CHAPTER 11: THE NANO WORLD technologies that can find practical Richard Feynman

use in all aspects of life.

11.1 Background on Nanotechnology  Introduced the idea as he talked about the
Nanoscience problem of MANIPULATING and
Nanoscale CONTROLLING things on a small scale.
 Branch of science that deals with the study of  In his famous talk, he asked the question: “Why
 Nano- Greek: Nanos- Dwarf. PHENOMENA and MANIPULATION of material cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the
 One nanometer= Billionth of a meter or 10-9 . at the NANOSCALE. Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”
 Maximum capacity of a normal human eye to
Nanotechnology  Proposed the idea of shrinking computing
see small objects is 105 nm
devices where “wires should be 10 or 100
Size comparison of nanoparticles with other larger  The more specific branch that caters atoms in diameter”.
particles: nanoparticles. o Samsung (2019)
 According to National Nanotechnology Initiative  Announced large-scale
Water Glucose Antibody Virus (NNI): Nanotechnology as the production of electronic
10-1 1 10 102 UNDERSTANDING and CONTROL of matter devices using 30-
at the ATOMIC and MOLECULAR levels in the nanometer technology.
range of approximately 1-100 nm.  Tremendous
Bacterium Cancer A Period Tennis Ball  Further described as: Any TECHNOLOGY that achievement compared
Cell involves the IMAGING, MEASURING, to when Feynman spoke
103 104 106 108 MODELING and MANIPULATING matter at this in 1959 when only a
length scale. single comp. has a size
of a regular room.
Small (Less than 100nm) Does not only involve working at VERY SMALL  1965 Nobel Prize reward he claimed was for
DIMENSIONS; rather working at this scale enables theoretical physics research on how LIGHT and
 Bulk properties of materials often change
researchers to MANIPULATE and UTILIZE the UNIQUE MATTER INTERACT at the most fundamental
dramatically.
PROPERTIES of MATERIALS that naturally occur at that levels.
 Properties of materials are dependent on the
ever-small scale. o Visionary foundation for what had
particle size.
become known as nanotechnology.
 Particle size is reduced to the nanoscale, Nanoscale particles have been thought to exist in older
properties such as: times and therefore not new in either nature or science. Nanotechnology (Usage of TERM)
o Conductivity
o Electrical There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom  Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo University of Science
o Thermal coined the term.
o Mechanical  By: Physicist Richard Feynman
 Initially a description on SEMICONDUCTOR
o Chemical Reactivity  Dec. 29, 1959 during an American Physical PROCSSES such as thing film deposition and
 Ex: Pure Silicon Society meeting at the California Institute of
ion beam milling that involves
o Insulator Technology.
CHARACTERISTIC CONTROL on the order of
o Good conductor at the nanoscale.  The SPEECH that introduce the idea of a NANOMETER.
 Working at Nanoscale manipulating very small particles started.
o Scientists can create new and  Was put into an article with the same title and
unique tools, products and was published in the February 1960 issue of
Caltech’s Engineering and Science Magazine.

NOEMI FLORES 1
Nanomaterials
 Broad range of applications in various FIELDS:
ELECTRONICS, COMMUNICATIONS,
OPTICAL & BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
 Its popularity made NANOTECHNOLOGY- The
most important technology by 2018, second to
information age.
 GLOBAL VALUE of nano-enabled products,
nano-intermediates and nanomaterials have
been estimated to reach $4.4 TRILLION.
Global Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory
(NCPI)- 2005
 Was created as DOCUMENTATION in keeping
track of the MARKETING and DISTRIBUTION
of NANOPRODUCTS in the MARKET.
 Survey in Oct 2013:
o 1814 Consumer products from 622
companies in 32 countries.
o Most of the products belongs to
HEALTH AND FITNESS
CATEGORY.
o Most frequently used
NANOMATERIAL (24%):
Nanoparticle metal silver.
o 49% of the products- Do not provide
the composition if nanomaterial
used in them.
The potential of nanotechnology to change our lives
through its various application has led countries to focus
on NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH.
US, research work on nanoscale started in Nov. 1996,
when government officials decided to meet regularly and
discuss programs related to nanotechnology.
