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PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)

Gravitational perturbations of the Schwarzschild spacetime:


A practical covariant and gauge-invariant formalism
Karl Martel and Eric Poisson
Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
(Received 8 February 2005; revised manuscript received 28 March 2005; published 3 May 2005)
We present a formalism to study the metric perturbations of the Schwarzschild spacetime. The
formalism is gauge invariant, and it is also covariant under two-dimensional coordinate transformations
that leave the angular coordinates unchanged. The formalism is applied to the typical problem of
calculating the gravitational waves produced by material sources moving in the Schwarzschild spacetime.
We examine the radiation escaping to future null infinity as well as the radiation crossing the event
horizon. The waveforms, the energy radiated, and the angular-momentum radiated can all be expressed in
terms of two gauge-invariant scalar functions that satisfy one-dimensional wave equations. The first is the
Zerilli-Moncrief function, which satisfies the Zerilli equation, and which represents the even-parity sector
of the perturbation. The second is the Cunningham-Price-Moncrief function, which satisfies the Regge-
Wheeler equation, and which represents the odd-parity sector of the perturbation. The covariant forms of
these wave equations are presented here, complete with covariant source terms that are derived from the
stress-energy tensor of the matter responsible for the perturbation.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.71.104003 PACS numbers: 04.25.Nx, 04.30.Db, 04.70.Bw, 97.60.Lf

recently revived by Gundlach and Martin-Garcia [12,13],


I. INTRODUCTION
Sarbach and Tiglio [14], Clarkson and Barrett [15], as well
Metric perturbations of the Schwarzschild spacetime as Nagar and collaborators [16,17]. With this paper we
have been studied for a long time, starting with the pioneer- hope to deliver its final chapter. We aim to present the
ing work of Regge and Wheeler [1], Vishveshwara [2], and formalism of metric perturbations of the Schwarzschild
Zerilli [3]. The theory was summarized in an influential spacetime in its most mature and practical incarnation
monograph by Chandrasekhar [4], and it has been applied yet. Our formalism is covariant and gauge invariant, and
to many different physical situations (see, for example, it goes beyond the work listed above by the development of
Chapter 4 of the book by Frolov and Novikov [5]). In covariant master equations for the even-parity and odd-
particular, a useful application has been the computation parity sectors of the theory, complete with explicit source
of gravitational waves produced by a point particle moving terms that are derived from the stress-energy tensor of the
in the field of a Schwarzschild black hole (see Ref. [6], the matter which is responsible for the perturbation. We note
review article of Ref. [7], and references therein). Another that the Gerlach-Sengupta formalism was extended to
has been the simulation of a collision of two black holes in multidimensional black holes and brane-world models by
a ‘‘close-limit’’ approximation (see the review article of Kodama, Ishibashi, and Seto [18–21]. We note also that
Ref. [8] and references therein). gauge-invariant perturbation formalisms are used widely in
Traditionally the perturbation formalism is developed in cosmology (see, for example, Ref. [22] and the review
the standard Schwarzschild coordinates (t, r, , ), and in article of Ref. [23]).
a standard choice of gauge known as the ‘‘Regge-Wheeler We have in mind a typical application of the perturbation
gauge.’’ The tradition also makes use of Fourier-transform formalism, the calculation of gravitational waves produced
techniques and presents the perturbation equations in the by material sources moving in the Schwarzschild space-
frequency domain instead of the time domain. Moncrief [9] time. We are interested in the radiation that escapes to
was the first to present the formalism in a gauge-invariant future null infinity and manifests itself as waveforms h
package, recognizing the practical advantages that gauge and h that are directly observable to gravitational-wave
invariance provides: While the Regge-Wheeler gauge is detectors, and we are interested in the radiation that crosses
useful for many purposes, it is not useful for others, and the the black-hole horizon. This application illustrates well the
power to switch from one gauge to another within a gauge- need for a covariant and gauge-invariant formalism, as the
invariant framework is often required. Another refinement two types of radiation admit different descriptions. The
of the formalism was produced by Gerlach and Sengupta radiation at future null infinity is best described by casting
[10,11], who presented the gauge-invariant perturbation the perturbation in an outgoing radiation gauge and ex-
equations in an arbitrary coordinate system, thus liberating pressing it in a retarded coordinate system (u, r, , )
the formalism from the usual Schwarzschild coordinates related to the usual Schwarzschild coordinates by the trans-
and their poor behavior at the event horizon. formation u  t  r  2M lnr=2M  1. The radiation at
This program to translate the traditional perturbation the horizon, on the other hand, is best described by adopt-
formalism into a covariant, gauge-invariant language was ing an incoming radiation gauge and expressing the per-

1550-7998= 2005=71(10)=104003(13)$23.00 104003-1  2005 The American Physical Society


