reviews are designed to provide an
overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to
demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study.
the purpose of a literature review is to gain an understanding of the existing
research and debates relevant to a particular topic or area of study, and to present
that knowledge in the form of a written report. Conducting a literature review helps
you build your knowledge in your field.

3.1.1 Demographic Differences In Safety Proactivity Behaviors And Safety

Management In Chinese Small–Scale Enterprises

Qiwei Wang, et al (2019) has described the study examines demographic

differences in safety proactively Behaviors(i.e., safety whistle blowing, safety
voice, and safety initiative) and safety procedure, safety management, and safety
hazards identification. The data was collected from 503 employees in Chinese
small–scale enterprises by using one–way ANOVA. showed that safety proactivity
Behaviors were significantly correlated with age groups, safety initiative with
identification were significantly correlated with age groups and safety hazards
identification with education level. However, there were no gender–based
differences in safety proactivity Behaviors, safety procedures, and safety hazards
identification, and none in safety whistle blowing and safety voice, safety
management, and safety There were also no differences in safety proactivity
Behaviors, safety procedure, safety management, and safety hazards identification
based on tenure. to owner–managers of small–scale enterprises to address the
current situation and to improve the safety proactivity Behaviors of employees as
 10

well as improve the safety procedure, safety management, and safety hazards
identification. The results of this study do point the way toward further possible or
between medium– and large–scale enterprises would shed light on the reliability of
the current study and provide valuable additional data [1].

3.1.2 An Agent Based Modeling Approach For Understanding The Effort Of

Worker Manage ment Inte ractions On Construction Workers' Safety-Related
Behaviors

Peiyao Zhang et al (2019) has examined to Pervasive unsafe Behaviors of

construction workers are the primary cause of accidents on construction job sites.
The workers' safety-related Behaviors are subject to a variety of factors, such as
interactions with coworkers and interventions by management teams. The impacts
of these factors have attracted considerable attention in academia but are yet to be
fully examined. To provide a quantitative assessment of these impacts and their
managerial implications in practice, an agent-based modeling approach of
construction safety-related Behaviors, which adopts a bottom-up architecture, is
proposed in this research. This approach regards safety performance as an emergent
property of the Behaviors and interactions of construction workers and management
teams. The development of the agent-based model is based on a range of theoretical
and empirical evidence, including a cognitive analysis model for modeling wor ker
Behaviors, and site observations and surveys for the design of simulated working
environment and tasks, as well as the modeling of individual Behaviors and
interactions. Four managerial scenarios are simulated using the proposed approach.
Based on the simulation results, the effects of a number of managerial factors on the
safety performance of construction workers are examined. These factors include
duties of supervisors, the competency and inspection strategy of safety officers, the
frequency of safety training, senior managers' involvement in safety activities and
emphasis on safety goals. The effects of these factors are examined in a quantitative
manner, and relevant implications for construction safety management practice are
discussed. The findings prove that agent-based modeling is an effective approach
for analyzing the characteristics and patterns of construction safety-related
Behaviors and assessing possible safety management strategies .The results
 11

indicated that both senior manager's attitude and his capability towards safety had
important effects on the safety performance of the whole project. Under the senior
manger's guidance workers, supervisors and safety officers would adjust their safety
related Behaviors to achieve the safety goal. If the project manager would attach
great importance to safety goals and take effective actions to achieve these goals,
the daily incidents number could be maintained at a relatively low level. [2].

Figure 3.1 The interactions in the model

3.1.3 In-depth research on qualitative simulation of coal mininers group safety

Behaviors.

Qinggui Cao et al (2019) were investigated that Gaining in-depth and

systematically knowledge of qualitative simulation technology and the related
change rules is of great significance to controlling group unsafe Behaviors of coal
miners. In this study, the group safety Behavior model of coal miners was
established based on self-organized and hetero-organized Behaviors. Using the
 12

qualitative simulation technology and the software platform of group safety

Behaviors based on the QSIM’s (Qualitative Simulation) filtering optimized by GA-
BP (Genetic Algorithm – Back Propagation Neural Network Algorithm), group
safety Behaviors of coal miners are qualitatively simulated comprehensively and
systematically. By comparing and analyzing the simulation results using 15
different schemes, the evolutional rules of group safety Behaviors are concluded.
Results show that, under any group initial states, if the group is disturbed by a
number of external environmental factors and no control strategies are taken, the
level of group safety Behavior deteriorates. In addition, the management and control
strategies should be implemented in a targeted manner when the level of group
safety Behavior drops. Finally, the research results are applied for guiding the safety
management of a coal mine enterprise, which can reduce the incidence of unsafe
Behaviors. Accordingly, it can be concluded that desirable results can be achieved
after the adoption of reasonable control strategies. Additionally, the proposed
qualitative simulation technology based on the optimized QSIM algorithm not only
improves the simulation efficiency and reliability of group safety Behaviors, but
also can provide references for relevant research and applications in the field. This
paper conducts extensive investigation on group safety Behaviors the related
variation rules, which has clear practical significance and theoretical values.
Additionally, in-depth exploration of the qualitative simulation technology of group
safety Behaviors and the changing rule of workers’ group safety Behaviors in this
study can provide reference for other studies. In this study, the evolutionary rules of
group safety Behavior of coal miners are investigated comprehensively and
systematically. However, the detailed evolutionary rules of individual safety
Behavior of coal miners are yet to be concluded, and the influence degrees of group
safety Behavior of coal miners on individual safety Behavior are not quantified. The
rules of individual safety Behavior of coal miners are of great practical value to the
safety management of grass-roots units. [3].
 13