September 1998
 Interagency Working Group on Nanotechnology
(IWGN) was adopted under the National
Science and Technology Council (NSTC)
 2000, IWGN: Led to the formation of the U.S
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)
o First official Federal government
effort in nanotechnology.
o Established by President Bill Clinton
and funded for the first time in 2000
up to this date.
o Most popular and influential
nanotechnology initiative in the
world.
o Leads the nanotechnology-related
activities of more than 20 US
departments and independent
agencies with emphasis on research
on nanomaterials.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 Leads the countries actively involved in
nanotech research based on the total number
of publications and related citations (2003-
2013).
 Follower by China, Germany, Japan, Korea,
France, UK, India, Italy, Spain and Taiwan.
 According to StatNano (2019), In 2018 CHINA
leads the nanotech research with 39% share
followed by US with 15%.
11.2 Microscopy Tools in Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology- MANIPULATION of the smallest things
that REQUIRES the ABILITY to VISUALIZE and
CONTROL individual atoms and molecules.
AGE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY- Boomed when the
powerful microscopes were invented.
When Great Precision in the Microscopy Tools was
achieved: there was a great EXPANSION and
DEVELOPMENT on Nanotechnology.
MOST POPULAR TOOLS FOR NANOPARTICLE
ANALYSIS:
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
 Electron Microscopy works by BOMBARDING
A SAMPLE WITH A STREAM OF
ELECTRONS AND MONITORING EITHER
THE RESULTING TRANSMISSION OR
SCATTERING EFFECTS.
Two Types: Images of the output are resolved, Two-
dimensional.
 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MISCROSCOPY (TEM)
o 2D images that require further
interpretation are seen.
o Capable of delivering much greater
resolution.
 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
(SEM)
o Gives 3D images of particles in the
dispersion.
Ernst Ruska
 Developed the first electron microscope, TEM
with Max Knolls 1931.
 1939, Ruska joined the SIeman’s Company
after bringing significant improvements to the
quality of magnification.
 He served as an ELECTRICAL ENGINEER in
the commercial manufacturing of his TEM.
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SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE
 Works by APPLYING A VOLTAGE BIAS
BETWEEN AN ELECTRICAL PROBE TIP
(TUNNELING TIP) OVER THE SURFACE OF
SAMPLE.
 The distance between the tip and sample is
measured based on the tunneling current
produced by the transport of electrons.
 Gerd Binnig & Heinrich Rohrer
o Shared the development of the first
working STM while employed at IBM
Zurich Research Laboratories in
Switzerland.
o Won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE
 Was developed to OVERCOME THE
LIMITATION IN STM , which can only work on
CONDUCTING & SEMICONDUCTING
SURFACES.
 AFM CAN RESOLVE THE IMAGE OF
ALMOST ANY TYPE OF SURFACE LIKE
POLYMERS, CERAMICS, ETC.
 Has similar mechanism with STM, except the
tunneling top is replaced by an ATOMIC
SCAKE FORCE SENSOR (CANTILEVER)-
Used to MEASURE the ATTRACTIVE or
REPULSIVE FORCES BETWEEN TIP &
SAMPLE.
 Gerd Binnig & Calvin Quate
o Initial ideas of AFM- Used an ultra-
small probe tip at the end on
cantilever.
11.3 Carbon Nanomaterials
 Most widely used: Carbon-based.
 Carbon: Exemplary example of old material
turned into an exciting new life through
nanoscale technology.
Classes of nanomaterials:
 Carbon-based Nanomaterial
 Carbon Nanotube
 Fullerene
 Graphene
 Inorganic-based Nanomaterial
 Ag nanoparticle
 Gold nanoparticle
 Titanium oxide
 Organic-based Nanomaterial
 Dendrimer
 Polymer nanoparticle
 Composite-based Nanomaterial
 Hybrid nanofiber
 Metal-organic framework
CARBON
 Non-metallic, solid element that occurs in all
organic life and the basis of organic chemistry.
 Can bond itself and a wide variety of other
elements
 Nearly 10M known compounds can be formed.
 GRAPHITE & DIAMOND: Three additional
forms of carbon were discovered which
produced a sustainable solution for an almost
limitless numbers of applications.