KARL MARTEL AND ERIC POISSON PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
turbation in an advanced coordinate system (v, r, , ) Because the topic of metric perturbations of the
related to the usual Schwarzschild coordinates by the trans- Schwarzschild spacetime is so venerable, we will allow
formation v  t  r  2M lnr=2M  1. Our formalism ourselves in this paper to simply state our results and omit
permits the use of any coordinate system xa  x0 ; x1  that most lengthy derivations that lead to those results. We
can be obtained from the usual Schwarzschild coordinates hope, however, that the path to the results will always be
(t, r); we do not, however, consider transformations of the clearly delineated. We refer the reader to the literature
angular coordinates A  ; . reviewed in this Introduction for additional details; another
In the formalism developed in this paper, the radiation at repository of relevant derivations is Martel’s PhD disserta-
future null infinity and at the horizon are described in terms tion [26]. Throughout this paper we adopt the sign con-
of scalar and gauge-invariant master functions, lm a
even x 
ventions of Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler [27], and we set
lm a
and odd x , which can be computed from the metric c  G  1.
perturbations. These functions are labeled by spherical-
harmonic indices l and m, and by their behavior under a II. SCHWARZSCHILD SPACETIME
parity transformation. The function lm a
even x  is con- The Schwarzschild metric is expressed as
structed from the even-parity perturbations, and it is equal
to the gauge-invariant function that was first introduced by ds2  gab dxa dxb  r2 AB dA dB ; (2.1)
Moncrief [9]; it is a close cousin to Zerilli’s original master
in a form that is covariant under two-dimensional coordi-
function [3], and it satisfies a covariant version of Zerilli’s
nate transformations xa ! x0a . The coordinates xa span the
differential equation. The complete covariant source term
submanifold M2 of the Schwarzschild spacetime —the
for this equation is presented explicitly for the first time in ‘‘(t, r) plane’’—and lower-case Latin indices a, b, c, etc.
this paper. The function lm a
odd x , on the other hand, is run over the values 0 and 1. The coordinates A  ; 
constructed from the odd-parity perturbations, and it is span the two-spheres xa  constant, and upper-case Latin
equal to the gauge-invariant function that was first intro- indices A, B, C, etc. run over the values 2 and 3. The full
duced by Cunningham, Price, and Moncrief [24] and re- spacetime manifold is M  M2  S2 . The two-
cently revived by Jhingan and Tanaka [25]; it is essentially dimensional tensor gab and the scalar r are functions of
the time integral of the original Regge-Wheeler master the coordinates xa , and AB  diag1; sin2  is the metric
function [1], and it satisfies a covariant version of the on the unit two-sphere.
Regge-Wheeler equation. The complete covariant source We shall use three different coordinate systems xa in the
term for this equation is presented explicitly for the first applications of the perturbation formalism to be presented
time in this paper. below. The first is (t, r), the usual Schwarzschild coordi-
The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II we give a nates. The second is (u, r), where the retarded-time coor-
covariant description of the Schwarzschild spacetime and dinate u is defined by u  t  r  2M lnr=2M  1. The
specify our notations and conventions. In Sec. III we third is (v, r), where the advanced-time coordinate v is
introduce the scalar, vector, and tensor spherical harmonics defined by v  t  r  2M lnr=2M  1. In these coor-
that are used in the decomposition of the metric perturba- dinates the Schwarzschild metric takes the form
tion. In Sec. IV we examine the even-parity sector of the
perturbation, introduce the Zerilli-Moncrief master func- gab dxa dxb  fdt2  f1 dr2 ; (2.2)
tion, and derive the one-dimensional wave equation that it
satisfies. In Sec. V we examine the odd-parity sector of the  fdu2  2dudr; (2.3)
perturbation, introduce the Cunningham-Price-Moncrief
master function, and derive the one-dimensional wave  fdv2  2dvdr; (2.4)
equation that it satisfies. In Sec. VI we describe the behav- where f : 1  2M=r and M is the mass of the black hole.
ior of the perturbations near future null infinity, construct These systems share the property that the scalar r is
the radiative part of the perturbation field, extract the adopted as one of the coordinates. Our formalism is not,
waveforms h and h , and compute the rates at which however, limited to these coordinate choices; one retains
the radiation carries away energy and angular momentum. the freedom of using any coordinate system whatever, for
In Sec. VII we describe the behavior of the perturbations example, harmonic coordinates, isotropic coordinates, or
near the black hole’s event horizon, and calculate the rates double-null coordinates.
at which they transfer energy and angular momentum to We introduce the dual vector
the black hole.
@r
Various technical details are relegated to the ra : ; (2.5)
Appendices. In Appendix A we expand our discussion of @xa
vectorial and tensorial spherical harmonics. And in which is normal to the surfaces of constant rxa ; in the
Appendix B we present the perturbed Ricci tensor for a coordinates of Eqs. (2.2), (2.3), and (2.4), ra  0; 1. We
general spherically-symmetric background spacetime. use gab , the inverse to gab , to raise its index: ra  gab rb .

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GRAVITATIONAL PERTURBATIONS OF THE . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
This allows us to give a covariant definition to the function the metric perturbation. The tensorial nature of the spheri-
f that appears in Eqs. (2.2), (2.3), and (2.4): cal harmonics refers to the unit two-sphere, and in this
2M section we use the metric AB and its inverse AB to lower
ra ra : f  1  : (2.6) and raise all upper-case Latin indices. All tensorial opera-
r tions (including covariant differentiation) shall refer to this
We also introduce "ab , the (antisymmetric) Levi-Civita metric.
tensor on M2 ; in the coordinates of Eqs. (2.2), (2.3), and The scalar harmonics are the usual spherical-harmonic
(2.4), "tr  "ur  "vr  1. The timelike Killing vector of functions Y lm A . They satisfy the eigenvalue equation
the Schwarzschild spacetime is tangent to M2 and is given AB DA DB  ll  1 Y lm  0.
by Vectorial spherical harmonics come in two types. The
even-parity harmonics are defined by
ta  "ab rb ; (2.7)
a
in the coordinates of Eqs. (2.2), (2.3), and (2.4), t  1; 0. YAlm : DA Y lm ; (3.1)
We have ta ta  f and ta ra  0, and the vectors ra , ta while the odd-parity harmonics are
form a basis on M2 . In terms of this basis we have gab 
f1 ta tb  ra rb  and "ab  f1 ta rb  ra tb . XAlm : "A B DB Y lm : (3.2)
The covariant derivative operator compatible with gab is
denoted ra ; we thus have ra gbc
0. It is easy to show Their components are listed explicitly in Appendix A. The
that for the Schwarzschild solution, vectorial harmonics satisfy the orthogonality relations
Z 0 0
M Y Alm YAl m d  ll  1ll0 mm0 (3.3)
ra rb r 
gab ; (2.8)
r2
so that 䊐r  2M=r2 , where 䊐 : gab ra rb is the and
Laplacian operator on M2 . We also have ra tb  Z 0 0
M=r2 "ab , which confirms that ta is a Killing vector. X Alm XAl m d  ll  1ll0 mm0 ; (3.4)
The Riemann tensor on M2 is Rabcd  2M=r3 gac gbd 
gad gbc . in which an overbar indicates complex conjugation and
We let AB be the inverse to AB , the metric on the unit d : sindd is an element of solid angle. We also
two-sphere. The covariant derivative operator compatible have
with AB is denoted DA ; we thus have DA BC
0. The Z 0 0
Levi-Civita tensor on the unit two-sphere is denoted "AB , Y Alm XAl m d  0; (3.5)
and "  sin. The Riemann tensor on the unit-sphere is
RABCD  AC BD  AD BD . which states that the even-parity and odd-parity harmonics
Covariant differentiation in the Schwarzschild space- are always orthogonal. The definitions (3.1) and (3.2) for
time can be defined in terms of covariant differentiation the vectorial spherical harmonics are identical to those
in the submanifolds M2 and S2 . If a bc is the connection provided by Regge and Wheeler [1].
associated with ra , and if A BC is the connection associ- Tensorial spherical harmonics come in the same two
ated with DA , then it is easy to show that the nonvanishing types. The even-parity harmonics are AB Y lm and
components of the spacetime connection are given by  
4 a a 4 a  rra , 4 A 1 A 1
bc   bc , Bc  r rc  B , YAB  DA DB  ll  1 AB Y lm ;
lm :
BC BC (3.6)
4 A A
and  BC   BC . Using these rules we find that the 2
conservation identities for a stress-energy tensor T !" in while the odd-parity harmonics are
the Schwarzschild spacetime take the form
lm : 1
2 XAB   "A C DB  "B C DA DC Y lm : (3.7)
rb T ab  DB T aB  rb T ab  rra AB T AB  0 (2.9) 2
r
Their components are listed explicitly in Appendix A. The
and tensorial harmonics satisfy the orthogonality relations
4 Z
ra T aA  DB T AB  ra T aA  0 (2.10) l0 m0 1
r Y AB
lm YAB d  l  1ll  1l  2ll0 mm0 (3.8)
2
when expressed in terms of the submanifold connections.
and
Z 1
III. SPHERICAL HARMONICS X AB l0 m0
lm XAB d  l  1ll  1l  2ll0 mm0 : (3.9)
2
In this section we introduce the scalar, vector, and tensor
spherical harmonics that are used in the decomposition of We also have