3.1.4 Safety citizenship Behavior (SCB) in workpalce: A stable construct analys of

psychometric invariace across four European countries

Matteo Curcuruto et al (2019) were investigated that Safety citizenship

Behaviors (SCBs) mirror discretionary and prosocial employee activities that square
measure essential for managing risk in ‘safety critical’ industries. Example
Behaviors embrace suggesting enhancements for modification to safety practices,
coverage people who violate safety, and serving to others with issues of safety
(Hofmann et al., 2003). SCBs are quivalent to citizenship Behaviors determined in
organizations a lot of generally, however they're directed towards issues of safety
specifically (Didla et al., 2009). As noted by Zohar (2008), staff develop attitudes
and connected Behaviors that square measure specific to domains of structure
functioning. at intervals safety-critical industries, specific attitudes and Behaviors
typically develop towards safety. Safety citizenship Behaviors (SCBs) square
measure necessary participative structure Behaviors that emerge in workgroups.
SCBs produce a piece setting that supports individual and team safety, encourages a
proactive management of geographic point safety, and ultimately, prevents
accidents. In spite of the importance of SCBs, little consensus exists on analysis
problems just like the spatiality of safety citizenship, and if any super ordinate issue
level of safety citizenship ought to be conceptualized, and therefore measured. this
study self-addressed this issue by examining the spatiality of SCBs, as they relate to
Behaviors of serving to, office, civic virtue, whistle blowing, voice, and initiating
modification in current practices. information on SCBs were collected from four
industrial plants (N=1065) in four European countries (Italy, Russia, Suisse, United
Kingdom). The results show that SCBs structure around 2 superordinate second-
order factors that mirror affiliation and challenge. Multi-group analyses supported
the structure and metric unchangeable of the two-factor model across the four
national sub samples. The active engagement by staff in safety citizenship Behavior
(SCB) is usually measured as one construct. However, rising analysis suggests that
variations exist at intervals this construct bet ween act that square measure prosocial
and mirror affiliation, and people that square measure proactive and look for to
challenge the structure status-quo (Conchie, 2013;Curcuruto et al., 2015). the
 14

present study sought-after to check this rising suggestion by scrutiny many SCB
models. [4].

3.1.5 An evaluation of the efffectiveness of the Behavior Based Safety Initiative

Card system at a ce mment manufacturing company in zimbabwe

Wilfred N. Nunu et al (2018) has experimented to A Behavior -based safety

initiative card-issuing system was introduced at a cement manufacturing company
in Republic of Zimbabwe in 2008 to do and curb accident incidence this study was
to gauge the effectiveness of the Behavior based mostly Safety Initiative card
system as a tool used for reducing accident frequencies. A mixed-method approach
that involving administering piloted questionnaires to 40 out of 244 randomly
selected employees, making observations, and reviewing secondary data were done
to collect data from different sources in the organization in 2013. A paired t-test was
conducted to test whether there was important distinction in accident prevalence
before and when the implementation of the BBSI. Scatter plots were also used to
establish the correlation between the issuance of cards and the accident and injury
occurrence. The findings suggest that the introduction of the card system brought a
significant decrease in accident and injury occurrence. A negative correlation
between card issuance and accident occurrence was observed, i.e., the greater the
number of cards issued, the fewer the number of accidents. It was also noted that the
card system completely influenced the mentality of employees towards safe work
practices. the card system had an influence on the reduction of accidents and
injuries. The organization should leverage on supplying additional cards to any cut
back the quantity of accidents and injuries to zero. The findings of this study
counsel that the BBSI card system yielded positive results, as seen in a very large
decrease in accident and injury occurrences when the implementation of this
program.. The safety culture generally improved as employees started appreciating
the importance of the card system in safeguarding their safety, and also in making
sure they are rewarded for safe acts and practices. There is sufficient evidence that
the BBSI card system was effective, as the higher the number of cards that were
issued, the lower the number of accidents and injuries occurred. The organization
should then continue issuing more cards to attain even lower numbers of accident
 15

and injury occurrences. There is also a need for the organization to improve its
record keeping and to classify cards issued according to colour, as this would allow
for in depth audits to be conducted and a fair assessment of the effectiveness of the
BBSI strategy to be done. [5].

3.1.6 A system dynamics vie w of a BEHAVIOR based safety program in

construction industry

Brian H.W. Guo et al (2018) investigated that Behavior -based safety (BBS)
has received vital attention within the business |housing industry |industry}
throughout the past decades. Ample proof suggests that BBS is an efficient accident
bar strategy. Past BBS literature is dominated by sure-fire case studies, whereas
unsuccessful cases and cases with mixed effectiveness in reducing unsafe Behavior
square measure restricted. This paper reports a BBS program designed and enforced
within the Singapore construction industry. The BBS program was geared toward
reducing unsafe Behavior in 9 categories: lifting operations, excavation, functioning
at height, work platform & access, manual handling, hot work (welding/gas
cutting), plant , traffic management, and private protecting instrumentality (PPE). It
consists of ancient BBS components like baseline observations, feedback, goal
setting, and interventions. In distinction to other sure-fire applications, the BBS
program created mixed results of safety Behavior over thirty six weeks. This paper
adopts a system dynamics read to elucidate the mixed effectiveness. causative loop
diagrams were developed to capture Behavior amendment mechanisms underpinned
by reinforcement theory and goal setting theory, as well a dynamic effects of
discourse and psychological feature factors. it's finished that the mixed
effectiveness are often attributed to three main issues: dynamics of goal
commitment, punishment, and financial incentive. This paper adds to the body of
data of Behavior safety program in terms of theoretical basis and implementation.
By reviewing the BBS program holistically and reflective upon the small print of
the case study, this paper offers lessons and reference for future style and
implementation of BBS program within the housing industry. This paper created
effort to elucidate the mixed effectiveness of the BBS program from a system
dynamics perspective. causative loop modelling is integrated with a qualitative case
 16

study to supply AN evidence-based analysis of a BBS program. variety of causative

loop diagrams square measure developed to illustrate 2 Behavior amendment
mechanisms: reinforcing and goal mechanism. AN integrative causative loop
diagram was developed to integrate the 2 Behavior amendment mechanisms. It
becomes clear that social and structure dynamics expose a major challenge for the
BBS program not solely from a experimental psychology perspective however
conjointly a goal setting theory perspective. it's finished that the mixed effectiveness
can be attributed to the 3 main issues: dynamics of goal commitment, punishment,
and financial incentive. The conclusion is supported by the interviews and
knowledge domain of Behavior and motivation [6].