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF ALLOTROPES
OF CARBON APPLIED IN NANOTECHNOLOGY:
FULLERENESS
 The commercial manufacture of particles on the
nanoscale began in 1985, after the discovery of
fullerenes.
 SPHERICAL CARBON-CAGED MOLECULES
WITH SIXTY (60) OR MORE CARBON
ATOMS.
o The spherical shape could allow
fullerenes to contain to the surface.
o Measure 1.7-1.5nm in diameter.
 Fullerenes- Shows unusual properties of
carbon materials.
 Hear resistance and superconductivity are
heavily studied in Mechanical Engineering.
 Have very high tensile strength and usually
bounce back to the original shape after being
subjected to more than 3K atmospheric
pressure.
BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE (C60)
 Discovered by Rice University Researchers
(1985): Harold Kroto, Sean O’Brien, Robert
Curl & Richard Smalley (SHRR)
o Awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for their roles in
discovering this fullerene class of
molecules.
 Commonly known as BUCKYBALL.
 World’s most efficient radical scavengers or
radical sponge.
 A stable molecule that contains 50 to 500
carbon atoms in a ball.
 First fullerene to be discovered and was named
after the American architect, Buckminster
Fuller, as it resembles his geodesic dome
design.
 How do we make buckyballs?
o Techniques are basic and inefficient.
o Graphite is vaporized using a short-
pulse, high-power laser and then
deposited. (Not a practical method
for making large quantities bc it
yields only fractions of a percentage
of Buckyball fullerene).
 APPLICATIONS:
o Antioxidants
o Can respond to the presence of free
radicals before being used up.
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 o One unit of C60 molecule can react
with up to 24 methyl radicals before
being consumed.
o FULLERENES- Potential as
ANTIVIRAL AGENTS.
o Ability to SUPRESS THE
REPLICATION OF THE HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
(HIV)- delay the onset of
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME (AIDS).
CARBON NANOTUBES (CNT)
 Have different properties from fullerene-type
materials.
 If buckyballs are round, nanotubes have a
cylindrical shape that was not folded around to
create a sphere.
 Carbon atoms are linked in hexagonal shapes,
with EACH CARBON ATOM COVALENTLY
BONDED TO OTHER THREE CARBON
ATOMS.
 Produced ranging from single to tens of
nanometers in diameter and several
micrometers in length.
 After being BENT and then RELEASED, they
will SPRING BACK to their ORIGINAL SHAPE.
 They have tensile strength, or breaking strain
that is 6-7 times that of steel.
 STIFFEST AND STRONGEST FIBERS
KNOWN ON EARTH.
 Great potential for use in REINFORCED
COMPOSITES, NANOELECTRONICS,
SENSORS and NANOMECHANICAL
DEVICES.
 Having the highest strength-to-weight ratio
makes them a GOOD CANDIDATE FOR
SPACECRAFT.
 Researchers at National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) produced
composites containing CNTs that can be used
to build lightweight spacecraft.
 Futuristic application: Space elevator.
 Japan is exploring CNt to build a LIFT SHAFT
96KM above the earth an put tourists in space
in 2050.
Sumio Iijima
 Research development corporation of japan.
 Credited with discovering the carbon nanotube,
although there were early observations of
tubular carbon structures by others.
 Shared the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience in 2008
for this advancement in the field of
nanotechnology.
Two Types:
 Has a cylindrical shape with open ends.
 Has closed ends and formed into pentagons on
the end of the nanotube.
CARBON NANOTUBE
 Can also have one or more walls.
SINGLE-WALLED CNT
 Exhibit different electrical properties than
multiwalled.
 Can behave as a conducting or semiconducting
metal depending on the structure.
Some CNTs are the most efficient electrical conductors,
while others behave only as semiconductors.
 How do we make carbon nanotubes?
o Graphite powder was immersed in a
mixed solution of HNO3 and H2SO4
with KClO3.
o CNT bundles can be obtained after
heat treatment up to 70 Celsius and
air drying for 3 days.
GRAPHENE
 Most recent form of carbon discovered.
 20th Century: Age of Plastics, 21st Century: Age
of Graphene.