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KARL MARTEL AND ERIC POISSON PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
Z X
Y AB l0 m0 a  )lm lm
a Y ; (4.4)
lm XAB d  0 (3.10)
lm

and X
A  )lm YAlm ; (4.5)
lm
AB YAB
lm 0 AB XAB
lm : (3.11)
the fields )lm
a and )
lm depend on the coordinates xa only.
The definition (3.6) for the even-parity harmonics does not Under such a transformation the perturbation quantities
agree with that of Regge and Wheeler [1], who work change according to (see Appendix B)
instead with the set AB Y lm and DA DB Y lm . We find it
more convenient to form the tracefree combinations YAB lm
, hab ! h0ab  hab  ra )b  rb )a ; (4.6)
which have the property of being (pointwise) orthogonal to
AB Y lm . The definition (3.7) for the odd-parity harmonics 2
also differs from Regge and Wheeler’s, but only by an ja ! j0a  ja  )a  ra )  ra ); (4.7)
overall minus sign, which we find convenient to introduce. r
lm lm
The tensorial harmonics YAB and XAB can be related to
the spherical-harmonic functions of spin-weight s  2 ll  1 2
K ! K0  K  )  ra ) a ; (4.8)
[28], and to the pure-spin harmonics used by Thorne [29]. r2 r
These relations are explored in Appendix A.
2
G ! G0  G  ); (4.9)
IV. EVEN-PARITY SECTOR r2
A. Perturbation fields and gauge transformations where we have discarded the spherical-harmonic labels for
The even-parity sector refers to those components of the brevity (we shall continue with this practice until the end of
metric perturbation that can be expanded in terms of the the section). It is easy to show that the combinations
even-parity spherical harmonics Y lm , YAlm , AB Y lm , and
lm
YAB . Introducing the notation 4 gab  gab  pab , 4 gaB  h~ ab : hab  ra "b  rb "a (4.10)
paB , and 4 gAB  r2 AB  pAB for the perturbed metric,
the even-parity sector of the metric perturbation is and
X
pab  hlm lm
ab Y ; (4.1) ~ : K  1 ll  1G  2 ra "a
K (4.11)
lm 2 r

X are gauge invariant, where


paB  jlm lm
a YB ; (4.2)
1
lm "a : ja  r2 ra G: (4.12)
2
X
pAB  r2 K lm AB Y lm  Glm YAB
lm
: (4.3) Eqs. (4.7) and (4.9) reveal that one can always choose a
lm gauge in which ja  0  G; this is the Regge-Wheeler
gauge. Equations (4.10), (4.11), and (4.12) imply that
In most of this section the sums over l are taken to begin at
h~ab  hab and K~  K in the Regge-Wheeler gauge.
l  2; the low multipoles (l  0 and l  1) will be con-
sidered separately in Sec. IV D. The fields hlm lm lm
ab , ja , K ,
lm 2
and G are defined on M and they depend on the B. Perturbation equations
coordinates xa only. They are closely related to the quan- The Ricci tensor of the Schwarzschild spacetime van-
tities first introduced by Regge and Wheeler [1], who ishes, and as a consequence its perturbation is gauge
worked exclusively in terms of the usual Schwarzschild invariant. Its computation can therefore be carried out in
coordinates (t, r). In these coordinates (discarding for any convenient gauge, and the Regge-Wheeler gauge is
brevity the spherical-harmonic labels) we have htt  clearly convenient. The steps involved are as follows. We
fH0 , htr  H1 , hrr  H2 =f, jt  h0 , and jr  h1 . The substitute Eqs. (4.1), (4.2), and (4.3), having set ja  G 
function G introduced in Eq. (4.3) is identical to the 0, into the Ricci tensor of Appendix B. We simplify the
corresponding Regge-Wheeler quantity, but K is different: result and find that Rab is expanded in terms of Y lm , RaB
Khere  KRW  12 ll  1G; the difference originates from in terms of YBlm , and RAB in terms of both AB Y lm and
the fact that Regge and Wheeler work with AB Y lm and lm
YAB . From the Ricci tensor we compute the Einstein tensor
DA DB Y lm instead of AB Y lm and YAB
lm
. and set the result equal to 8*T !" , which describes the
Even-parity gauge transformations are generated by a material source for the gravitational perturbations. Each
dual vector field !  a ; A  that is expanded as spherical-harmonic component of the field equations can

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GRAVITATIONAL PERTURBATIONS OF THE . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
then be extracted by involving the orthonormality relations allows us to make the substitutions hab ! h~ab , K ! K
~ and
(3.3) and (3.8) satisfied by the spherical harmonics. At the therefore to express the gauge-invariant Einstein tensor in
end of this calculation we take advantage of the fact that terms of gauge-invariant quantities.
h~ab  hab and K ~  K in the Regge-Wheeler gauge. This Our final results are

1 1 ~  1 ra rb h~  2 rc ra h~c  gab rd h~cd 


Qab  rc ra h~cb  gab rc rd h~cd  䊐h~ab  gab h b
2 2 2 r
 
1
 rc rc h~ab  gab h ~  ll  1 h~ab  1 gab rc rd h~cd  1 ll  1  2M gab h~  ra rb K ~  gab K
~
r 2r2 r2 2 r2 r3
2
 ra rb K ~  l  1l  2 gab K;
~  3 gab rc rc K ~ (4.13)
r r 2r2

1 and
Qa  rc h~ca  ra h~  ra h~  ra K;
~ (4.14)
r 2 l  1l  2 ]
ra Qa  ra Qa  Q  Q[  0: (4.22)
r 2r2
2 1
Q[  䊐h~  ra rb h~ab  ra rb h~ab  ra ra h~
r r
C. Master equation
ll  1 ~ ~ 2 a ~
 h  K  r ra K; (4.15) The Zerilli-Moncrief function is defined by
2r2 r
 