3.1.7 Employee Perspectives On Safety Citizenship Behavior And Safety

Violations

Nik Chmiel et al (2017) has experimented to Two studies investigate

whether or not workers viewing discretionary safety activities as a part of their job
role (termed safety citizenship role definitions, SCRDs) plays a crucial half in
predicting 2 styles of safety violation: routine violations conceptualized as
associated with Associate in Nursing individual’s obtainable psychological feature
energy or ‘effort’; and situational violations, that area unit those angry by the
organization (Reason, 1990). Study 1 showed SCRDs foretold situational violations
solely, and part mediate the relationships between Perceived Management
Commitment to Safety (PMCS) and work engagement with situational violations.
These findings increase those by Hansez and Chmiel (2010), showing that routine
and situational violations Study one findings conjointly extend analysis rumored by
Turner et al. showing that the result of programe on SCRDs was mediate by each
PMCS and work engagement. In study 2, participation in discretionary safety
activities (safety participation) mediate the link the same as study one The link
between SCRDs and routine violations was non-significant and, strikingly,
therefore was the link between safety participation and routine violations. These
results support the read that processes involving SCRDs and safety participation
don't seem to be additionally, study a pair of findings extend previous work by Neal
and mythical monster (2006) by showing that SCRDs and safety information part
 17

mediate relationships betwee n safety motivation and safety participation, whereas

the direct result of safety motivation on safety participation The results from each
studies support the read that SCRDs area unit vital in predicting In study a pair of
SCRDs were shown to part mediate the link between safety motivation and self
reported participation in discretionary safety activities (Safety Participation) that, in
turn, associated with situational violations. apparently there was no important direct
link between SCRDs and situational violations. These findings support the read that
the result of SCRDs on situational violations is absolutely mediate [7].

3.1.8 Constructing A Bayesian Network model for Improving Safety Behavior of

Employee At workplaces.

Iraj Mohammadfam et al (2017) were examine Unsafe Behavior will increase the
chance of accident at workplaces and desires to be managed properly. The aim of this
study was to produce a model for managing and up safety Behavior of workers
victimization the theorem networks approach. The study was conducted in many station
construction comes in Asian nation. the info were collected employing a form composed of
9 factors, together with management commitment, supporting environment, safety
management system, employees’ participation, safety information, safety attitude,
motivation, resource allocation, and work pressure. so as for menstruation the score of
every factor assigned by a communicator, a measure model was created for every of them.
The theorem network was created victimisation experts’ opinions and Dempster-Shafer
theory. victimisation belief change, the best intervention ways for up safety Behavior
additionally were selected The results of this study incontestable that the bulk of workers
don't tend to consider safety rules, regulation, procedures and norms in their Behavior at
the work. Safety perspective safety information, and supporting surroundings were the
simplest predictor of safety Behavior . Moreover, it absolutely was determined that fast
improvement of supporting surroundings and worker participation is that the best strategy
to succeed in a high proportion of safety Behavior at the work. the dearth of a
comprehensive model that may be used for explaining safety Behavior was one of the
foremost problematic problems with the study. what is more, it are often ended that belief
change could be a unique feature of theorem networks that's terribly helpful in scrutiny
numerous intervention ways and selecting the simplest one kind them.[8].
 18

3.1.9 Measuring The Effects Of Exte rnal Factor On Leade rship Safety Behavior :
Case Study Of Mine Enterprises In China

Shu Zhang et al (2016) experimented to Mining business is one amongst the

foremost risky business in China. Leadership safety Behavior is viewed as a very
important issue influencing safety performance of enterprise, and therefore it's
crucial to spot the factors that may have an effect on leadership safety Behavior. the
aim of thesis is to through empirical observation valuate external issue dime nsions
and examine the effect of external issue on leadership safety Behavior in mining
business context. case studies, four survey information collected from nearly 800
respondents operating for mines in China were analyzed by 2 approaches for
variable dimension, searching correlation analysis and substantiating issue analysis.
3 dimensions of the external issue were known, namely: safety management
mechanism, regression analysis and stepwise multivariate analysis were accustomed
examine the consequences of external issue The results indicate that the impact of
external issue on leadership safety Behavior is important and positive; safety plan
considerably and absolutely affects leadership safety Behavior, whereas safety
regulative apply and safety management mechanism have a positive however not
vital influence on leadership safety Behavior; safety regulative apply considerably
and absolutely affects safety coaching and safety policy of leadership safety
Behavior; safety plan considerably and absolutely affects safety coaching, safety
management commitment and safety incentive of leadership The findings
implications for up leadership safety Behavior area unit mentioned [9].

3.1.10 A Big-Data-Based Platform Of Worke rs’ Behavior : Observations From The

Field

S.Y. Guo et al (2016) examined Behavior -Based Safety (BBS) has been
used in construction to observe, analyze and modify workers ‘Behavior. However,
studies have identified that BBS has several limitations, which have hindered its
effective implementation To mitigate the negative impact of BBS, this paper uses a
case study approach to develop a Big-Data-based platform to classify, collect and
store data about workers’ unsafe Behavior that In developing the platform, three
 19

processes were undertaken: (1) a Behavioral risk knowledge base was established;
(2) images reflecting workers’ unsafe Behavior were collected from intelligent
video surveillance and mobile application; and (3) images with semantic
information were stored via a Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). The
platform was implemented during the construction of the metro-system
and it is demonstrated that it can effectively analyze semantic information contained
in images, automatically extract workers’ unsafe Behavior and The research
presented in this paper can enable construction organizations with the ability to
visualize unsafe acts in real-time and further identify patterns of Behavior that
canjeopardize safety outcomes [10].

Figure 3.2 ; The composition of intelligent video surveillance .