 A FLAT ONE-ATOM THICK SHEET/ A
SINGLE MONOLAYER OF CARBON ATOMS,
TIGHTLY BOUND IN A HEXAGONAL
HONEYCOMB LATTICE.
 Top layer of graphene: GRAPHITE-lead in a
pencil.
 THINNEST COMPOUND discovered with ONE
ATOM THICK and LIGHTEST MATERIAL
KNOWN to man with 1m2. Thick at weight of
around 0.77mg.
 STRONGEST COMPOUND (100-300x
stronger than steel)
 BEST CONDUCTOR OF HEAT AR ROOM
TEMP.
 BEST CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY (150x
more conducting than silicon)
 As PLIABLE AS RUBBER, CAN STRETCH UP
TO 120% OF ITS SIZE.
 ONLY SUBSTANCE THAT IS IMPERMEABLE
TO LIQUID AND GAS; YET WEIGHS ALMOST
NOTHING.
Sir Andre Geim & Sir Kostya Novoselov
 Russian born
 Univ of Manchester
 Isolated a single atomic layer of carbon for the
first time.
 Discovery of graphene is important which lead
them won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2010.
How do we make Graphene?
 Tick a tape to a lead of a pencil, peel it away
and repeat process very carefully, until you end
up with carbon so thin that may contain one
layer of atom.
NOEMI FLORES 4
  MECHANICAL EXFOLIATION – Crude process o Transparent sunscreens, light- POTENTIAL RISKS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY:
for making test samples of graphene. diffracting cosmetics, penetration
 Industrial Production: Chemical vapor enhanced moisturizers, anti- ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
deposition (CVD) is used. bacterial/odor repellent fabrics, long
BUCKYBALLS
 Graphene is formed by depositing layers of an lasting paints.
organic vapor such as methane. o Also used in FOOD INDUSTRY:  Low concentration of buckyballs can interact or
 GRAPHENE- MOST EXPENSIVE MATERIAL Nutritional Additives, flavoring & associate with water in nature.
ON THE PLANET. coloring, anti-caking agents or as  Buckyballs do not dissolve in water, so these
antibacterial ingredients for food pose any imminent threat to most natural
Property of Graphene: packaging. systems.
o Present in some baby milk and baby  Researchers in Rice University in Texas have
 Stronger than steel products. found that buckyballs are about 10 orders of
 Hard as diamond o ATTRACTIVE FOR USE IN FOOD magnitude more soluble in water than the other
 Million times thinner than paper INDUSTRY MAY ALSO RESULT IN individual carbon molecules and when
GREATER TOXICITY FOR combined, they produce UNUSUAL NANO-
GRAPHENE- Produce fast charging lithium-based
HUMANS. SIZED CLUMPS.
batteries.
 These materials can enter the body through  When exposed to soil bacteria, the particles
Researchers at the Univ of California, Los Angeles INHALATION, INGESTION or SKIN can inhibit both the GROWTH and
NanoSystems Insitute- Discovered a way to make CONTACT. RESPIRATION OF THE BACTERIA EVEN AT
Graphene batteries as non-toxic, inexpensive to produce  Can penetrate BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES VERY LOW CONCENTRATIONS.
and could charge battery in about 5 secs. and cells more reality than larger particles.  Buckyball could HARM SOIL BACTERIA. It
o Once inside the body- May enter may have GOOD ANTIBACTERIAL
11.4 Issues and Concerns in Nanotechnology organs like the heart, brain, liver, PROPERTIES but could also have impacts on
kidneys, bone marrow, etc. Interfere ecosystem.
 Nanoproducts may bring improvement in health with normal cellular function, cause
and medicine but may also bring certain toxicity CELL DEATH. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF THE EFFECTS OF
and negative health effects. NANOMATERIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
 May help clean certain environmental wasted ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS:
but can also CONTAMINATE environment in NANOMATERIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL
other ways.  Lower recovery and recycling rates. CURRENT CONCERN
 Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)  Lack of trained engineers and workers causing APPLICATION
2015 further concerns. C60 Fullerenes used in Cause behavioral &
o Was created as a member agency  Environmental implications of other life cycle cosmetics, potential use physiological changes in
of NATIONAL stages not clear. in medicines, batteries water fleas that are
NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE  Dissemination of toxic, persistent and electronics. associated with increase
(NNI) to focus on nanotech nanosubstances originating environmental risk of predation and
harm. reproductive decline.
consumer products.