2r ~ lm 2 a b ~lm ~ lm
~ lm :  K  r r h  rrar K  ;
Q]  h; (4.16) even
ll  1 ! ab a

where h~ : gab h~ab and 䊐 : gab ra rb . The source terms (4.23)


are where
Z 6M
Qab  8* T ab Y lm d ; (4.17) ! : l  1l  2  : (4.24)
r
This is a covariant and gauge-invariant generalization of
a 16*r2 Z aB  lm the definition provided by Lousto and Price [30], who
Q  T Y B d ; (4.18)
ll  1 worked with the usual Schwarzschild coordinates and in
the Regge-Wheeler gauge. Their even-parity function
Z agrees, up to a normalization factor, with the gauge-
Q[  8*r2 T AB AB Y lm d ; (4.19) invariant function first introduced by Moncrief [9].
Moncrief’s function, in turn, is a variant of Zerilli’s origi-
32*r4 Z nal even-parity function [3] (Zerilli worked in the fre-
Q]  T AB Y lm
AB d : (4.20) quency domain instead of the Schwarzschild time
l  1ll  1l  2 domain). Up to the same normalization factor the
In Eqs. (4.17), (4.18), (4.19), and (4.20) the stress-energy Moncrief and Fourier-transformed Zerilli functions are
tensor is imagined to be given in fully contravariant form; equal up to the presence of source terms; they are equal
T ab , T aB , and T AB are then its components in the spacetime only where there is no matter. (The plethora of even-parity
coordinates (xa , A ). In the event where the stress-energy functions and normalization conventions is conveniently
tensor would be given in covariant or mixed form, its catalogued in the review article by Nagar and Rezzolla
indices would have to be raised with (gab , r2 AB )—the [17].) The normalization adopted in Eq. (4.23) will be seen
inverse Schwarzschild metric —before evaluating the to be convenient when we discuss gravitational radiation at
source terms. In Eqs. (4.13), (4.14), (4.15), and (4.16) all future null infinity (Sec. VI) and at the horizon (Sec. VII);
lower-case Latin indices are lowered and raised with gab our definition of the even-parity master function is well
and gab , respectively. adapted to the description of radiation fields.
The perturbation equations are not all independent. By The perturbation Eqs. (4.13), (4.14), (4.15), and (4.16)
virtue of the Bianchi identities, or the conservation give rise to a wave equation for the function even (we
Eqs. (2.9) and (2.10), they are related by resume our practice of omitting the spherical-harmonic
labels). The manipulations are long and tedious, and we
2 ll  1 a 1 a [ shall not present them here (the reader may consult
rb Qab  rb Qab  Q  r Q 0 (4.21)
r 2r2 r Ref. [26] for details). We simply state the final result: As

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KARL MARTEL AND ERIC POISSON PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
a consequence of the field equations, the even-parity mas- perturbation, the monopole component of the metric per-
ter function satisfies the Zerilli equation turbation represents a shift in the mass parameter of the
Schwarzschild solution.
䊐  Veven even  Seven ; (4.25)
The even-parity spherical harmonics for l  1 are Y 1m ,
with potential YA , and AB Y 1m ; YAB
1m 1m vanishes. The metric perturbation is

     then
1 2 /2 6M 36M2 2M X
Veven  /   /  pab  h1m 1m
(4.31)
!2 r2 r3 r4 r ab Y ;
m
(4.26)
X
and source term paB  j1m 1m
a YB ; (4.32)
m
4 1 2
Seven  ra Qa  Q]  X
! r /  2! pAB  r2 AB K 1m Y 1m ; (4.33)

24M m
 2r2 ra ra Q  r r Qab  2rfQ[
! a b and the fields G1m are not
   P defined. Gauge transformations
P
r M M2 are generated by a  m )1m a Y 1m
and A  m )1m YA1m .
 //  2  12/  3  84 2 Q ; The perturbations change according to
! r r
(4.27) hab ! h0ab  hab  ra )b  rb )a ; (4.34)
where / : l  1l  2 and Q : gab Qab . The validity 2
of Eqs. (4.25), (4.26), and (4.27) can be verified by brute- ja ! j0a  ja  )a  ra )  ra ); (4.35)
r
force evaluation of both sides of Eqs. (4.25). The general
source term for the covariant Zerilli equation has never 2 2
been presented in explicit form in the literature. We display K ! K0  K  )  ra ) a : (4.36)
r2 r
it here for the first time, but note that Eq. (A14) of Ref. [16]
gives an implicit expression for the source term, while their There is no analogue here of the gauge-invariant fields h~ab
Eqs. (A15)–(A17) give it explicitly in Schwarzschild and K ~ that were introduced in the general case. The rele-
coordinates. vant field equations for hab , ja , and K are the Qab , Qa , Q[
equations of Eqs. (4.13), (4.14), and (4.15), in which
D. Low multipoles we set l  1, h~ab  hab  ra jb  rb ja , and K ~
1 a ]
K  2r r ja . The Q equation of Eq. (4.16) is not defined
To conclude our presentation of the even-parity sector for l  1. It is well known [3] that in the case of a vacuum
we now handle the special cases l  0 and l  1. perturbation, the dipole component of the even-parity met-
Additional details can be found in Appendix G of the paper ric perturbation is pure gauge: it can always be removed by
by Zerilli [3]. a gauge transformation.
When l  0 the only relevant spherical harmonic is Y 00 ,
which is a constant. It follows that YA  YAB  0, and the
only nonvanishing metric perturbations are V. ODD-PARITY SECTOR
A. Perturbation fields and gauge transformations
pab  hab Y 00 ; pAB  r2 K AB Y 00 ; (4.28)
The odd-parity sector refers to those components of the
the fields ha and G are not defined. The freedom to perform metric perturbation that can be expanded in terms of the
a gauge transformation is contained in a  )a Y 00 , A  odd-parity spherical harmonics XAlm and XABlm
. Recalling the
0, and the perturbations transform as notation gab  gab  pab , gaB  paB , and 4 gAB 
4 4

hab ! h0ab  hab  ra )b  rb )a ; (4.29) r2 AB  pAB for the perturbed metric, the odd-parity sec-
tor of the metric perturbation is
2 pab  0; (5.1)
K ! K 0  K  ra ) a : (4.30)
r
X
There is no analogue here of the gauge-invariant quantities paB  hlm lm
a XB ; (5.2)
h~ab and K~ that were introduced in the general case. The lm

relevant field equations for hab and K are the Qab and Q[ X
equations of Eqs. (4.13) and (4.15), respectively, in which pAB  hlm lm
2 XAB : (5.3)
lm
we set l  0, h~ab  hab , and K ~  K. The Qa and Q]
equations of Eqs. (4.14) and (4.16), respectively, are not In most of this section the sums over l are taken to begin at
defined. It is well known [3] that in the case of a vacuum l  2; there is no odd-parity perturbation with l  0, and