3.1.11 Regulatory Focus And Safety Outcomes: An Examination Of The Mediating

Influence Of Safety Behavior

Samuel Aryee et al (2016) proposed and tested a model of the link between
regulative focus, safety Behaviors, and safety outcomes. Specifically, we have a
 20

tendency to hypothesized regulative foci (promotion and prevention) to relate to

the safety-related events and injuries through safety behaviours (unsafe Behavior
and safety initiative). information were obtained at 2 time points six months
except for front line firefighters and their supervisors drawn from New capital of
Taiwan town Government. The results of structure structural equation modeling
(MSEM) discovered that promotion focus associated with protective event and
injuries through safety initiative whereas interference focus related to protecting
events (but not injuries) through unsafe Behavior. Our findings reinforce the
utility of distinctive between safety Behavior and outcomes as well because the
role of a psychological feature framework in understanding work safety The
findings revealed that promotion focus indirectly related to safety-related events
and injuries through safety initiative while prevention focus related to safety-
related events but not injuries through unsafe Behavior. Zohar’s (2008, p. 381)
observation that safety shortcuts can be a utility maximizing choice and safety
procedures cannot cover all contingencies, underscore the need to bro aden the
conceptualization of safety-related Behaviors to include unsafe Behavior and
safety initiative. Additionally, by examining safety Behaviors and safety outcomes
our study did not only respond to recent calls to distinguish between the two
constructs but also underscore the need for a fine grain conceptualization of safety
performance. We hope our findings and the directions for future research that we
have mapped out will provide the impetus for future research to more
comprehensively understand wor kplace safety and safety outcomes. [11].

3.1.12 Transformational And Passive Leadership As Cross-Level Moderators Of

The Relations hips Between Safety Knowledge, Safety Motivation, And Safety
Participation

Lixin Jiang et al (2016) in this journal investigated that While safety information
and safety motivation ar well-established predictors of safety participation, less is
understood regarding the impact of leadership designs on these relationships. Method: the
aim of the present study was to look at whether or not the positive relationships between
safety information and motivation and safety participation are dependant on
transformational and passive types of safety leadership. Results: exploitation multilevel
 21

modeling with a sample of 171 staff nested in forty workgroups, we have a tendency to
found that transformational safety leadership reinforced the security knowledge–
participation relationship, whereas passive leadership weakened the safety motivation–
participation relationship. Conclusions: underneath low transformational leadership, safety
motivation wasn't associated with safety participation; underneath high passive leadership,
safety information was not associated with safety participation. sensible Applications:
These results are mentioned in light-weight of structure efforts to increase protective
citizenship Behavior s. Previous analysis has centered on the positive relationships
between safety information yet as safety motivation and safety participation (Christian et
al., 2009). This study explored the boundary conditions of these relationships. Specifically,
we have a tendency to dilated previous analysis by examining and finding proof for the
weakening effects of transformational and passive leadership on safety participation. First,
we replicated earlier analysis by demonstrating that safety information and safety
motivation were absolutely associated with safety participation. Second, though passive
leadership wasn't considerably associated with safety participation, transformational
leadership was absolutely connected to it, in keeping with previous analysis (Clarke,
2013). for instance, transformational leaders would possibly act as role models to order
safety, encourage staff to attend safety conferences, participate in safety related trainings,
and voice their suggestions to boost safety, and stimulate staff to get new ideas to assist
coworkers resolve safety issues. [12].

3.1.13 Safety Culture BEHAVIOR In Electronics Manufacturing Sector (Ems) In

Malaysia: The Case Of Flextronics

Muhammad Safizal Abdullah et al (2016) has studied the case study of The
hindrance of work-related injury and unwellness is of crucial importance to staff,
trade and society as an entire. company safety culture is currently usually accepted
as having a robust influence over geographic point accidents and injuries. when the
implementation of activity Safety and Health (OSH) within the organization, there
is Associate in Nursing improvement in term of safety within the geographic point.
However, their are still some cases of the accident being according even when the
organizations’ management provided coaching, introducing stricter rules and
regulation concerning safety, and provides correct instrumentality to worker. Hence,
 22

the study is distributed so as to look at the impact of employees’ perspective and

subjective norm toward safety culture Behavior in organization. The study was
conducted in producing industry in Malaysia, and knowledge assortment was done
at Flextronics Penang Sdn Bhd, an organization within the northern a part of
Malaysia. knowledge was collected through 196 survey questionnaires distributed
to operators (90 respondents), technician (52 respondents) and engineer (27
respondents) in Flextronics Penang Sdn Bhd. The results showed that safety culture
Behavior is considerably influenced by the employee’s perspective and subjective
norm. supported the findings, many recommendations are being advocate d so as to
enhance the protection culture Behavior among staff within the organization. For
future analysis within the same space, it's being suggested to incorporate
management commitment, leadership, safety education, and coaching beneath
scrutiny so as to grasp its relationship with safety culture Behavior among staff. the
analysis is aimed to search out factors that influence the protection culture Behavior
among staff within the physical science producing sector in Malaysia. The findings
of the study show that each workers’ perspective and subjective norms have a
positive influence on safety culture Behavior. within the social control level, EHS
and quality department ought to pay additional attention in terms of audit activities
to form staff additional concerned and keep centred at the geographic point.
Moreover, urged victimisation Theory of Planned Behavior for next analysis that
permits for perceived management to have an effect on Behavior directly, despite
the Behavioral intention that shaped. aside from that, the sample size ought to be
augmented in securing the dependableness, validity and significance of the analysis.
The limitation during this study is influenced by dependableness, correlation and
regression result. If the population may be augmented, it'll result in higher result
particularly R sq. worth and dependableness of the analysis. [13].