Caused oxidative
o Aims to PROTECT CONSUMERS  High-energy requirements for synthesizing
damage in largemouth
from UNCERTAIN HEALTH RISKS nanoparticles causing high-energy demand. bass by acting through
POSED BY NANOPARTICLES. the same mechanism of
 NANOMATERIALS: action found to be
beneficial for their use in
NOEMI FLORES 5

Nanoparticle zinc oxide
used in electronics, gas
sensors, sunscreens,
cosmetics, food
packaging, paint
Aluminum nanoparticle
used in cosmetics,
sunscreens, scratch
resistant coatings
Silver nanoparticle used
as antimicrobial coatings,
sensors, optical probes
and catalysts
Titanium dioxide nano
form used in sunscreens,
self-cleaning glass,
remediation, widely use in
small micro form in foods
and cosmetics
HEALTH CONCERNS:
Aerosolized form of a protective sealant (contains
nanoparticles)
 Used for glass and ceramics experienced
breathing problems and coughing.
drug delivery; can travel  Six German workers were hospitalized after Titanium dioxide used as Can DAMAGE DNA,
to the brain, bind with they used a product called “MAGIC NANO”. whitener and brightener DISRUPT the function of
lipids, & cause the  The European Respiratory Journal reported CELLS, INTEFERE with
production of oxidative seven women in China working directly in a the DEFENSE ACTS of
stress compounds when paint factory that uses nanoparticles fell ill with immune cells and
fish are exposed to PROVOKE
SERIOUS LUNG DISEASE. The condition of
concentrations on only INFLAMMATION.
the two worsened and led to death. Chemical in
1ppm. Zinc Oxide used as TOXIC when INGESTED
paint, the patient’s lung tissue and the liquid
Toxic to algae and water surface coatings and found the CAUSE
fleas. surrounding the lungs were all found to contain LESIONS in the liver,
NANOPARTICLES. pancreas, heart and
stomach.
ETHICAL & SOCIAL CONCERNS:
Nanohydroxyapatite used Found to be
High levels of exposure Reasons why we should be concerned about as surface coatings. POTENTIALLY TOXIC,
caused growth delay in could be ABSORBED
nanotechnology:
corn, cucumber, soybean, and ENTER CELLS; cited
carrot and cabbage  Nanotechnology is NOT a SINGLE as an INHALATION
crops. HAZARD in MSDS.
TECHNOLOGY; it may become PERVASIVE.
Severe deformities of Carbon-based -Can be harmful as
exposed fish embryo and EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS nanomaterials asbestos if inhaled in
larvae showed cardiac OF NANOMATERIALS sufficient quantities, can
abnormalities, yolk sac CAUSE of
edema, and eye/ head NANOMATERIAL AND HEALTH CONCERN MESOTHELIOMA (is a
abnormalities CURRENT type of cancer that
Can cause the death of a APPLICATION develops from the thin
considerable percentage Silver nanoparticles used -Can enter the layer of tissue that covers
of water fleas (Daphnea as additive in baby bloodstream and reach all many of the internal
magna) which are used bottles, food containers, organs of the body (Brain, organs (known as the
by regulators as an packaging, cutting heart, liver, kidney, mesothelium). The most
ECOLOGICAL boards, salad bowls, spleen & bone marrow). common area affected is
INDICATOR SPECIES cutlery, ice trays, filtration -Placental transfer and the lining of the lungs and
UV-illuminated TiO2 devices and collapsible fetal uptake cause chest wall.)
proven to be toxic to coolers; in ZEBRA FISH EMBRYOS -Can cross the blood-
algae and water fleas. AGRICULTURE, used in (used as a MODEL brain barrier and ALTER
poultry production and ORGANISM for the CELL FUNCTIONS.
agricultural and STUDY OF
aquacultural EMBRYOLOGICAL
disinfectants. DEVELOPMENT IN  NANOTECHNOLOGY may introduce new
efficiencies and paradigms, which may make
HUMANS) to develop
head abnormalities and some natural resources and current practices
no eyes. UNCOMPETITIVE or OBSOLETE.