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GRAVITATIONAL PERTURBATIONS OF THE . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
the case l  1 will be considered separately in Sec. V E. Our final results are
The fields hlm lm 2
a and h2 are defined on M and they depend 2
a
on the coordinates x only. They are closely related to the Pa  䊐h~a  ra rb h~b  rb ra h~b  ra rb h~b 
quantities first introduced by Regge and Wheeler [1], who r
worked exclusively in terms of the usual Schwarzschild 2 ll  1 ~
 2 ra rb h~b  ha ; (5.8)
coordinates (t, r). In these coordinates (discarding r r2
spherical-harmonic labels) we have ht  h0 and hr  h1 .
Except for a sign—refer back to the discussion following P  ra h~a ; (5.9)
Eq. (3.11)—the function h2 is identical to the correspond-
where 䊐 : gab ra rb . The source terms are
ing Regge-Wheeler quantity.
Odd-parity gauge transformations are generated by a 16*r2 Z aB  lm
dual vector field !  0; A  that is expanded as Pa  T XB d ; (5.10)
ll  1
X
A  )lm XAlm ; (5.4) Z
16*r4
lm P T AB X lm
AB d : (5.11)
l  1ll  1l  2
in which )lm depends on the coordinates xa only. Under
such a transformation the perturbation quantities change In Eqs. (5.10) and (5.11) the stress-energy tensor is imag-
according to (see Appendix B) ined to be given in fully contravariant form; T aB and T AB
are its relevant components in the spacetime coordinates
2 (xa , A ). In the event where the stress-energy tensor would
ha ! h0a  ha  ra )  ra ); (5.5) be given in covariant or mixed form, its indices would
r
have to be raised with (gab , r2 AB )—the inverse
Schwarzschild metric —before evaluating the source
h2 ! h02  h2  2); (5.6) terms. In Eqs. (5.8) and (5.9) all lower-case Latin indices
are lowered and raised with gab and gab , respectively.
where we have discarded the spherical-harmonic labels for
The perturbation equations are not all independent. By
brevity (we shall continue with this practice until the end of
virtue of the Bianchi identities, or the conservation
the section). It is easy to show that the combinations
Eq. (2.10), they are related by
1 1 2 l  1l  2
h~ a  ha  ra h2  ra h2 (5.7) ra Pa  ra Pa  P  0: (5.12)
2 r r r2
are gauge invariant. Equation (5.6) reveals that one can
always choose a gauge in which h2  0; this is the Regge- C. Master equation
Wheeler gauge. Equation (5.7) implies that h~a  ha in the
Regge-Wheeler gauge. The Cunningham-Price-Moncrief function is defined by
 
2r ~ lm 2 ~lm
lm :  "ab
r h
a b  r h ; (5.13)
B. Perturbation equations odd
l  1l  2 r a b
The Ricci tensor of the Schwarzschild spacetime van- where "ab is the Levi-Civita tensor on the submanifold
ishes, and as a consequence its perturbation is gauge- M2 . Apart from a different normalization factor, this is a
invariant. Its computation can therefore be carried out in covariant generalization (first formulated by Gerlach and
any convenient gauge, and as in the preceding section we Sengupta [10]) of the definition provided by Cunningham,
shall adopt the Regge-Wheeler gauge. We substitute Price, and Moncrief [24], who worked with the usual
Eqs. (5.1), (5.2), and (5.3), having set h2  0, into the Schwarzschild coordinates. Our definition (and normaliza-
Ricci tensor of Appendix B. We simplify the result and tion) agrees with the odd-parity function considered by
find that Rab vanishes, RaB is expanded in terms of XBlm , Jhingan and Tanaka [25], who also worked with the
and RAB in terms of XAB lm . From the Ricci tensor we
Schwarzschild coordinates, but in the frequency domain.
compute the Einstein tensor and set the result equal to (The plethora of odd-parity functions and normalization
8*T !" . Each spherical-harmonic component of the field conventions is conveniently catalogued in the review ar-
equations can then be extracted by involving the orthonor- ticle by Nagar and Rezzolla [17].) The normalization
mality relations (3.4) and (3.9) satisfied by the odd-parity adopted in Eq. (5.13) will be seen to be convenient when
harmonics. At the end of this calculation we take advan- we discuss gravitational radiation at future null infinity
tage of the fact that h~a  ha in the Regge-Wheeler gauge. (Sec. VI) and at the horizon (Sec. VII); our definition of
This allows us to make the substitution ha ! h~a and there- the odd-parity master function is well adapted to the de-
fore to express the gauge-invariant Einstein tensor in terms scription of radiation fields. It is noteworthy that it can also
of gauge-invariant quantities. be expressed as

104003-7
KARL MARTEL AND ERIC POISSON PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
 