3.1.14 Work Pressure And Safety Behaviors Among Health Worke rs In Ghana:
The Moderating Role Of Management Commitme nt To Safety

Michael Appiah Adu et al ((2016) has described the safety and healthy
operating atmosphere have received varied analysis attention over the years.
Majority of those researches appear to own been conducted within the industry,
 23

with very little attention within the health sector. however, there square measur e
few studies conducted incontinently that suggest pressure in hospitals. so the aim of
the study was to look at however pressure influence safety Behavior within the
hospitals. With regard to the connexion of safety Behavior in primary health care
delivery, there was a necessity for the study. knowledge was obtained from 422
public hospital staff. Respondents were assured that each one info would be
unbroken confidential to extend the response rate and acquire additional correct
info. the assortment of questionnaires from participants took four weeks (20
operating days), once that the info was analyzed. The results of the study showed
that job pressure-related negatively with safety Behavior. General safety climate
considerably related absolutely with safety Behavior and negatively with work
pressure, though the result size for the latter was smaller. stratified multivariate
analysis showed management commitment to safety to moderate the connection
between work pressure and safety Behavior. once staff understand safety
communication, safety systems and coaching to be positive, they appear to adjust to
safety rules and procedures than voluntarily participate in safety activities. the study
showed that once staff understand the overall safety climate of their o rganization to
be positive, they're going to be additional probably to interact in positive safety
Behaviors. Specifically, once staff understand safety communication, safety systems
and coaching to be positive or sensible, they appear to adjust to safety rules and
procedures than voluntarily participate in safety activities. However, since work
pressure includes a direct negative result on safety Behaviors and management
commitment to safety strong the connection, safety interventions or programs
should specialize in aiding organizations to develop and implement policies,
structures and systems which will produce a culture geared toward curb work
pressure. [14].

3.1.15 Regulatory Focus And Safety Outcomes: An Examination Of The Mediating

Influence Of Safety Behavior

Samuel Aryee et al (2016) has examined We planned and tested a model of

the connection between regulative focus, safety Behaviors, and safety outcomes.
Specifically, we have a tendency to hypothesized regulative foci (promotion and
 24

prevention) to relate to information were obtained at 2 time points six months

excluding frontline firefighters and their supervisors drawn from New Taipeh
town Government. The results of construction structural equation modeling
(MSEM) discovered that promotion focus associated with protective events and
injuries through safety initiative whereas bar focus associated with protective
events (but no injuries) through unsafe Behavior. Our findings reinforce the utility
of characteristic between safety Behaviors and outcomes as well because the role
of a psychological feature framework in understanding geographic point safety.
Although regulative focus constitutes a crucial motivational antecedent to
protective Behavior, we have a tendency to didn’t examine it is antecedents.
additionally to examining completely different leadership styles and so as to
additional utterly model safety outcomes, future analysis should additionally
embody alternative discourse factors organizational structure and safety climate)
still as dispositional factors (e.g. conscientiousness and core self-evaluations) as
antecedents to regulative focus. Lastly, as safety outcomes are often observed at
each individual and cluster levels, future analysis on safety outcomes ought to
propose and check a homologous model of the processes linking discourse and
dispositional factors to safety outcomes. Our study incorporates a range of
strengths as well as characteristic between protective Behaviors and safety
outcomes, examining unsafe Behaviors and safety and getting information at time
points six months apart. Methodological strengths, our study additionally
incorporates a range of limitations that we have a tendency to discuss below with
the exception of knowledge on safety initiative, information on our study
variables were self-reported and thus, our findings might potentially be thanks to
methodology variance or same supply bias. This is significantly the case for our
finding that bar focus related to unsafe Behaviors because the information for
each construct was reported by respondents. However, this concern ought to be
mitigated by the very fact that unsafe Behaviors might not invariably be simply
observed by supervisors that make respondents associate applicable source for
information on its construct [15].
 25

3.1.16 The Role Of Prosocial And Proactive Safety Behaviors In Predicting Safety
Performance

M. Curcuruto et al (2015) has performed the Employees’ engagement in

safety is assumed to be a major contributor to safety performance among the
industry. this study tested this assumption by examining the role of prosocial safety
Behaviors (e.g., serving to others) and proactive safety Behaviors (e.g., seeking
change) in predicting four safety performance outcomes: micro-accidents, property
harm (accidents while not injury), near-miss events, and lost-time injuries. Two-
wave information collected from 511 workers settled in two Italian chemical plants
disclosed that prosocial safety Behaviors have foreseen micro-accidents and
property harm, and proactive safety Behaviors have foreseen near-miss events and
lost-time injuries. These results counsel that benefits are often gained from
distinctive between prosocial and proactive safety Behaviors once seeking to
enhance safety performance. Organizations might cut back the speed of minor
injuries and property harm by increasing serving among workers. However, this
approach is less effective in reducing a lot of serious accidents or increasing near-
miss event coverage. simpler in these cases is making environments within which
workers feel able to raise their suggestions and considerations regarding safety. this
study showed that the consequences of prosocial and proactive safety Behaviors on
safety performance outcomes are often differentiated. Future models of safety ought
to think about this finding when making a decision whether or not it's acceptable to
model ‘safety participation as one construct, or if a close model that teases these
Behaviors apart would be a lot of perceptive. The suggestion from the study
rumoured here is that gains are often made up of staring at prosocial acts as a
definite set of Behaviors to proactive acts and examining their relationship to
completely different structure processes. during this means, it ought to be a doable
conclusion that proactive and prosocial Behaviors have sway on safety outcomes;
particularly once we compare this to a cross-sectional analysis. However, it doesn't
enable America to infer the same level of a deed like longitudinal studies involving
measures at multiple time periods. whereas we have a tendency to expect our effects
 26

to emerge across an extended fundamental quantity, future work would have the
benefit of testing this prediction.[16].