-Increase the problem of  May be very DIFFICULT to DETECT its
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT presence unless one has the specialist tools of
SUPERBUGS. nanotechnology.
NOEMI FLORES 6
Raises ethical and social justice concerns (MUST BE
ADDRESSED IN ITS REGULATION)
 Ex: (Medicine) NANOBOTS also called as
Nanorobots, nanoids, nanites/ nanomites.
Researchers @ Univ of California San Diego (UCSD)
 Developed nanobots- capable of cleaning blood
of toxins generated by bacteria in experimental
2.
stage.
 25x smaller than the width of human hair.
 Can travel 35 micrometers per second by
moving through blood when powered by
ultrasound.
11.5 Nanotechnology in the Philippines
Dr. Fabian Dayrit
 Chair of the Nanotechnology Technical Panel
of the DOST.
 “The future of nanotechnology in the
Philippines is bright.”
3.
 Government has allocated significant funding-
Major areas of development.
2008- DOST
1. Convened an interdisciplinary group of 14 local
scientists to CRAFT a NANOTECHNOLOGY
ROADMAP of the PH.
2. Areas that need to be prioritized:
1. Nanostructured solar energy
devices
2. Nanosensor technology to FOOD,
AGRCULTURE and
ENVIRONMENT.
3. Environmental remediation and
water.
4. Nanocomposite materials using
local minerals and biological
sources.
1. NANOSTRUCTURED SOLAR DEVICES
 Ateneo de Manila, DLSU & UP under the
support of the DOST focused on the
DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR CELLS
BASED ON SOLID STATE OF
NANOMATERIALS & DYE SENSITIZED
MATERIALS, Including: Graphene- low-
cist & environment friendly alternative
energy sources.
NANOSTRUCTURED SOLAR DEVICES
 DOST & Industrial Technology
Development Institute (ITDI)- led by Dr.
Blessie A. Basilia.
o Biodegradable, envi-friendly
food packaging material that
protects food and extends its
shell life using nanotech.
o Used ORGANOCLAY
(nanoclay) from: LOCAL
BENTONITE blended with
THERMOPLASTIC starch
made from cornstarch.
NANOPARTICLE TIO2 IN COMMERCIAL
PAINT
 Pacific Paint (Boysen) PH, Inc.
i. Conducted the “world’s
largest demo project in
the air cleaning
properties of paint” along
EDSA Ave. in Metro
Manila.
 TITANIUM DIOXIDE- Photocatalytic
ultrafine TiO2 developed by Cristal
Global was incorporated in paint
(KNOxOUT) and applied in around
1.2m2 of the MRT station walls and
embankment along Epifanio de los
Santos Avenue (EDSA)
i. Passive air samples
ANALYZED for NO2
levels 24 hrs intervals
and 18 sample points
before and after the
painting, there were
statistically significant
reductions up to 22% in
certain locations =
Removing 1.3 metric tons
of NO2 levels per year.
Was also conducted by CRISTAL GLOBAL in
Camden, London. Makes BOYSEN the most
effective AIR CLEANING PAINT.
TiO2
 Light, TiO2 in paint transforms AIRBONE
TOXINS into SAFE RESIDUES.
 When exposed to UV light, reduction and
oxidation reax lead to the formation of
ABSORBED FREE RADICALS on the
TiO2 sequence.
 HIGHLY REACTIVE TO AIR
POLLUTANTS.
 CATALYST in generating FREE
RADICALS so it is not consumed in the
reaction.
 Allows paint to continually clean the air as
long as exposed to sufficient light.
KNOxOUTTM
 Name done of the Asia’s top six innovations by
Nat Geo in 2013.
 Has a POWERFUL SELF-CLEANING
BENEFIT aside from DESTROYING AIR-
POLLUTANTS.
 Free radicals- degrade the oils that act as glue
for dirt particles, makes surfaces easier to
clean.
BOYSEN’S KNOxOUTTM
NOEMI FLORES 7
 Air cleaning paint garnered by Chemrez Green
Chemistry Award (2009) National Inventions
Contest & Exhibits- DOST held in Nov. 2009

NOEMI FLORES 8