2r 2 䊐  Vodd RW  SRW ; (5.19)
lm
odd
: "ab @a hlm
b  ra h lm ;
b
l  1l  2 r with the potential of Eq. (5.15) and a new source term given
in terms of the original (gauge-dependent) perturbation by
quantities, and in terms of the partial differentiation opera-    
1 2 3M
tor; the function is nonetheless gauge-invariant and a SRW  ra ra P  Pa   1  P : (5.20)
r r r
scalar.
The perturbation Eqs. (5.8) and (5.9) give rise to a wave This covariant form for the source term is also a new result.
equation for the function odd (we resume our practice of
discarding the spherical-harmonic labels). As in the pre- E. Low multipoles
ceding section we simply state the final result: As a con- To conclude our presentation of the odd-parity sector
sequence of the field equations, the odd-parity master we now handle the special cases l  0 and l  1.
function satisfies the Regge-Wheeler equation Additional details can be found in Appendix G of the paper
䊐  Vodd odd  Sodd ; (5.14) by Zerilli [3].
When l  0 the only relevant spherical harmonic is Y 00 ,
with potential which is a constant. It follows that XA  XAB  0, and
ll  1 6M we conclude that there is no odd-parity perturbation with
Vodd   3 (5.15) l  0.
r2 r
The only surviving odd-parity spherical harmonics for
and source term l  1 are XA1m , which are obtained from Y 1m using
1m
2r Eq. (3.2). The tensorial harmonics XAB vanish, and the
Sodd   "ab ra Pb : (5.16) only surviving components of the metric perturbation are
l  1l  2 X
paB  h1m 1m
a XB : (5.21)
The validity of Eqs. (5.14), (5.15), and (5.16) can be m
verified by brute-force evaluation of both sides of
Eqs. (5.14). The general source term for the covariant The perturbations h1m
acan be altered by
P a gauge trans-
Regge-Wheeler equation has never been presented in ex- formation generated by a  0, A  m )1m XA1m ; they
plicit form in the literature; it is given only implicity by change according to
Eq. (17) of Ref. [10]. We display it here for the first time, 2
and note that in the usual Schwarzschild coordinates (and ha ! h0a  ha  ra )  ra ): (5.22)
r
in the frequency domain), Sodd agrees with the source term
presented in Eq. (18) of Jhingan and Tanaka [25]. There is no analogue here of the gauge-invariant fields h~a
that were introduced in the general case. The relevant field
D. Regge-Wheeler function equation for ha is the Pa equation of Eq. (5.8), in which we
set l  1 and h~a  ha . The P equation of Eq. (5.9) is not
The Cunningham-Price-Moncrief function is a close defined. It is well known [3] that in the case of a vacuum
cousin to the more familiar Regge-Wheeler function [1], perturbation, the dipole component of the odd-parity met-
whose covariant and gauge-invariant definition is ric perturbation represents a shift (away from zero) in the
1 a ~lm angular-momentum parameter of the black hole.
lm :
RW  r ha : (5.17)
r
VI. RADIATION AT FUTURE NULL INFINITY
As we shall see in Secs. VI and VII, the Regge-Wheeler
function is not well suited to describe the gravitational To examine the gravitational perturbations near future
radiation field, and in this paper we adopt the function null infinity we adopt the retarded coordinates (u, r, , )
lmodd of Eq. (5.13) as the fundamental odd-parity master
and express the two-dimensional Schwarzschild metric in
function. It is straightforward to use the perturbation equa- the form of Eq. (2.3). In these coordinates, future null
tions to show that these functions are related by infinity corresponds to taking the limit r ! 1 keeping u
fixed, and our strategy will be to expand the metric pertur-
1 r bations in powers of r1 . In asymptotically Cartesian
RW  ta ra odd  r Pa ; (5.18)
2 l  1l  2 a coordinates the radiative part of the metric would scale
where ta  "ab rb is the Killing vector of Eq. (2.7). as r1 ; transforming to spherical coordinates produces the
Outside of sources, and apart from a factor of one-half, scalings
the Regge-Wheeler function is the time derivative of the prad 1
prad 0
prad
ab  Or ; aB  Or ; AB  Or
Cunningham-Price-Moncrief function.
(6.1)
The function of Eq. (5.17) also satisfies the Regge-
Wheeler equation, for the radiative part of the metric perturbations. Our goal

104003-8
GRAVITATIONAL PERTURBATIONS OF THE . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
X
is to isolate this, and to calculate how much energy and prad;even r lm lm
even u; r  1YAB : (6.8)
AB
angular momentum is carried away by the radiation. We lm
find it advantageous to work in gauge in which
It is obtained by integrating the Zerilli Eq. (4.25) and
ta pab  0  ta paB ; (6.2) evaluating the Zerilli-Moncrief function at r  1.
We turn next to the odd-parity sector of Sec. V. The
where ta is the Killing vector of Eq. (2.7). In spite of the gauge conditions imply hu  0, and the scalings of
fact that ta is not a null vector (except on the even horizon, Eq. (6.1) imply that we are looking for the r0 part of hr
which is well outside our domain of consideration), this and the r1 part of h2 . These are determined by following
gauge happens to be a perfectly respectable ‘‘radiation the same procedure as in the even-parity case, and we
gauge.’’ obtain
In this section we take l  2; as is well known, the low
multipoles l  0 and l  1 do not contain radiative de- l  1l  2 Z u
hr   bu0 du0  Or2 ; (6.9)
grees of freedom. We assume that the matter distribution 2r
responsible for the radiation is confined to a bounded
volume, and that our domain of consideration is outside h2  bur  Or0 ; (6.10)
this volume; we shall therefore be solving the vacuum field
equations. where bu is not determined by the vacuum field equa-
We begin with the even-parity sector of Sec. IV. The tions. We see that the radiative part of the perturbation is
gauge conditions imply huu  hur  ju  0, and the scal- contained entirely in the function h2 u; r. With the metric
ings of Eq. (6.1) imply that we are looking for the r1 part perturbation of Eqs. (6.9), (6.10) we may evaluate the
of hrr , K, and G, as well as the r0 part of jr . These can be Cunningham-Price-Moncrief function of Eq. (5.13). The
determined by expanding the components of the metric result is
perturbation in powers of r1 and substituting them into odd  bu  Or1 ; (6.11)
the field equations of Eqs. (4.13), (4.14), (4.15), and (4.16).
The expansions for hrr , K, and G begin at order r1 and and we conclude that the radiative part of the odd-parity
each coefficient is a to-be-determined function of u; the sector is given by
expansion for jr begins instead at order r0 . The field X
prad;odd  r lm lm
odd u; r  1XAB : (6.12)
equations return Qab , Qa , Q[ , and Q] expanded in powers AB
lm
of r1 , and setting each coefficient to zero determines the
metric perturbation. We obtain It is obtained by integrating the Regge-Wheeler Eq. (5.14)
and evaluating the Cunningham-Price-Moncrief function
ll  1 Z u at r  1. Notice that by virtue of Eq. (5.18), the radiative
hrr   au0 du0  Or4 ; (6.3)
r3 field could instead be expressed in terms of the u-integral
of the Regge-Wheeler function. The need to perform this
au integration is inconvenient, and it is the simple relationship
jr   Or2 ; (6.4) of Eq. (6.12) that has motivated the adoption of the
r Cunningham-Price-Moncrief function as the fundamental
odd-parity master function.
ll  1 Z u The full radiative field is obtained from Eqs. (6.8) and
K au0 du0  Or4 ; (6.5)
2r3 (6.12). We have prad rad
ab  0  paB and
X
prad
AB  r lm lm lm lm
even YAB  odd XAB ; (6.13)
2 _
au
G  Or2 ; (6.6) lm
l  1l  2 r
where lm lm lm lm
even
even u; r  1 and odd
odd u; r 
where au is a function that is not determined by the 1. As expected, the radiative field is transverse, and
vacuum field equations, and a_ : da=du. We see that the tracefree by virtue of Eqs. (3.11). The two fundamental
radiative part of the perturbation is contained entirely in polarizations of the gravitational wave can be defined by
the function Gu; r. With the metric perturbation of h : p =r2 and h : p =r2 sin. Using the compo-
Eqs. (6.3), (6.4), (6.5), and (6.6) we may evaluate the nents of the tensorial spherical harmonics listed in
Zerilli-Moncrief function of Eq. (4.23). The result is Appendix A, we obtain
  