3.1.17 Proactive Behavior-Based Safety Management For Construction Safety

Improvement

Heng Li et al (2015) has described the Construction is one in all the foremost
venturesome industries because of its dynamic, temporary, and suburbanized nature.
The city Commissioner for Labor identifies employee Behavior because the root
reason for construction accidents. Behavior-based safety (BBS) is one effective
approach in managing worker issues of safety.However, there's very little analysis
of the appliance of BBS within the housing industry. This analysis proposes
associate degree extension of the BBS approach, proactive Behavior-based safety
(PBBS), to enhance construction safety. PBBS integrates the speculation of BBS
with the technology of Proactive Construction Management System (PCMS). The
innovations of PBBS are: mechanically observation location-based Behaviors,
quantitatively menstruation safety performance; investigation potential causes of
unsafe Behaviors and up the potency of safety management. A pilot study of a city
construction website practicing PBBS was conducted. The experiment results
showed that PBBS performed well on construction accident bar and also the Safety
Index (SI) of the 2 project groups, with enlarged enhancement by 36.07% and
44.70% severally. it's terminated that PBBS is effective and labile to construction
industry. As the housing industry is one in all the foremost injury-prone industries
worldwide in terms of its distinctive dynamic, complex and suburbanized nature,
there's a good got to improve employee safety at construction sites. in theory and
much, the Behavior based mostly approach has been studied and shown to attain
positive leads to accident bar for over twenty years. However, existing analysis in
BBS has primarily been targeted on post-mortem analyses of isolated cases due to
the dearth of instruments to gather real-life activity information from construction
sites. PBBS overcomes this limitation because it will mechanically monitor and
record on-site employee Behaviors. With the provision of Behavioral information,
it's therefore doable to use SI to quantitatively measure safety performance. PBS
also can give in-depth causation analysis and general principles and pointers to
 27

enhance the safety performances of construction employees. With the long-run

implementation of PBBS management, strong safety awareness attitudes are
instilled in employees, who will then develop habitual thinking of safe ways in
which to perform all construction activities. Moreover, safety will bite by bit
become an integral part of each component of the project. PBBS management has
been planned and examined by the HK construction project conferred herein. due to
the overall characteristics of world construction comes – force shortage, new
recruits with unsafe-Behaviors and lowest operating skills PBBS management
conjointly has the potential for world use as will the improved vision of BBS, that is
customized to the development industry.[17].

3.1.18 A Study On Leade rship Behavior, Safety Leadership And Safety

Performance In The Construction Industry In South Africa

Charles Mbohwab et al (2015) has studied the employee safety to research

the link between leadership Behavior, safety communication and performance
within the industry. Method: The study could be a cross-sectional study, over 348
questionnaires were e-mailed to construction corporations in Gauteng, with one
hundred fifty-five valid responses received and forty four.5% valid response rate
achieved. supportive correlation analysis was allotted to check the issue structure
and confirm if the composite responsibleness was important with an element
loading of > zero.5, leading to appropriate model work. Through the analysis of
SPSS, the results show that leadership visibility and behaviour affects safety
culture and safety performance within the industry. The study suggests up safety
performance by providing well-entrenched safety management systems with the
muse being, safety leadership, communication, commitment and worker coaching
.the inequality of opinions regarding the topic highlights the leadership of
organisations and also the variety of leadership in respect of safety and
management safety among the work and the way this should be complete so as to
attain the specified results. the controversy additionally |is additionally} necessary
in understanding each the manner within which safety is managed within the
industry in South Africa and also however leadership impacts on enhancements
within the work as way as safety worries. it's widely acknowledged that, in cases
 28

within which leaders possess outstanding qualities, this permits them to exercise
influence over others whereas additionally setting them except others. making a
security vision is that the domain of prime management. The degree to that a
vision is shared and understood could be a perform of however participating the
method has been and depends on the amount of buy-in and engagement that it
receives from workers. supported the findings of this study, leaders are suggested
thinking about ways in which within which to boost safety by guaranteeing the
effective style of jobs, participating workers, communication associated prime
management commitment towards an incident-free work. Organisational culture
could be an advanced combination of things and encompasses a sturdy influence
on the power to enact modification in organisations. this could be taken
proactively by leaders United Nations agency “walk the talk” in providing
examples for modification in their own Behavior [18].

3.1.19 Safety Climate, Safety Behavior , And Worke r Injuries In The Chinese
Manufacturing Industry

Xinxia Liu et al (2015) has proposed the It is calculable that over ten,000,000
activity injuries occur in China annually. This study explored the relationships between
four dimensions of safety climate (management commitment, safety supervising, coworker
support, and safety training), 3 dimensions of safety Behavior (safety compliance,
personal protecting instrumentality, and safety initiatives), and activity injuries among
Chinese producing workers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted employing a sample
of 3970 producing employees from forty two firms in Zhongshan town, China. A
structured form was accustomed capture participants’ socio-demographic characteristics,
activity safety climate, activity safety Behavior , and activity injuries within the previous
year. Path analysis was accustomed take a look at the relationships between safety climate,
safety Behavior and injuries at every geographical point. The results unconcealed
important associations between completely different safety climates, safety Behavior , and
unintentional injuries, and provided evidence that safety Behavior powerfully mediates
the connection between safety climate and unintentional injuries. Our study reinforces the
empirical association of activity safety climate and safety Behavior with activity injuries
and identifies some effective measures to forestall and management injuries in Chinese
 29

workplaces. The results of this study recommend that safety climate predicts safety
Behavior, which safety Behavior mediates the connection between safety climate and
activity injury in China. These findings area unit in line with previous studies in alternative
countries (Hofmann and Stetzer, 1996; Cavazza and Serpe, 2009). In the ir meta-analysis,
Christian et al. (2009) developed a theoretical model within which safety climate was the
antecedent of safety performance and had Associate in Nursing indirect result on activity
injury through safety performance. The study of mediation factors is very important
because it permits North American nation to know the mechanisms through that safety
climate operates on workers’ Behavior and reduces the chance of injury.[19].