2 1 X lm @2 1
even   _
au  Or1 ; (6.7) h    ll  1 Y lm
l  1l  2 r lm even @2 2
  
and we conclude that the radiative part of the even-parity im @ cos lm
 lmodd  Y (6.14)
sector is given by sin @ sin

104003-9
KARL MARTEL AND ERIC POISSON PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
and port of energy and angular momentum across the horizon is
   pAB . [Refer to Poisson’s Eq. (6.10), which establishes the
1 X lm im @ cos lm
h  even  Y equality between pAB and 61AB , the perturbation of the
r lm sin @ sin horizon’s intrinsic metric.]
 2   In this section we take l  2, as the low multipoles l  0
lm @ 1
 odd  ll  1 Y lm : (6.15) and l  1 do not contain radiative degrees of freedom. We
@2 2
assume that the matter distribution responsible for the
The energy and angular momentum carried away by the radiation does not come near the event horizon; we shall
gravitational radiation can be calculated using the tech- therefore be solving the vacuum field equations in an
niques developed by Thorne [29]. We compare our empty neighborhood of the event horizon.
Eq. (6.13) to his Eq. (4.3), taking into account the relation- We begin with the even-parity sector of Sec. IV. The
ship between our tensorial harmonics and his pure-spin gauge conditions of Eq. (7.1) imply that hvv  hvr  jv 
harmonics (this is spelled out in Appendix A). Thorne’s 0, so that hrr , jr , K, and G are the only nonvanishing
mass multipole moments are thus seen to be proportional to components of the metric perturbation. As stated above,
lm
even u; r  1, and his current moments are proportional the radiation crossing the event horizon is described en-
to lm odd u; r  1. Substituting these into Thorne’s tirely by K and G evaluated at r  2M. The field equa-
Eq. (4.16) we obtain tions, however, imply that K vanishes on the horizon. This

is verified by expanding hrr , jr , K, and G in powers of f 
dE 1 X
 l  1ll  1l  2 1  2M=r and substituting them into the field equations of
du 64* lm Eqs. (4.13), (4.14), (4.15), and (4.16). This calculation
 hj_ lm 2 _ lm 2
even j  jodd j i (6.16) reveals also that Gv; r  2M  av, a function that is
not determined by the vacuum field equations. On the other
for the averaged rate at which the energy escapes to future hand, the expansions allow us to evaluate the Zerilli-
null infinity. Substituting instead into Thorne’s Eq. (4.23) Moncrief function of Eq. (4.23), and the result is even r 
returns 2M  2Mav. We conclude that on the horizon, the

radiative part of the even-parity sector is given by
dJ 1 X
 l  1ll  1l  2im X
du 64* lm prad;even  2M lm lm
even v; r  2MYAB : (7.2)
AB
 lm _ lm  lm _ lm lm
 h even even  odd odd i (6.17)
It is obtained by integrating the Zerilli Eq. (4.25) and
for the averaged rate at which the angular momentum
evaluating the Zerilli-Moncrief function at r  2M.
escapes to infinity. This is the component of the angular-
We turn next to the odd-parity sector of Sec. V. The
momentum vector in the arbitrary z direction which defines
gauge conditions imply hu  0, so that hr and h2 are the
the orientation of the angles  and . The overbar indicates
only nonvanishing components of the metric perturbation.
complex conjugation, and it is not difficult to show that
The radiation crossing the event horizon is described en-
hdJ=dui is real. The averaging carried out in Eqs. (6.16)
tirely by h2 evaluated at r  2M, and the field equations
and (6.17) is over a characteristic time scale associated
imply that bv : h2 v; r  2M remains as an undeter-
with the gravitational wave.
mined function. They also imply that hr v; r  2M 
cv, with
VII. RADIATION AT THE EVENT HORIZON
l  1l  2 Z v
To examine the gravitational perturbations near the cv : bv0 dv0 :
8M2
event horizon we adopt the advanced coordinates (v, r,
, ) and express the two-dimensional Schwarzschild These statements are verified by expanding hr and h2 in
metric in the form of Eq. (2.4). We want to calculate how powers of f  1  2M=r and substituting them into
much energy and angular momentum is transferred to the Eqs. (5.8) and (5.9). The expansions allow us also to
black hole by the perturbation, and we shall do so by evaluate the Cunningham-Price-Moncrief function of
following the methods devised by Poisson [31]. As in the Eq. (5.13), and the result is
preceding section we impose the gauge conditions
4M dc 1
odd r  2M    bv:
ta pab  0  ta paB (7.1) l  1l  2 dv 2M
on the metric perturbation; ta is still the Killing vector of We conclude that on the horizon, the radiative part of the
Eq. (2.7). Recall that this vector is null on the event odd-parity sector is given by
horizon, and Eq. (7.1), evaluated at r  2M, is equivalent X
to Poisson’s Eq. (6.5). Poisson then shows that the part of prad;odd
AB  2M lm lm
odd v; r  2MXAB : (7.3)
the metric perturbation which is associated with the trans- lm

104003-10
GRAVITATIONAL PERTURBATIONS OF THE . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
It is obtained by integrating the Regge-Wheeler Eq. (5.14) 1 @ lm @ lm
and evaluating the Cunningham-Price-Moncrief function Xlm   Y ; lm  sin
X Y :
sin @ @
at r  2M. Notice that by virtue of Eq. (5.18), the radiative
field could instead be expressed in terms of the v-integral According to Eq. (3.6) we have
of the Regge-Wheeler function; this would give rise to  2 
Poisson’s Eq. (7.3), a less convenient expression. lm @ 1
Y   ll  1 Y lm ;
The full radiative field is obtained by adding Eqs. (7.2) @2 2
and (7.3). We have  2 
lm @ cos @
X Y   Y lm ;
prad lm lm lm lm @@ sin @
AB  2M even YAB  odd XAB ; (7.4)
lm
 2 
lm @ @ 1 2
Y   sin cos  ll  1sin  Y lm :
where lm
even
lm  2M and lm
even v; r
lm
odd
odd v; r  @2 @ 2
2M. This result should be compared with Eq. (6.13). The
rates at which the gravitational perturbation transfers en- And according to Eq. (3.7) we have
ergy and angular momentum to the black hole can now be  2 
lm 1 @ cos @
calculated using the method described in Sec. VII of X    Y lm ;
sin @@ sin @
Poisson [31]. Our Eq. (7.4) replaces his Eq. (7.5), and the  
2
rest of the calculation is identical. The final results are lm  1 sin @  1 @2 @ lm

X  cos Y ;
dE 1 X 2 @2 sin @2 @
 l  1ll  1l  2  2 
dv 64* lm lm  sin @
X  cos
@
Y lm :
@@ @
 hj_ lm 2 _ lm 2
even j  jodd j i (7.5)
The tensorial harmonics YABlm and X lm can be related to
and AB

the spherical-harmonic functions of spin-weight s  2
dJ 1 X [28]. Let mA and m
 A be a complex orthonormal basis on the
 l  1ll  1l  2im
dv 64* lm unit two-sphere, with mA  21=2 1; i sin. The relation-
 lm _ lm  lm _ lm ship is then
 h even even  odd odd i: (7.6)
lm 1 p
These equations replace Poisson’s Eqs. (7.8) and (7.9). YAB  l  1ll  1l  2
Notice the similarity between Eqs. (7.5) and (6.16), and 2
between Eqs. (7.6) and (6.17). In Eq. (7.6), J represents the  2 Y lm mA mB 2 Y lm m  B
 Am
component of the hole’s angular-momentum vector in
and
the arbitrary z direction which defines the orientation of
the angles  and . The overbar indicates complex con- lm   i p
jugation. The averaging carried out in Eqs. (7.5) and (7.6) is XAB l  1ll  1l  2
2
over a characteristic time scale associated with the gravi-
 2 Y lm mA mB 2 Y lm m  Am  B ;
tational perturbation.
where s Y lm are the spin-weighted spherical harmonics.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS These equations can be compared with Eqs. (2.38e) and
We are grateful to Alessandro Nagar for his criticism of (2.38f) of Ref. [29]. This reveals that our tensorial har-
an earlier version of this paper. This work was supported monics are intimately related to the ‘‘pure-spin’’ harmon-
by the National Science and Engineering Research Council ics used by Thorne. The relationship is
of Canada. s
lm 1 E2;lm
YAB  l  1ll  1l  2TAB
APPENDIX A: COMPONENTS OF THE VECTOR 2
AND TENSOR SPHERICAL HARMONICS, AND
and
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SPHERICAL
HARMONICS s
lm 1 B2;lm
We first list the components of the tensorial harmonics XAB  l  1ll  1l  2TAB :
2
introduced in Sec. III. According to Eq. (3.1) we have
E2;lm B2;lm
@ lm @ lm Notice that the pure-spin harmonics TAB and TAB are
Ylm  Y ; Ylm  Y : normalized on the unit two-sphere. Our convention here
@ @
differs from Thorne’s, who inserts a factor of r1 in mA and
According to Eq. (3.2) we have m A in order to normalize them on a two-sphere of radius r.

104003-11
KARL MARTEL AND ERIC POISSON PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)
APPENDIX B: PERTURBATION OF THE RICCI riantly constant relative to the connection a bc ; for ex-
TENSOR FOR A GENERAL SPHERICALLY- ample ra AB
0.
SYMMETRIC BACKGROUND SPACETIME A straightforward calculation returns the components of
the perturbed connection, which we denote 4 ! "6 
The perturbed spacetime metric is written as
! "6 . We obtain
4g  gab  pab ; 4g  paB ;
ab aB
4 a bc  Ca bc ;
gAB  r2 AB  pAB ;
1 1
where (gab , r2 AB ) are the components of the background abC  DC pa b  rb pa C  ra pbC   rb pa C ;
2 r
metric and (pab , paB , pAB ) are the components of the 1
perturbation. In this Appendix we allow the background a BC  DB pa C  DC pa B  ra pBC   rrm BC pam ;
2
metric to be completely general, so long as it is spherically
1
symmetric; we do not restrict it to be the Schwarzschild A bc  2 rb pc A  rc pb A  DA pbc ;
metric. We raise lower-case Latin indices with gab , the 2r
inverse to gab , and we raise upper-case Latin indices with 1 1
A bC  2 DC pb A  DA pbC  rb pA C   3 rb pA C ;
AB , the inverse to AB . The inverse perturbed metric is 2r r
thus 1 1
A BC  2 CA BC  rm BC pmA ;
1 aB r r
4 ab
g  gab  pab ; 4 aB
g  p ;
r2 where ra : ra r,
4 AB 1 1
g  2 AB  4 pAB ; 1
r r Ca bc : rc pa b  rb pa c  ra pbc ;
2
up to terms quadratic in the perturbations.
Covariant differentiation with respect to the coordinates and
xa on the submanifold M2 is indicated with ra :ra gbc  1
0. Covariant differentiation with respect to the coordinates CA BC : DC pA B  DB pA C  DA pBC :
2
A on the unit two-sphere is indicated with DA :DA BC 
0. Quantities which depend only on xa are covariantly The Ricci tensor for the perturbed spacetime is equal to
constant relative to the connection A BC ; for example the background Ricci tensor R!" plus its perturbation
DA r
0. Quantities which depend only on A are cova- R!" . We obtain

2 1 1 1 1
Rab  rm Cm ab  rm Cm ab  ra rb pm m  2 DM DM pab  2 DM ra pb M  rb pa M   2 ra rb pM M
r 2 2r 2r 2r
1 1
 3 ra rb pM M  rb ra pM M   4 ra rb  rra rb rpM M ;
2r r
1 1 1 1
RaB  DB rm pm a  ra pm m  ra pm m   䊐paB  rm ra pm B   ra rm pm B  rm ra pm B 
2 r 2 r
1 1 1
 2 ra rm  rra rm rpm B  2 DM DB paM  DM paB   2 ra DM pM B  DB pM M 
r 2r 2r
1
 3 ra DM pM B  DB pM M ;
r
   
1 1 1
RAB  AB rrm rn pmn  gmn pk k  rm rn  rrm rn rpmn  DA DB pm m  rm DA pm B  DB pm A 
2 2 2
 
1 1 1 1 1 1
 rm AB DM pmM  䊐pAB  2 DM CM AB  2 DA DB pM M  rm rm pAB  AB pM M
r 2 r 2r r 2
 
2 m 1
 2 r rm pAB  AB pM M ;
r 2

where 䊐 : gab ra rb . These expressions can be simpli- Under a gauge transformation generated by the dual
fied by involving Eqs. (2.6) and (2.8) when the background vector field !  a ; A , the components of the metric
spacetime is the Schwarzschild spacetime. perturbation change according to

104003-12
GRAVITATIONAL PERTURBATIONS OF THE . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW D 71, 104003 (2005)

pab ! p0ab : pab  ra b  rb a ; It can be shown that when the background Ricci tensor
vanishes, Rab , RaB , and RAB are all invariant under this
2
paB ! p0aB : paB  ra B  DB a  ra B ; transformation. We use this property in Secs. IV and V.
r
0
pAB ! pAB : pAB  DA B  DB A  2rrm m AB :

[1] T. Regge and J. A. Wheeler, Phys. Rev. 108, 1063 (1957). [16] A. Nagar, G. Diaz, J. A. Pons, and J. A. Font, Phys. Rev. D
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