3.1.20 Safety Leadership, Risk Management And Safety Performance In Spanish

Firms

Beatriz Fernández-Muñiz et al (2014) in his study the role of the security

leadership and of the proactive risk management within the improvement of activity safety
performance. to the present finish, the authors develop and check a model on a sample of
188 organizations situated in Espana mistreatment the structural equation modelling
technique. The results show the importance of employees’ safety Behavior within the
improvement of safety outcomes as well because the importance of the proactive risk
management and transformational leadership in promoting safety Behavior. These findings
area unit significantly vital for management since they supply proof about the factors that
corporations ought to encourage to cut back risks and improve safety performance. The
check of the planned model has shown that the employees’ safety Behavior, via
compliance with the security standards and procedures, directly improve the firm’s safety
outcomes. This result, that is in line with Donald and Young (1996) and McFadden and
Hosmane (2001), reflects the importance of the human consider the generation of accidents
and shows the necessity to modify workers’ attitudes so they are doing not commit unsafe
acts and do fits safety procedures. The results additionally show that obliging with the
standards doesn't have a right away result on worker satisfaction however Associate in
Nursing indirect result via the firm’s safety outcomes, since in line with these results
lowering the accident rate considerably improves worker satisfaction[20].
 30

3.1.21 Countermeasures Of Mine Safety Management Based On Behavior Safety

Mode

LIU Jianhua et al (2003 ) review the unsafe Behavior of individuals are suffering
from varied factors. so as to guide safety Behavior and contain unsafe Behavior of
individuals, it applied BEHAVIOR primarily based safety technique in mine safety
management. On the idea of introducing cause mechanism of Behavior , BBS( Behavior -
based safety) management plan and ABC(activator- Behavior -consequence) Behavior
analysis, and new understanding the that means of safety, then advance from the feeling,
attribute then on to strengthen the people oriented family management, strengthen
employees Behavior position coaching, listen to Behavior observation and feedback,
strengthen the protection responsibility system, and establish and excellent the analysis
system of safety management measures. it's extraordinarily very important to effectively
scale back accidents and improve safety production state of affairs of mine. Factors within
the complicated system of mine expose by human, machine and setting, the human is that
the most essential and active issue. learning the cause and moving factors of the human
Behavior in mine enterprises, it has vital guiding significance to cut back mine accidents,
improve mine production, and improve the efficiency of mine safety. This paper apply
Behavior -based safety management technique to the mine safety management, beginning
with the generating mechanism of Behavior , Behavior primarily based Safety, ABCs
Behavior analysis, through the implementation of effective management and scientific
management of the mine employees Behavior, to induce employee safety Behavior ,
therefore on notice the optimum operating state and enhance the protection management of
coal mine. [21].

3.1.22 Behavior -Based Safety On Construction Sites: A Case Study

Rafiq M. Choudhry, (2014) described This work presents the results of a

case study and describes a vital space at intervals the sector of construction safety
management, particularly Behavior -Based Safety (BBS). This paper adopts and develops
a management approach for safety enhancements in construction website environments. A
rigorous Behavior al safety system and its intervention program was enforced and
deployed heading in the right direction construction sites. when taking a couple of weeks
 31

of safety Behavior measurements, the project management team implemented the

designed intervention and measurements were taken. Goal-setting sessions were arranged
on-site with workers’ participation to line realistic and possible targets of performance.
Safety per-for mance measurements continued and therefore the levels of performance and
therefore the targets were given on feedback charts. Supervisors were asked to offer
employees recognition and praise once they acted safety improved essential Behaviors.
Observers were requested to own discussions with employees, visit the location, distribute
coaching materials to employees, and supply feedback to crews and show charts. They
were required to speak to operatives within the presence of line managers. it had been
necessary to develop awareness and understanding of what was being measured. within the
method, operatives learned the way to act safely when conducting website tasks
victimization the designed checklists. Current weekly scores were mentioned within the
weekly safety conferences and different operational website conferences with stress on the
way to accomplish set targets. There liability of the protection performance measures taken
by the company’s observers was monitored. A clear increase in safety performance level
was achieved across all categories: personal protecting instrumentation; housekeeping;
access to heights; plant and equipment, and system. The analysis reveals that scores of
safety performance at one project improved from eighty six (at the top of third week) to
ninety two.9% throughout the9th week. The results of intervention incontestable massive
decreases in unsafe BEHAVIORs and significant increases in safe Behavior s. The results
of this case study showed that associate degree approach supported goal setting, feedback,
and a good live of safety Behavior if properly applied by committed management ,can
improve safety performance considerably in construction website environments. The
results tested that the BBS management technique are often applied to any country’s
culture, showing that it'd be a good approach for rising the protection of front- line
employees which it's trade wide application for ongoing construction projects[22].

3.1.23 A Continuous Behavior- Based Safety Strategy For Pe rsistent Safety

Improvement In Construction Industry

Mingzong Zhang et al (2013 ) reviewed The construction industry is one of the most
risky industries worldwide. In recent years, statistics from the United States [1], the United
Kingdom [2] and Hong Kong [3] reveal no significant reduction in the number of fatalities
in construction industry while an overall safety improvement has been achieved within a ll
sectors [2] This implies a special challenge for safety improvement in construction industry
 32

and therefore, the features of construction industry should be taken into account when
implementing any type of safety initiative. The application of Behavior -Based Safety
(BBS) approach in construction industry is facing a severe challenge that safety
performance could decline once BBS intervention is removed, because of the dynamic and
fugacious This paper proposes a nonstop BBS strategy through desegregation. the BBS
practice into management routine. In particular, a Supervisory-Based Intervention Cycle
(SBIC) and a Behavior -Based Safety Tracking and Analysis System (BBSTAS) have
been developed to achieve the integration at site and organizational level respectively.
Applications of the SBIC and BBSTAS are presented and discussed, indicating that the
continuous BBS strategy is a potential approach to achieve persistent safety improvement
in construction industry . Behavior al performance of both sites improved significantly
from baseline phase to intervention phase. According to a 3-week baseline observation, the
average performance scores of Site A and Site B were 64.12% and 64.17% respectively. In
the first two cycles of intervention when the authors provided coaching and assistance to
the site safety officers during the process, performance scores increased to 82.77% and
89.35% respectively in the end. After the withdrawal of the authors' involvement,
performance of both sites still maintained a relatively high level, with an average score of
86.75% on Site A and 92.25% on Site B. This performance implied that with proper
coaching and assistance, the site personnel were able to well master the skills of
Supervisory-Based Intervention Cycle and apply it effectively to improve site safety on
their own. [23].

3.1.24 Behavior Based Approach For Quality And Safety Environme nt

Improvement: Malaysian Expe rience In The Oil And Gas Industry

Faridah Ismail et al (2012) in this paper studied about this analysis investigates
the idea of the Behavioral based mostly Safety (BBS) approach, the steps concerned and
therefore the problems encountered. A case study approach comprising of the Oil and Gas
firms active BBS had been chosen. The ways to retrieve data includes the semi-structured
interview, questionnaires survey and website observation. Four basic steps of the BBS
approach area unit identification, observation, intervention, review and monitoring.
Further, an additional component to be discovered throughout the observation steps was
found. The findings show that the BBS approach intimate with within the Malaysian Oil
and Gas trade area unit ready to minimize accident, modification unsafe Behavior and
improve quality and safety atmosphere. The case studies chosen have intimate with BBS
 33

for quite three years, and that they area unit termed as Company A (CoA), Company B
(CoB) and Company C (CoC). CoA sets its vision to be leading oil and gas transnational of
selections and had enforced Behavior based mostly safety since early 2006. The industrial
plant complex was developed at intervals a part of 926 acres. They sets up one department
beneath Health, Safety and atmosphere Department that specialize in BBS implementation
that embrace coming up with, designing, training, launching, promoting, and program
review and improvement The launching and promotion of the Behavior al safety program
relies on a part at a time thanks to its massive nature. CoA industrial plant has listed five
principles to help and guarantee consistency of the programs., [24].

• Identify critical safety behaviour that contributes

Step 1 to injuries and losses.
• Observation over sometime period of identified
Step 2 behaviour.
• Reinforcement is applied to increase desired
Step 3 behaviour.
• Findings and feedback on the performance is
Step 4 presented for continuous improvement.

Figure 3.3: BBS approach

3.1.25 Safety Management Practices And Safety Behavior: Assessing The Mediating
Role Of Safety Knowledge And Motivation

M.N. Vinodkumar et al (2010) in this paper studied about Safety management

practices not solely improve operating conditions however additionally completely
influence employees’ attitudes and Behaviors with relation to safety, thereby reducing
accidents in geographic point. This study measured employees’ perceptions on six safety
management practices and self- reported safety knowledge, safety motivation, safety
compliance and safety participation by conducting a survey exploitation questionnaire
among 1566 workers happiness to eight major accident hazard method industrial units in
Kerala, a state in southern a part of Bharat. The reliableness and unidimesionality of all the
scales were found acceptable. Path analysis exploitation AMOS-4 software system showed
that a number of the protection management practices have direct and indirect relations
with the protection performance elements, namely, safety compliance and safety
 34

participation. Safety information and safety motivation were found to be the key mediators
in explaining these relationships. Safety coaching was known because the most significant
safety management follow that predicts safety information, safety motivation, safety
compliance and safety participation. These findings give valuable steerage for researchers
and practitioners for distinctive the mechanisms by that they'll improve safety of
geographic point. The first purpose of this study was to ascertain the unidimensionality and
reliableness of the six safety management practices, two determinants and 2 elements of
safety performance. These have been with success incontestable ab initio in order that any
analyses of the info are often dole out. Another purpose of the study was to check the
direct and mediating role of safety information and safety motivation on the relationship
between the six safety management practices and safety performance elements. The results
of the trail analysis provided partial support of the hypothesized model.. three that the trail
coefficients are important and therefore the overall model has a suitable fit the info. As
there are only a few studies relating to worker safety in Indian societies, this study provides
sound insight into safety management practices and safety performance. [25]

3.2 INFERENCE FROM THE LITERATURE REVIEW:

From the above all literature review Safety management practices not only
improve working conditions but also positively influence employees’ attitudes and
Behaviors with regard to safety, thereby reducing accidents in workplace. While
safety knowledge and safety motivation are well-established predictors of safety
participation, less is known about the impact of leadership styles on these
relationships.The application of Behavior -Based Safety (BBS) approach in
construction industry is facing a severe challenge that safety perfo rmance may
decline when BBS intervention is removed. Safety at work is the subject of
continuous debates, studies and researches. Traditional safety programs put the
responsibility of accident prevention and safety coordination on the shoulders of
upper management in each company. An alternative currently being used in
industry is Behavior Based Safety (BBS) concept. When employees perceive safety
communication, safety systems and training to be positive, they seem to comply
with safety rules and procedures than voluntarily participate in safety activities.
 35

Under low transformational leadership, safety motivation was not related to safety
participation; under high passive leadership, safety knowledge was
not related to safety participation.
 36

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION
Based on the philosophy of safe production is the number one priority, well -
designed and well-executed Behavioral safety processes fully engage both
management and employees, within a mutually trusting and supportive atmosphere,
to improve safety. A proven method, Behavioral safety is an effective way of
positively impacting safety Behavior, and reducing or eliminating incidents.
Focused on unwanted Behaviors with the potential to cause serious injuries and
fatalities, Behavioral safety processes link the root causes of incidents to their
precursor Behaviors; this includes Behaviors that have the potential to cause process
safety incidents, as well as personal injury incidents. Organizations good at
managing safety also tend to manage operations well – in other words,
operational and safety excellence go hand-in-hand.
 37

CHAPTER 5
FUTURE SCOPE
Based on the results of this research, recommendations for further
exploration and evaluation are as follows:
1 . Evaluate the effectiveness of the BBS program changing the culture of a
company. BBS programs are effective when implemented correctly, but does
it change the culture of the company? Do employees complete BBS related
tasks because they are required or is driven by a person or committee? When
the BBS program is driven, it is successful in reducing accidents. Research
should be conducted to determine the effects of dismantling the committee
after a few years or when the person who drove the implementation of the
program is no longer around. Do employees continue to observe each other
and give feedback because that is part of the culture, or do employees go
back to the old safety culture?
2. Documenting observations and giving feed back is an important part of
the changing Behaviors feedback. How would adding visual aids to the work
area and as part of safety meetings affect changing Behaviors? What would
the results be if a picture or video was taken that showed employees
performing unsafe Behavior? A trust would have to be established that the
pictures or video were used for training purposes and not as a disciplinary
tool
 38

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